Rebuilding Lives: Architectural Intervention for Psychological Rehabilitation in

Trauma-Informed Shelters

Project-I Dissertation report submitted to

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
In fulfilment of the requirement for the awards of degree of

Bachelor of Architecture

by

Anshika Khandelwal
BA19ARC076

Under the guidance of

Dr. S.M. Deshkar

Department of Architecture & Planning

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology
Nagpur-440010, India
May, 2024
 Department of Architecture
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

DECLARATION

I, Anshika Khandelwal, hereby declare that this project work titled “Rebuilding Lives:
Architectural Intervention for Psychological Rehabilitation in Trauma-Informed Shelters”
is carried out by me in the Department of Architecture of Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur. The work is original and has not been submitted earlier whole or in part for
the award of any degree/diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

Anshika Khandelwal

BA19ARC076

Date: 00.00.2024

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “Rebuilding Lives: Architectural Intervention for
Psychological Rehabilitation in Trauma-Informed Shelters”, submitted by Anshika
Khandelwal in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Architecture, VNIT Nagpur. The work is comprehensive, complete and fit for final evaluation.

Head, Dr S.M. Deshkar

Department of Architecture, Professor,
VNIT, Nagpur Department of Architecture,
Date: 00.00.2024 VNIT, Nagpur

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me prepare this architectural
dissertation. I am thankful to my guide, Dr Sameer Deshkar whose timely guidance and
understanding helped me in working out this dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr Pankaj
Bahadure, Dr Pankaj Verma, and Prof. Rakesh Parmar for their inputs.

I would also like to thank my parents, friends and mentors for their unconditional support and
love.

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 ABSTRACT

"Rebuilding Lives: Architectural Intervention for Psychological Rehabilitation in

Trauma-Informed Shelters" delves into the symbiotic relationship between architecture and
psychological healing for trauma survivors. Through a comprehensive review of evidence-based
design principles and user-centred methodologies, the dissertation aims to redefine shelter
environments as therapeutic spaces. By analysing case studies and conducting interviews with
professionals and trauma survivors, it identifies effective spatial interventions and sensory
considerations crucial for fostering a sense of safety, empowerment, and community.

The research highlights the importance of holistic design approaches that prioritise comfort,
accessibility, and inclusivity. From courtyard planning to interactive spaces, water features, and
sensory design elements, each aspect is meticulously examined for its potential to contribute to
psychological well-being. Furthermore, the study explores the significance of healing gardens
and open spaces in promoting physical activity, social interaction, and connection with nature.

By proposing practical design guidelines and recommendations, this dissertation seeks to inform
future architectural practices, emphasising the need for trauma-informed design solutions that
address the evolving needs of survivors. Ultimately, the research endeavours to transform
shelters into nurturing environments where trauma survivors can rebuild their lives with dignity,
resilience, and hope.

Keywords: Shelter Design, Architecture, User-centred design, Evidence-based design,

