Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AMath-Solguide 15a
AMath-Solguide 15a
CHAPTER 15 4. y=
1
x+3
dy 1
APPLICATIONS OF dx
= −
( x + 3) 2
DIFFERENTIATION dy
= −1
dx x = −2
y −1
The equation of tangent is = −1
x+2
i.e. x + y + 1 = 0.
EXERCISE 15.1 Section 15.1 Tangents and normals
(page 102) y −1
The equation of normal is =1
x+2
Section A i.e. x − y + 3 = 0.
1. y = x3 1
5. y=
dy x +4 2
= 3x2
dx dy 2x
=− 2
dy dx ( x + 4) 2
= 12
dx x = −2 dy 2
y +8 =−
The equation of tangent is = 12 dx x = 1 25
x+2 The equation of tangent is
i.e. 12x − y + 16 = 0. 1
y− 2
y +8 1 5 =−
The equation of normal is =− 25
x+2 12 x −1
i.e. x + 12y + 98 = 0. i.e. 2x + 25y − 7 = 0.
The equation of normal is
2. xy = 12 1
dy y− 25
x +y=0 5 =
dx 2
x −1
dy y
= − i.e. 125x − 10y − 123 = 0.
dx x
dy 4 6. y= x
= −
dx ( 3, 4) 3 dy 1
=
y−4 4 dx 2 x
The equation of tangent is = −
x−3 3 dy 1
i.e. 4x + 3y – 24 = 0. =
dx x = 4 4
y−4 3
The equation of normal is = The equation of tangent is
x−3 4 y−2 1
i.e. 3x – 4y + 7 = 0. =
x−4 4
3. y = (x – 2) (x + 4) i.e. x − 4y + 4 = 0.
dy The equation of normal is
= 2x + 2 y−2
dx =−4
dy x−4
=0 i.e. 4x + y − 18 = 0.
dx x = −1
y+9 7. y = 3 tan x
The equation of tangent is =0 dy
x +1 = 3 sec2 x
i.e. y + 9 = 0. dx
The equation of normal is dy
x + 1 = 0. dx π =6
x=
4
51
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
52
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
dy y 1
= − 3
dx x
dy
= −1
dx x= y
53
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
x2 y2 4 12
19. + =1 21. (a) x= ,y=
a2 b2 (2 + t ) 2 2+t
dy b2 x At t = −1, P is (4, 12).
=− 2 ⋅ At t = 0, Q is (1, 6).
dx a y
Equation of PQ is
dy b 2 x1 12 − 6
= − y − 12 = (x − 4)
dx ( x1 , y1 ) a 2 y1 4 −1
The equation of tangent is i.e. 2x − y + 4 = 0.
y − y1 b 2 x1 dy
=− 2
x − x1 a y1 dy dt
(b) =
b x1x + a y1y − (b2x12 + a2y12) = 0
2 2
dx dx
b2x1x + a2y1y − a2b2 = 0 dt
( (x1, y1) is on the curve) −12
x1 x y1 y (2 + t ) 2
i.e. + 2 = 1. =
a2 b −8
(2 + t ) 3
Section B
3
= (2 + t)
20. (a) y2 = 12x 2
When x = 3t2,
(c) slope of PQ = 2
y2 = 12 (3t2)
∴ slope of the normal
y = ± 6t
−1
∴ (3t2, 6t) is on the curve. 1
=− = 3
dy 2 (2 + t )
(b) y = 12 2
dx 2
dy 6 ∴ t =−
= 3
dx y 9
Point of contact is ( , 9).
dy 6 1 4
= = Equation of the normal is
dx ( 3t 2 , 6t ) 6t t
1 9
Equation of the tangent at P is y − 9 = − (x − )
1 2 4
y − 6t = (x − 3t2) i.e. 4x + 8y − 81 = 0.
t
i.e. x − ty + 3t2 = 0 1 1
22. (a) (a cos4 θ) 2 + (a sin4 θ ) 2
1 6−0
(c) slope = = 1
t 3−0 =a2
1 ∴ P is on the curve
∴ t=
2 1 1 1
x2 +y2 =a2.
