SUMMARY OF ENGLISH LESSONS /3AS BY:MISS NAZ

UNIT ONE: ETHICS IN BUSINESS

Corruption is the misuse of power for personal gain.

Main reasons of Corruption:

1. Greed: Desire for personal enrichment.

2. Lack of Transparency: Absence of open and accountable systems.

3. Weak Institutions: Ineffective governance structures.

4. Low Salaries: Insufficient public sector wages.

5. Impunity: Lack of consequences for corrupt acts.

6. Cultural Acceptance: Societal tolerance or normalization.

7. Complex Regulations: Opportunities for discretionary decisions.

8. Poverty: Economic hardship driving corrupt practices

Consequences of Corruption:
1. Economic Impacts: Undermines fair competition, hampers economic growth.

2. Social Injustice: Disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations.

3. Institutional Erosion: Weakens trust in government and institutions.

4. Undermines Rule of Law: Leads to a breakdown in legal and ethical standards.

5. Resource Misallocation: Diverts funds away from essential services.

6. Stifles Development: Hinders progress and sustainable development.

7. Political Instability: Can contribute to social and political unrest.

8. Global Ramifications: Affects international relations and investments.

How to Fight Corruption:

1. Make Strong Organizations: Build strong groups that watch out for and stop bad actions.

2. Be open and honest: Share information and make sure everyone does the right things.

3. Protect Truth-Tellers: Keep safe the people who talk about bad things happening.

4. Have Strict Rules: Make and follow tough laws that punish bad actions.

5. Use New Technology: Use new tools like computers to make things work better and avoid bad stuff.
 6. People Power: Get everyone involved and help them understand why bad things are not okay.

Forms of Corruption:
1. Bribery: Offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting something of value to influence the actions of an
official or other person in a position of trust.

2. Embezzlement: Misappropriation or theft of funds entrusted to an individual for personal gain.

3. Nepotism: Favoritism shown to family members or close friends, especially in the appointment to
advantageous positions.

4. Fraud: Deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain.

5. Money Laundering: Concealing the origins of illegally obtained money by means of transfers
involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.

6. Child Labor: Involves the exploitation of children through work that deprives them of their
childhood

7. Tax Evasion: Deliberate and illegal actions to avoid paying owed taxes through deceptive practices
such as underreporting income or inflating deductions

8. Extortion: Coercing someone to do something against their will, often through threats or
intimidation, for personal gain

Paragraphs/Ideas about "Ethics in Business"

1-What are the causes of corruption?

2- What are some forms/types of corruption?

3-What are the effects of corruption?

4- What are some ways/solutions to reduce corruption?

5- What are the effects /consequences/impacts/ drawbacks of counterfeiting?

6- How does technology facilitate online counterfeiting?

1- What are the causes of Corruption?

Either the misuse of authority for personal benefit or the sum of immoral and criminal practices can be
used to define corruption. These wrongdoings are not out of the blue; however, they are the result of a
number of factors, including poverty, greed of money, and political instability.

First of all, the most recognized cause of corruption is poverty. Malpractices are thought to be fuelled by
low wages and individuals’ bad living conditions as they seek fraudulent ways to gain money. Moreover,
corruption is not only linked with poverty. Because rich people believe they are above the law, they
frequently engage in such illegitimate behaviors to satisfy their voracious greed of money. Ultimately,
political instability is another known contributor to corruption in our society. A weak government with bad
relation with its citizens, poor management of the public sector, a lack of accountability and transparency,
and poor information distribution can all lead to corruption.

To conclude, numerous factors at the national level affect how governments and their services run, which
in turn affects the existence and prevalence of corruption in the country. It's high time we uprooted it from
our countries.

UNIT TWO: SAFETY FIRST

SAFETY
Moral: mind Physical: health
FIFISRT
 Consumption: consumer Production: producer

1. Healthy food:
Is nourishing and beneficial to the body, providing essential nutrients while contributing to
overall well-being and supporting good health.
2. Advertising:
Is the process of promoting products, services, or ideas through various media to attract and
persuade a target audience, with the ultimate goal of encouraging them to take a specific action,
such as making a purchase?
3. Conventional Food:
Regular or traditional food produced using standard agricultural practices without the use of
organic or specialized methods. It often involves the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.
4. Genetically Modified Food (GMF):
Food products derived from organisms whose genetic material has been altered in a way that does
not occur naturally, often to enhance desirable traits or characteristics such as resistance to pests or
improved nutritional content.

Some ideas/samples:
1. Causes and consequences of food unsafety/ Lack of food safety.