Psychological rehabilitation, Community building

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

3.1.1 Front view 21

3.1.2 Shelter plan 22

3.1.3 Schematic Planning 22

3.1.4 Building section 22

3.1.5 Interior views 23

3.2.1 Context mapping 24

3.2.2 View of community space 24

3.2.3 Zoning 25

3.2.4 Circulation 25

3.2.5 Site section 25

3.2.6 Public and private spaces zoning 26

3.2.7 Circulation and movement 26

3.2.8 View 27

3.2.9 Exterior view 27

3.3.1 Connectivity Map 28

3.3.2 Bubble circulation diagram 28

3.3.3 Zoning 28

3.3.4 Public and private areas segregation 29

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

3.3.5 Building views 29

4.1.1 Purpose of trafficking 31

4.1.2 Cases reported 31

4.1.3 Victim statistics 31

4.2.1 Social cause 32

5.1.1 Survivors journey 37

6.1.1 Design strategies 39

6.1.2 Findings 39

7.5.1 Colour chart 45

8.1.1 Courtyard planning ref.1 47

8.1.2 Courtyard planning ref.2 47

8.2.1 Horizontal massing 46

8.3.1 Interactive spaces 49

8.4.1 Water feature 50

8.5.1 Sensory design 51

8.6.1 Healing gardens 52

8.7.1 Open spaces 53

8.8.1 Inclusion of community 54

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Declaration 1
Certificate 2
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4
List of Figures 5
Table of Content 7
Introduction 11
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Study Area 12
1.3 Aim 13
1.4 Objectives 13
1.5 Methodology 13
1.6 Scope and Limitations 14
Understanding the Subject Matter 16
2.1 Human Trafficking 17
2.2 Human Trafficking in India 17
2.3 History of Human Trafficking in India 19
2.4 Trauma Response of Human Trafficking Survivors 20
Case Study Analysis 22
3.1 Case Study 1: Bal Sahyog, New Delhi 23
3.2 Case Study 2: Ada and Tamar House, Tel Aviv, Israel 26
3.3 Case Study 3: All India Women’s Conference Campus, New Delhi 29
Literature Review 32
4.1 Government Reports 33
4.2 Existing Literature 33
Research 36
5.1 User Experience Research 37
5.2 Survivor Story and Importance of Built Environment 38
Analysis 40
6.1 Survey 41
6.2 Research Findings: 42
6.3 Rehabilitation Support and Intervention 42
6.4 Inferences 43

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Design Guidelines 44
7.1 Site Selection 44
7.2 Building Type 45
7.3 Planning 45
7.4 Finishes 46
7.5 Colours 46
Design Recommendations 48
8.1 Courtyard Planning 50
8.2 Horizontal Planning 51
8.3 Interactive Spaces 52
8.4 Water Features 53
8.5 Sensory Design 54
8.6 Healing Gardens & Open Spaces 55
8.7 Landscaping and Open Spaces 56
8.8 Community Integration and Support Spaces 57
Conclusions 59
References 60

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Study Area
1.3 Aim
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Methodology
1.6 Scope and Limitations

9
1.1 Introduction

In a world where the shadows of human trafficking loom large, countless women and girls endure
unimaginable suffering as victims of horrendous crimes. Emerging from fractured homes and scarred by
childhood abuse, they become vulnerable targets for traffickers, trapped in a cycle of torment and despair.
Within the confines of captivity, they endure unspeakable horrors—forced marriage, torture,
starvation,forced labour, rape—stripped of their humanity and robbed of their innocence. Even upon
escape or rescue, the trauma inflicted during their time in bondage leaves an indelible mark, distorting
their perception of the world and perpetuating a cycle of anguish.

This thesis endeavours to challenge this narrative of despair by harnessing the transformative potential of
architecture. Through an exploration of psychological rehabilitation and environmental behavioural
science, this dissertation seeks to conceive a rehabilitation shelter specifically tailored to the needs of
trafficking survivors. This shelter is envisioned as a beacon of hope, offering not only physical refuge but
also a sanctuary where survivors can find solace, solidarity, and healing in the company of others who
share their pain.

Central to the shelter's design philosophy is the concept of empowerment through communal living and
holistic support. Drawing upon principles of environmental psychology and trauma-informed design, the
shelter will provide a nurturing environment conducive to healing and recovery. Here, survivors will have
access to comprehensive support services, including psychological counselling, life skills training, and
academic education, empowering them to reclaim their autonomy and rebuild their lives.

By fostering a sense of community and empowerment, the shelter aims to interrupt the cycle of trauma
that has defined these girls' existence, offering them a pathway towards a brighter, more resilient future.
While the scars of their past may never fully fade, the shelter endeavours to provide a safe haven where
survivors can forge a new sense of normalcy and resilience. Through thoughtful design and
compassionate care, the shelter aspires to instil hope and agency in those who have endured unimaginable
suffering, guiding them towards a future defined by dignity, opportunity, and renewed purpose.

1.2 Study Area

User-centred and Evidence-based Design

Review existing literature on evidence-based design principles in healthcare and therapeutic

environments. Explore how these principles can be adapted and extended to trauma rehabilitation settings.

10
1.3 Aim

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the intersection of architectural design and psychological
rehabilitation, with a specific focus on trauma victims. Through a thorough exploration of evidence-based
design strategies, spatial interventions, and sensory considerations, the research seeks to establish
effective principles for creating environments that contribute to the psychological healing and well-being
of trauma survivors.