3
(d) P is ( , 3). dy
4
dy dθ
0 0 (b) =
dx dx
1 3 6 dθ
∴ Area of ∆OAP = 3
2 3 a ⋅ 4 sin 3 θ cos θ
4 =
0 0 a ⋅ 4 cos 3 θ (− sin θ )
1 sin 2 θ
= 2 = −
4 cos 2 θ
54
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
dy −(5)(3) 5
= = ±
dt x =5 ± 169 − 5 2
4
3. xy = 72
55
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
6. (a) x = 3t2 − 5t − 2 ds
=0
dx dt
= 6t − 5
dt ∴ t=2
dx 2
d s
= 6(1) − 5 = 1 = 6t
dt t = 1 dt 2
∴ Velocity = 1 d 2s
2 = 12
d x dt 2 t = 2
(b) =6
dt 2 i.e. Acceleration = 12 cm/s2
∴ Acceleration = 6 (b) s = t3 − 12t = 0
(c) 6t − 5 = 4 t(t2 − 12) = 0
3 ∴ t = 0 or ± 2 3
t=
2 Thus the particle is next at O when
t=2 3.
7. (a) x = t3 − 6t2 + 9t + 5
dx ∴ The required velocity is
= 3t2 − 12t + 9 ds
dt = 24 cm/s.
dx dt t = 2 3
=0
dt
∴ 0 = 3t2 − 12t + 9 10. (a) s = 15t + 6t2 − t3
∴ t = 1 or 3 ds
= 15 + 12t − 3t2
∴ x = 9 or 5 dt
d 2x ds
(b) = 6t − 12 = 15
dt t = 0
dt 2
d 2x ds
=0 = 27
dt 2 dt t=2
∴ t=2 27 − 15
∴ Average velocity =
∴ x=7 2
= 6 m/s
8. x = 5 cos 2t ds
(b) = 3(t + 1)(5 – t) = 0
dx dt
= −10 sin 2t
dt ∴ t = 5 or –1 (rejected)
d 2x ∴ s = 11 + 6(5)2 – 53 = 36
= −20 cos 2t
dt 2 d 2s
(c) = 12 – 6t
At x = −5, cos 2t = −1, sin 2t = 0 dt 2
dx d 2s
∴ Velocity = =0 ∴ = 0 when t = 2.
dt dt 2
d 2x The required velocity is
Acceleration = = 20
dt 2 ds
= 27 m/s.
At x = 0, cos 2t = 0, sin 2t = ± 1 dt t = 2
dx
∴ Velocity = = ± 10
dt 11. A = πr2
d 2x dA dr
Acceleration = =0 = 2πr
dt 2 dt dt
= 2π (20)(0.04)
9. (a) s = t3 − 12t = 5.027 cm2/s
ds
= 3t2 − 12
dt
56
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
1 2 16. (a) s= rθ
13. V= πr h ds dθ
3
=r
r 12 3 dt dt
= =
h 20 5 dθ
∴ 6 = 18
3 dt
∴ V= πh3
25 dθ 1
= rad/s
dV 9π 2 dh dt 3
= h
dt 25 dt 1
(b) A = r2θ
9π dh 2
∴ 5= (15) 2 ⋅
25 dt dA 1 2 dθ
dh 5 = r
∴ = cm/s dt 2 dt
dt 81π 1 1
= (18)2( )
2 3
14. PV = 240
= 54 cm2/s
dV dP
P +V =0
dt dt 17. Let x m be the distance from the bottom end
dV V dP of the ladder to the wall.
∴ =−
dt P dt Let y m be the height of the top of the ladder.
240 dP ∴ x2 + y2 = 52
=− 2
P dt dx dy
240 2x + 2y =0
= − 2 ×5 dt dt
60
dx dy
1 i.e. x +y =0
= − unit/s dt dt
3
When x = 1.4,
15. 1.42 + y2 = 5
∴ y = 4.8
dx
(a) When = −0.3,
dt
dy
(1.4)(−0.3) + (4.8) =0
dt
dy
= 0.087 5
dt
Let y m be the distance from the light,
57
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
58
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
59
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
22. y′ − 0 +
2. (a) y = 7 − 4x − x2
y′ = −4 − 2x
∴ y′ = 0 when x = −2
x x < −2 x = −2 x > −2
(a) s2 = (60 − 15t)2 + (20t)2 y′ + 0 −
= 625t2 − 1 800t + 3 600
∴ The function is increasing on
= 25(25t2 − 72t + 144)
(−∞, −2] and is decreasing on
∴ s = 5 25t 2 − 72t + 144 [–2, ∞).
(b) At x = −2, y = 7 − 4(−2) − (−2)2 = 11
(b)
72
s = 5 25(t − t +
144
2 ∴ (−2, 11) is a maximum point.
