KHWAJA FAREED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION

SUBMITTED BY: Zaheer Ahmed Mahar

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Muhammad Zafar

REGISTRATION NO: Huss221107027

SEMESTER: 4th

COURSE: Foreign policy analysis

TOPIC: National and Transnational Actors in Foreign Policy

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 27- 04 -2024

ASSIGNMENT NO: 02
 ❖ National And Transnational Actors in Foreign Policy

I. National Actors:

A. Government

1. Heads of State

2. Diplomats

3. Ministers (Foreign Affairs, Defense, Trade)

4. Intelligence Agencies

B. Military

1. Military Leaders

2. Defense Ministries

C. Legislature

1. Parliament/Congress

2. Committees on Foreign Affairs/Defense

D. Diplomatic Corps

1. Ambassadors

2. Diplomats

3. Foreign Service Officers

II. Transnational Actors:

A. International Organizations

1. United Nations (UN)

2. World Bank

3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

4. World Trade Organization (WTO)

B. Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

1. Corporate Giants (e.g., ExxonMobil, Toyota)

2. Industry Associations (e.g., Chamber of Commerce)

C. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

1. Human Rights Organizations

2. Humanitarian Aid Groups

3. Environmental NGOs

D. Civil Society

1. Religious Groups

2. Labor Unions

3. Grassroots Movements

E. Media and Think Tanks

1. News Outlets (e.g., BBC, Al Jazeera)

2. Policy Research Institutes (e.g., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Council on
Foreign Relations)
I. National Actors:

A. Government

1. Heads of State

Presidents, Prime Ministers, or Monarchs who hold ultimate authority and responsibility for
foreign policy decisions.

2. Diplomats

Ambassadors, consuls, and other diplomatic personnel who represent the country's
interests abroad and negotiate with foreign governments.

3. Ministers (Foreign Affairs, Defense, Trade)

Foreign Affairs Ministers oversee diplomatic relations, negotiations, and treaties with other
countries.

Defense Ministers are responsible for military strategy, operations, and defense power.

Trade Ministers negotiate international trade agreements and promote economic interests
abroad.

4. Intelligence Agencies

-Agencies such as the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section
6), and Mossad (Israel's Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations) gather and analyze
intelligence to inform foreign policy decisions, assess threats, and provide strategic insights to
policymakers.

B. Military

1. Military Leaders

Chiefs of Defense Staff, Commanders of various branches (Army, Navy, Air Force), and other
high-ranking officers who provide strategic advice and oversee military operations.

2. Defense Ministries

Government departments are responsible for formulating and implementing defense

policies, managing military resources, and overseeing the armed forces' readiness and
capabilities.

These additions offer a more comprehensive overview of the military's role and structure
within national foreign policy frameworks.
C. Legislature

Parliament/Congress

The legislative body is responsible for passing laws and representing the interests of the people. In many
countries, parliament or Congress can declare war, ratify treaties, and allocate funds for defense and
foreign affairs.

Committees on Foreign Affairs/Defense

Subcommittees within the legislature are dedicated to foreign affairs and defense issues. These
committees review and debate foreign policy initiatives, oversee the executive branch's actions, and
provide oversight on matters related to national security and international relations.

These additions offer a more detailed understanding of the legislative branch's role in shaping and
overseeing national foreign policy.

1. International Organizations:

United Nations (UN): The UN is a global organization founded in 1945 to promote international
cooperation and peace. It has various bodies such as the General Assembly, and Security Council, and
specialized agencies like UNICEF and WHO. The UN facilitates dialogue between nations, coordinates
humanitarian aid, and addresses global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and conflict
resolution.

World Bank: The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to
developing countries for development projects. It aims to reduce poverty and support sustainable
development by financing infrastructure, education, healthcare, and other initiatives.

International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF is another international financial institution that
promotes global monetary cooperation and economic stability. It provides financial assistance to
countries facing balance of payments problems, offers policy advice, and conducts economic research.

World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates
international trade. It establishes rules for trade between nations, resolves trade disputes, and
facilitates negotiations on trade agreements. The WTO aims to promote free trade, reduce trade
barriers, and ensure fair competition.

2. Multinational Corporations (MNCs):

Corporate Giants: Large multinational companies like ExxonMobil, Toyota, and Google operate in
multiple countries and have significant economic power. They influence foreign policy through their
economic activities, such as investment, trade, and employment generation
Industry Associations: Associations like the Chamber of Commerce represent the interests of
businesses operating internationally. They advocate for policies that benefit their members, lobby
governments on trade and investment issues, and contribute to shaping global economic governance.

3. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Human Rights Organizations: NGOs like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch advocate for
human rights and hold governments accountable for their actions. They monitor human rights
violations, provide assistance to victims, and push for legal and policy reforms at national and
international levels.

Humanitarian Aid Groups: Organizations such as Doctors Without Borders and the Red Cross provide
emergency relief and assistance to people affected by conflicts, natural disasters, and other crises. They
operate globally, delivering aid and supporting vulnerable populations.

Environmental NGOs: NGOs like Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund work to protect the
environment, promote sustainability, and combat climate change. They engage in advocacy, research,
and community-based projects to raise awareness and drive policy change.

4. Civil Society:

Religious Groups: Religious organizations often play a role in foreign policy by advocating for peace,
reconciliation, and social justice. They provide moral guidance, facilitate dialogue between conflicting
parties, and engage in humanitarian activities.

Labor Unions: Trade unions represent workers' interests and advocate for labor rights and fair
working conditions. They may participate in international labor organizations, engage in solidarity
actions with workers in other countries, and influence trade and employment policies.

Grassroots Movements: Grassroots organizations mobilize citizens around specific causes, such as
democracy, human rights, or environmental protection. They use social media, protests, and community
organizing to raise awareness, pressure governments, and effect change at local, national, and global
levels.

5. Media and Think Tanks:

News Outlets: Media organizations like BBC, CNN, and Al Jazeera shape public opinion and provide
information on international events and issues. They influence foreign policy debates, hold governments
accountable, and play a crucial role in shaping public perceptions of global affairs.

Policy Research Institutes: Think tanks conduct research, analysis, and policy recommendations on
foreign policy and international relations. They provide expertise to governments, inform public
discourse, and contribute to shaping policy decisions on various global issues.

These transnational actors interact with national governments, international organizations, and each
other, influencing foreign policy outcomes and contributing to the dynamics of global governance.