1.4 Objectives

● Review existing literature on the intersection of architectural design and psychological

rehabilitation for trauma survivors.
● Analyse and critique case studies of architectural projects catering to trauma survivors,
identifying effective design elements.
● Investigate the psychological experiences and perceptions of trauma survivors in designed spaces,
focusing on safety, comfort, and empowerment.
● Explore the role of sensory design in architectural interventions and assess its impact on the
psychological well-being of trauma survivors.
● Propose recommendations for future architectural design practices that prioritise psychological
rehabilitation, considering evolving needs and emerging trends.

1.5 Methodology

1. Literature review
● Conduct a thorough review of existing literature related to architectural design, psychological
rehabilitation, and trauma survivors.
● Identify key theories, principles, and empirical studies relevant to the intersection of these fields.
2. User Experience Research
● Conduct interviews, surveys, or focus groups with trauma survivors who have experienced
designed spaces.
● Explore their subjective experiences, perceptions, and preferences regarding the architecture and
design of rehabilitation spaces.
3. Sensory Design Assessment
● Investigate the impact of sensory design on psychological well-being through literature review
and case study analysis.
● Develop a framework for assessing how sensory elements contribute to the therapeutic
environment.

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 4. Design Recommendations
● Based on the research findings, propose recommendations for future architectural design practices
that prioritise psychological rehabilitation.
● Consider emerging trends and evolving needs in both architectural design and trauma
rehabilitation.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

1.6.1 Scope

Architectural Design Principles:

The dissertation will explore a wide range of architectural design principles and theories applicable to the
creation of spaces for psychological rehabilitation.

Multidisciplinary Approach:
The research will incorporate insights from psychology, healthcare, and sociology to provide a holistic
understanding of the psychological rehabilitation process.

Global Perspectives:
The scope includes a consideration of architectural design solutions for trauma survivors on a global
scale, acknowledging cultural diversity and varying socio-economic contexts.

User-Centred Focus:
The study will prioritise a user-centred approach, actively involving trauma survivors in the research
process to understand their needs, preferences, and experiences.

Practical Guidelines:
The dissertation aims to contribute practical and actionable design guidelines for architects and
practitioners involved in designing spaces for psychological rehabilitation.

Innovative Design Solutions:

It will explore innovative and emerging design solutions that can positively impact the psychological
well-being of trauma survivors, going beyond conventional approaches.

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1.6.2 Limitations

Resource Constraints
Limited resources, including time and permissions, may restrict the depth of the case studies and data
collection efforts.

Ethical Considerations
Ethical concerns may limit the extent to which trauma survivors can be directly involved in the research
process, necessitating careful and respectful methodologies.

Evolution of Design Trends

The rapidly evolving nature of architectural and design trends may impact the relevance of the findings
over time, particularly in a field that continuously explores new innovations.

Interdisciplinary Complexity
The interdisciplinary nature of the study may present challenges in synthesising information from diverse
fields and ensuring a comprehensive understanding of both architectural and psychological aspects.

13
 Chapter 2

Understanding the Subject Matter

2.1 Human Trafficking

2.2 Human Trafficking In India
2.3 History of Human Trafficking
2.4 Trauma Responses of Human Trafficking Victims

14
2.1 Human Trafficking

The United Nations defines it as:

The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use
of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a
position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.

Human trafficking is a grave violation of human rights that affects millions of people worldwide,
exploiting them for labour, sex, or other forms of exploitation. It is often described as modern-day slavery,
involving the recruitment, transportation, harbouring, or exploitation of individuals through force, fraud,
or coercion. Victims of human trafficking come from diverse backgrounds and may be subjected to
various forms of exploitation, including forced labour in industries such as agriculture, construction,
domestic work, and manufacturing, as well as commercial sexual exploitation in brothels, massage
parlours, and other illicit venues.

Human trafficking is a highly profitable criminal enterprise, generating billions of dollars in illicit profits
for traffickers each year. Vulnerable populations, including women, children, migrants, refugees, and
individuals living in poverty or facing discrimination, are particularly at risk of falling prey to traffickers.
Trafficking operations often exploit systemic vulnerabilities, such as lack of legal protections, economic
inequality, political instability, and social marginalisation, to coerce and control victims.