)
25 25
3. (a) y = x3 − 3x +1
36 36 144
= 5 25(t − ) 2 − ( ) 2 + y′ = 3x2 − 3
25 25 25
∴ y′ = 0 when x = ±1
36 2304 x x < −1 x = −1 −1 < x < 1 x = 1 x>1
= 5 25(t − ) 2 +
25 625
y′ + 0 − 0 +
36
∴ When t = = 1.44, s is ∴ The function is increasing on
25
minimum (−∞, −1] and [1, ∞) and
and min. s = 48. is decreasing on [–1, 1].
i.e. When A and B are closest, they (b) At x = −1, y = (−1)3 −3(−1) +1 = 3
are At x = 1, y = 13 − 3(1) +1 = −1
48 km apart at 1:26 p.m. ∴ (−1, 3) is a maximum point
and (1, −1) is a minimum point.
ds
(c) 2s = 25(50t − 72)
dt 4. (a) y = 2x3 − 9x2 + 27
ds y′ = 6x2 − 18x = 6x(x − 3)
∴ dt =
t=
36
∴ y′ = 0 when x = 0 or 3
25
60
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
increasing.
(b) Hence no maximum or minimum point.
61
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
∴ y′ = 0 when x = 0, 1 or −1 5π 5π
Minimum value of y = sin + cos
4 4
x x < −1 x = −1 −1 < x < 0 x = 0 0 < x < 1 x = 1 x > 1
=− 2
y′ − 0 + 0 − 0 +
62
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
Section B k
16. (a) y = x2 +
x
3x 2 + 4 x + 4 dy k
13. y=
x2 + x +1 = 2x – 2
dx x
x +1
=3+ 2 d2y 2k
x + x +1 =2+ 3
dx 2 x
dy ( x 2 + x + 1) − ( x + 1)(2 x + 1) dy k
= when = 2x – 2 = 0
dx ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 dx x
− x( x + 2) k = 2x3
= 2 (i) If there is a minimum at x = 2,
( x + x + 1) 2
k = 2(2)3
dy
∴ = 0 when x = 0 or −2 = 16
dx (ii) If there is a minimum at x = –3,
By the sign test, we get k = 2(–3)3
8 = –54
minimum point (−2, ),
3 (b) At the turning point, k = 2x3
maximum point (0, 4). d2y 2(2 x 3 )
∴ = 2 + =6>0
14. (a) f (x) = x3 +3kx + 5 dx 2 x3
f ′(x) = 3x2 +3k ∴ The curve cannot have a
If k > 0, then maximum
point.
f ′ (x) > 0 for all x.
∴ f (x) has no turning points.
63
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
1. f (x) = x4
f (–x) = (–x)4 = x4
∴ f is symmetric about the y-axis.
2. g(x) = x5
g(–x) = (–x)5 = –x5
∴ g is symmetric about the origin.
3. F(x) = 3x + tan x
F(–x) = 3(–x) + tan (–x)
= –(3x + tan x)
∴ F is symmetric about the origin.
4. G(x) = x sin x 8. y = x3 + x2 − 5x
G(–x)= –x sin (–x) = x sin x dy
∴ G is symmetric about the y-axis. = 3x2 + 2x − 5
dx
5. y2 = 4x d2y
The function consists of the branches = 6x + 2
dx 2
y = 2 x and y = − 2 x . dy 5
Put = 0 then x = 1, − .
∴ The function is symmetric about the dx 3
x-axis. 2
d y
=8>0
6. x2 + y2 = 9 dx 2 x = 1
y2 = 9 − x 2 ∴ (1, −3) is a min. point.
= 9 − (−x2) 2
d y
∴ The function is symmetric about = −8 < 0
the y-axis. dx 2 x=−
5
3
The function consists of the branches
5 175
y = 9 − x 2 and y = − 9 − x 2 . ∴ (−, ) is a max. point.
3 27
∴ It is symmetric about the x-axis. When x = 0, y = 0.
−y = − 9 − x 2 and −y = 9 − x 2 − 1 ± 21
When y = 0, x = 0 or ,
∴ It is symmetric about the origin. 2
i.e. x = 0, −2.79 or 1.79.
7. y = 2x3 +3x2 + 12x
dy
= 6x2 + 6x + 12
dx
d2y
= 12x + 6
dx 2
dy
= 0 when x = −2 or 1
dx
d2y
= −18 < 0
dx 2 x = − 2
∴ (−2, 20) is a max. point.
2
d y
= 18 > 0
dx 2 x =1
∴ (1, −7) is a min. point.
When x = 0, y = 0.