2- The benefits (pros) and drawbacks (cons) of advertising.

3-Obesity/overweight/physical inactivity.

4- Junk food/fast food/unhealthy food.

5-Food safety/ keeping=preserving=maintaining healthy eating habits.

1-Causes and consequences of food unsafety/ Lack of food safety.

Food unsafety refers to the presence of harmful contaminants or improper handling practices that can
lead to health risks for consumers. There are several causes and dangerous consequences of food unsafety.

One major cause is inadequate hygiene and sanitation practices during food production, processing, and
storage. Contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, or chemicals can enter the food supply chain at various
stages, affecting its safety. In the second place, improper food handling and storage by consumers, leads to
contamination of the growth of harmful organisms. Additionally, factors like poor agricultural practices,
including the use of pesticides or antibiotics, and inadequate regulations can lead to food unsafety. The
consequences of food unsafety can be severe. Firstly, it poses significant health risks and univere illnesses,
ranging from food poisoning, these can resulting in symptoms like vomiting nausea and even death.
Moreover, it erodes consumer confidence in the food system leading to decreased consumption and potential
market disruption, this can affect farmers, food processors, and others in the food chain.
 To sum up, addressing the causes and impacts of food unsafety requires serious measures such as
improving hygiene practices, implementing food safety regulations, and educating both producers and
consumers about safe food handling and storage. By prioritizing food safety, we can protect public health,
safeguard the food supply, and promote sustainable development.

UNIT THREE: ASTRONOMY

Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial

objects, such as stars, planets, and galaxies, as
well as phenomena occurring outside Earth's
atmosphere, with a focus
on understanding their origins, evolution, and
behavior.

1. Galaxy:
A vast system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by
gravity.

2. Solar System:
A group of celestial bodies, including the sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets, orbiting
around a central star (the sun).

3. Astronomer:
A scientist who studies celestial objects, such as stars, planets, galaxies, and cosmic phenomena,
using observations and theoretical models.
 4. Black Hole:
A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. It
forms when a massive star collapses under its gravity.

1/Condition

You will be successful providing that you work hard.

providing that

provided that

Verb in Future + as long as + verb in present simple

so long as

but only if

only if

2/Expressing Wish

a- Wish in the present: I wish + Subject + Past Simple.

We use it to express a regret about a present situation.

eg: I wish I spoke German

b- Wish in the past: I wish + Subject + Past Perfect.

We use it to express a regret about a past situation.

eg: I wish I had worked hard

c- Wish in the future: I wish + Subject +Would + Stem.

We use it to a desire to change in the near future or something impossible to happen

 eg: I wish she would work hard

If only

Wish = It′s time

It′s high time

It′s about time

3/ had better

Had better is used to express advice

Had better = should = ought to

Affirmative form:

Had better + stem (a verb without “to”)

eg: you had better work hard to pass your final exam.

Negative form:

Had better not +stem (a verb without “to”).

eg: you look tired, you had better not go to school today.

4/conditional:

Type zero: T0 If + Verb in present simple, Verb in present simple.

eg: If you heat water, it boils.

T0 is used to describe a general or scientific truth.

Type one: T1 If + Verb in present simple, verb in future (will + stem)

eg: If she works hard, she will go to university.

The situation in T1 is possible to happen.

Type two: T2 If + Verb in past simple, would + stem

eg: If I were you, I would buy a car.

The situation in T2 is impossible to happen (an imaginary situation).

Type three: T3 If + Verb in past perfect, would have + past participle

eg: If I had read the question well, I would have taken the best mark.

The situation in T3 is a regret about an event that had happened in the past

5/ Unless:
It expresses warning. Unless = If ... not

Unless + an affirmative verb / Unless + verb present, Future (will + stem).

(Will not = won’t)

eg: Unless you revise your lessons, you won’t pass your exam.

The real meaning: If you don’t revise your lessons, you won’t pass your exam.

6/Expressing certainty and doubt:

Degrees of certainty Positive statement Negative statement

Categorical certainty 100% GMFs will certainly It is impossible

disappear

They may disappear/ will probably They may not disappear/

disappear. probably won’t
Probability 80%
It is probable' that... subject. It is unlikely that.../ improbable
that...
probably +verb

They can/may/may well. It is not possible that..

Possibility 50% It is possible that...

Remote possibility10% They might have harmful effects.. They might not have harmful
effects.
They could continue.

- Degrees of certainty and doubt can be expressed in different ways using specific modals and expressions, depending
on the speaker, and on the situation/ sentence.

- We can use: will + certainly, will + probably, may, it's possible that, might, could ... and others (make use of the
table above)