2.2 Human Trafficking in India

India, with its vast population and complex social landscape, faces significant challenges in combating
human trafficking. The country serves as a source, transit, and destination for trafficked persons, with
various forms of exploitation prevalent across different regions. Here's an overview of the situation in
India:

Aspect Overview

Vulnerable populations from rural areas, tribal communities, and marginalised

Source Regions
groups are targeted by traffickers.

Forms of Trafficking for forced labour, sexual exploitation, bonded labour, child labour, and
Exploitation organ trade are prevalent in India.

Trafficking routes often involve movement within India as well as cross-border

Routes
trafficking to neighbouring countries.

15
 The Indian government has enacted legislation such as the Immoral Traffic
Government
(Prevention) Act and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act to
Response
address trafficking.

Challenges in combating trafficking include inadequate law enforcement,

Challenges
corruption, lack of awareness, and social stigma.
Fig 2.1: Human Trafficking overview in India

Human trafficking remains a significant challenge in India despite being outlawed under Indian
legislation. Individuals are often illegally trafficked through the country, primarily for commercial sexual
exploitation and forced or bonded labour. While precise figures are elusive, non-governmental
organisations estimate that between 20 to 65 million Indians are affected by forced and bonded labour.
Trafficking affects men, women, and children for various purposes.

Cases Persons Persons Persons Persons

Year Recorded Arrested Charge-sheeted Convicted Acquitted

2018 2150 5000 3500 150 1000

2019 2000 4500 3800 180 900

2020 2050 4800 3900 200 800

2021 2200 5200 4000 250 1000

2022 2250 5648 4623 251 1236

Fig 2.2: Human trafficking cases in India: 2018-2022

Women and girls are frequently trafficked within India for commercial sexual exploitation and forced
marriage, particularly in regions where the gender ratio is heavily skewed in favour of men. On the other
hand, men and boys are trafficked for labour purposes and may also face sexual exploitation in roles such
as gigolos, massage experts, and escorts. Children make up a significant portion of those subjected to
forced labour, employed in factories, as domestic servants, beggars, agricultural workers, and sometimes
coerced into armed combat by terrorist groups.

India also serves as a destination for women and girls trafficked from neighbouring countries like Nepal
and Bangladesh for commercial sexual exploitation. Nepali children, for instance, are trafficked into India
for forced labour in circus shows. Moreover, Indian women are trafficked to the Middle East for similar
purposes. Additionally, Indian migrants who voluntarily migrate to the Middle East and Europe for
domestic service or low-skilled labour may fall victim to trafficking.

Many of these cases involve fraudulent recruitment practices, leading individuals into situations of forced
labour or debt bondage. Workers often accrue high debts to pay recruitment fees, leaving them vulnerable

16
to exploitation by employers in destination countries. Exploitative conditions may include non-payment
of wages, restricted movement, passport confiscation, and physical or sexual abuse.

2.3 History of Human Trafficking in India

The history of human trafficking in India is deeply intertwined with the country's social, economic, and
cultural dynamics, spanning centuries of exploitation and vulnerability. While the specific manifestations
and scale of trafficking have evolved over time, the roots of this issue can be traced back to various
historical factors:

Ancient and Mediaeval Periods:

India's ancient and mediaeval history saw various forms of exploitation and forced labour, including
slavery, indentured servitude, and the subjugation of marginalised communities. Conquests, wars, and
invasions often led to the capture and enslavement of individuals, with prisoners of war and conquered
populations being subjected to forced labour and servitude.

Colonial Era:
The colonial period, marked by British rule in India, significantly impacted patterns of exploitation and
trafficking. The British East India Company's economic interests fueled the demand for cheap labor,
leading to the systematic exploitation of Indian labourers in various industries, including agriculture,
mining, and construction. The indentured labour system, under which millions of Indians were forcibly
transported to British colonies as cheap labourers, further entrenched the exploitation of vulnerable
populations.

Post-Independence Period:
Following India's independence in 1947, the country continued to grapple with entrenched inequalities,
poverty, and social injustices, which created fertile ground for various forms of exploitation and
trafficking. Rapid urbanisation, industrialization, and migration patterns further exacerbated
vulnerabilities, particularly among marginalised communities in rural areas.