64
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
9. y= x4 − 2x3 + 1 d2y
dy = −32 < 0
= 4x3 − 6x2 dx 2 x = −2
dx
∴ (−2, 16) is a max. point.
d2y
= 12x2 − 12x When x = 0, y = 0.
dx 2 When y = 0, x = 0 or ± 2 2 .
dy 3
= 0 when x = 0, . 8(−x)2 − (−x)4 = 8x2 − x4
dx 2
∴ The graph is symmetric about the y-
2
d y axis.
=0
dx 2 x = 0
∴ No conclusion.
In fact, (0, 1) is a point of inflexion.
d2y
dx 2 x = 3 = 9 > 0
2
3 11
∴ ( ,− ) is a min. point.
2 16
When x = 0, y = 1.
When y = 0, x = 1, 1.84.
65
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
66
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
=0 =8>0
dx 2 x = 0 dx 2 x =2
14. y = 2 + 2x2 − x4
dy
= 4x − 4x3
dx
= 4x(1 − x)(1 + x)
d2y
= 4 − 12x2
dx 2
dy
= 0 when x = 0, ±1.
dx
d2y
=4>0
dx 2 x = 0
13. y = x4 − 4x3 + 4x2 ∴ (0, 2) is a min. point.
dy
= 4x3 − 12x2 + 8x d y 2
dx = −8 < 0
= 4x(x − 2)( x − 1) dx 2 x =1
2
d y ∴ (1, 3) is a max. point.
= 12x2 − 24x + 8 2
dx 2 d y
= −8 < 0
dy dx 2
= 0 when x = 0, 1, 2. x = −1
dx ∴ (−1, 3) is a max. point.
2 + 2(−x)2 − (−x)4 = 2 + 2x2 −x4
67
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
68
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
When x = 0, y = 2. x 2 − 3x
16. y=
When y = 0, x = ± 1 + 3 = ±1.65. x2 + 3
dy 3( x + 3)( x − 1)
=
dx ( x 2 + 3) 3
d2y − 6 x 3 − 18 x 2 + 54 x + 18
=
dx 2 ( x 2 + 3) 3
dy
= 0 when x = 1, −3.
dx
d2y 3
= >0
dx 2 x = 1 4
1
∴ (1, − ) is a min. point.
2
d2y 1
=− <0
dx 2 x = −3
12
x 3
15. y= 2 ∴ (−3, ) is a max. point.
x +1 2
dy 1− x2 When x = 0, y = 0.
= 2 When y = 0, x = 0, 3.
dx ( x + 1) 2
As x → ±∞ , y → 1 .
d2y 2 x( x 2 − 3)
=
dx 2 ( x 2 + 1) 3
dy
= 0 when x = ±1.
dx
d2y 1
2 =− <0
dx x = 1 2
1
∴ (1, ) is a max. point.
2
d2y 1
= >0
dx 2 x = −1
2
1 17. The graph y2 = x2(x + 1) is symmetric
∴ (−1, − ) is a min. point.
2 about the x-axis and it is defined for
−x x x ≥ −1. It consists of the branches
=
(− x) 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 y = x x + 1 and y = − x x + 1 .
∴ The graph is symmetric about the Consider y = x x + 1 .
origin.
When x = 0, y = 0. dy x 1
= x +1 + ⋅
dx 2 x +1
3x + 2
=
2 x +1
3x + 4
d2y
= 3
dx 2 4( x + 1) 2
dy 2
= 0 when x = − .
dx 3
2
d y
dx 2 x = − 2 > 0
3
69
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
70
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
71
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
dy Section A
= 3x2 − 2x + k
dx
dy 1. Let the two numbers be x, y.
When x = 2, =3 Then x + y = 100
dx
∴ 3 (2)2 − 2 (2) + k = 3 Product, P = xy
= x(100 – x)
∴ k = −5
dP
(b) f (2) = 23 − 22 + (−5)(2) + 4 = −2 = 100 – 2x
dx
Equation of tangent at x = 2 is
y +2 = 3(x −2) d 2P
= –2 < 0
i.e. 3x − y − 8 = 0. dx 2
dy dP
(c) = 0 when 3x2 − 2x − 5 = 0 ∴ P has a maximum value for =0
dx dx
(3x − 5) (x + 1) = 0 when x = 50.
5 ∴ The two numbers are 50 and 50.
x = or −1
3
d2y
= 6x − 2
dx 2
d2y 5
dx 2 = 6 ( ) − 2 = 8 > 0.
x=
5 3
3
5 67
∴ ( ,− ) is a minimum point.
3 27
72
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)
73