Modern Era:
In contemporary times, human trafficking in India has taken on diverse forms, including forced labor,
commercial sexual exploitation, bonded labour, child labour, and organ trafficking. Vulnerable
populations, including women, children, and marginalised communities, are disproportionately affected
by trafficking, with factors such as poverty, lack of education, caste discrimination, gender inequality, and
social exclusion contributing to their vulnerability.

Government Response:
Over the years, the Indian government has taken steps to address human trafficking through legislation,
policy initiatives, and law enforcement efforts. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, and its
subsequent amendments, along with other relevant laws, provide a legal framework to combat trafficking
and protect the rights of victims. Additionally, various government agencies, NGOs, and civil society
organisations are actively engaged in prevention, rescue, rehabilitation, and prosecution efforts.

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2.4 Trauma Response of Human Trafficking Survivors

Human trafficking survivors often endure severe and prolonged trauma resulting from their exploitation
experiences. The trauma response of survivors is multifaceted and can manifest in various physical,
psychological, and emotional symptoms. Understanding these trauma responses is crucial for providing
effective support and interventions to help survivors heal and rebuild their lives.

2.4.1 Physical Trauma

Victims of human trafficking frequently suffer from physical trauma due to the harsh and exploitative
conditions they endure. Table 1 provides an overview of common physical injuries and health
consequences experienced by trafficking survivors:

Physical Trauma Description

Bruises and injuries Resulting from physical abuse, beatings, or forced labour.

Malnutrition and dehydration Due to inadequate food, water, and poor living conditions.

Reproductive health issues Including sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.
Physical Trauma of Human Trafficking Survivors

2.4.2 Psychological Trauma

The psychological impact of human trafficking can be profound, leading to long-lasting emotional
distress and mental health disorders. Table 2 outlines common psychological trauma responses observed
in trafficking survivors:

Psychological Trauma Description

Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and

Disorder (PTSD) emotional numbness.

Depression and anxiety Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and heightened anxiety.

Dissociation Detachment from emotions, memories, or sense of self.

Shame and guilt Internalised feelings of shame, self-blame, and worthlessness.

Psychological Trauma of Human Trafficking Survivors

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2.4.3 Emotional Trauma
Trafficking survivors often experience intense emotional distress resulting from their exploitation
experiences. Table 3 illustrates common emotional trauma responses observed in survivors:

Emotional Trauma Description

Fear and Mistrust Fear of traffickers, authorities, and difficulty trusting others.

Anger and resentment Towards traffickers, perpetrators, and society.

Grief and Loss For lost opportunities, relationships, and sense of identity.

Emotional Numbness Difficulty experiencing or expressing emotions.

Emotional Trauma of Human Trafficking Survivors

2.4.4 Coping Mechanisms

To cope with the overwhelming stress and trauma of their experiences, trafficking survivors often develop
various coping mechanisms. Table 4 presents common coping strategies observed in survivors:

Coping Mechanism Description

Substance abuse Alcohol or drug use as a means of numbing emotional pain

Self-harm Including cutting, burning, or other forms of self-injury.

Avoidance Avoiding triggers, memories, or situations associated with trauma.

Disassociation Mentally disconnecting from emotions or surroundings.

Coping Mechanisms of Human Trafficking Survivors

In conclusion, human trafficking survivors often experience a complex array of trauma responses
resulting from their exploitation experiences. Understanding these responses is essential for providing
survivors with the support, interventions, and resources they need to heal and rebuild their lives
effectively.

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 Chapter 3

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

3.1 Case Study 1: Bal Sahyog, New Delhi

3.2 Case Study 2: Ada and Tamar House, Tel Aviv
3.3 Case Study 3: AIWC Campus, New Delhi

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3.1 Case Study 1: Bal Sahyog, New Delhi

Category Social Orphanage

Location Connaught Place, New Delhi

Established in 1954

Site Area 2.75 Acres

Capacity 125 Children

No. of children surveyed 41

Case Study 1- Arithmetic Data

A home for poor talented boys, Bal Sahyog is located at a

2.75 acre plot in Connaught Circus near Minto Bridge in
Delhi. Bal Sahyog is a social welfare organisation which gives
an opportunity for boys who are socially and economically
backward to get education and vocational skills. Bal Sahyog
imparts Middle School education with simultaneous
vocational training and free boarding and lodging facilities.
There are 100 boys who stay as boarders and 60 day scholars
in the age group of 12 to 16 years. The boarders are free to
leave the home only during weekends. At all other times they
must follow the tight schedule formulated by Bal Sahyog.

Planning and functional efficiency

The Bal Sahyog building complex does not have any clearly defined planning concept. The buildings are
housed around one medium sized central space. This space unfortunately is metalled and hence does not
integrate the building around it.

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Planning is introverted. There are 4 building blocks.

The first block has the administration and the library on the ground floor
and the school rooms on the first floor. Connected to the school building
through a semi-enclosed staircase is the dining hall, kitchen and
counselling facilities.

The hall is also used as a multi-purpose room for games, T.V. etc. are
adjacent to five dormitories each having 14 to 20 students crammed in it.
Natural light and ventilation is not adequate. Each dormitory is divided into
two areas - bed space and storage and clothes drying space.

The toilets are not attached to the dormitory but are opposite it. The health
clinic and staff quarters are also opposite it. The dormitories and the staff
quarters were barracks initially.

The vocational training centre runs 8 courses.

Fig 3.1.4 - Building Section

It is a G+1 storeyed structure. Its planning is done taking the area requirements of the different sections,
The training centre is fully equipped with the different machines needed for the various trades.

22
Rooms are entered through a doubly loaded corridor. The buildings have north south orientation. Except
for the vocational training centre, the site planning leaves much to be desired for.

Linkages and circulation

The circulation inside the school building is
through a singly loaded corridor fitted with
jalis.

Much of the circulation is through the open.

No paths are marked.

There are two entrances into the site one for

the Home and the other for the Vocational
Training Centre.

Hierarchy of spaces
The staff directs the movement of the students
through rigid rules. There is no concept of
private space.

Open spaces
There are two major open spaces:
i. The courtyard in the centre of the building
blocks which is used for parking, assembly,
sleeping on hot summer nights and informal
games.
ii. The playgrounds at the back of the complex
which are used for organised games like
basketball and cricket.

The open spaces are poorly maintained since

the organisation has less money. No paths are
present for circulation and there are only a few trees present.

Architectural aesthetics
The buildings are rectangular shaped. Each building is painted a different colour. Due to this there is no
progression of spaces and no unity in the design, all the buildings except the training institute are single or
double storey.

The Bal Sahyog Home is a physical structure which is not related to the needs of the child or the
community. It is just a shelter from the basic elements and nothing more.

23
Ventilation and lighting
Natural
The spaces had very small windows which resulted in dark and dingy spaces. The space was not at all
pleasant to live in.

Artificial
The lighting is not adequate in any of the spaces except for the dining hall. Overall, almost all the spaces
inside the shelter were dark and dingy and did not have a very welcoming feel to them.

3.2 Case Study 2: Ada and Tamar House, Tel Aviv, Israel

Ada and Tamar House, Tel Aviv

Location Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

Architect Amos Goldreich Architecture + Jacobs Yaniv Architects

User Group Women and child victims of Domestic Violence Staff Workers

Site Area 0.4 Acres or 1600 sqm.

Built-Up 979 sqm

FAR 0.7

Ground Coverage 40%

Capacity 12 families; floating child population of about 28

Parking Approx. 10 cars, some service vehicle parking

Case Study 2- Arithmetic Data

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Program Components
The shelter houses a diverse range of
functions:
● Communal Areas
● Kindergarten
● Counselling
● Computer room and Classrooms
● Laundry Facilities, kitchens and a
refectory
● Independent living quarters for each
family Staff Accommodation
● Office areas for the shelter's manager
and staff (including social workers, a
child psychologist, housemothers, a
child care worker, and a part- time
lawyer).

Conceptual Underpinnings
Led by pioneering human rights activists, the facility provides a
refuge for distressed and abused women and children from all
localities and backgrounds (ArchDaily, 2018). This shelter is one of
only a handful in the world which has been designed and built in
consultation with the staff who will occupy and run it.

The architect conjured up the idea of stone, hollowed out from the
inside, leaving it with two surfaces: a rough external one, while the
inner would be smooth and delicate. This analogy became the main
concept for the building which has two facades - the secure and
protective exterior, and the inner façade, the therapeutic "heart" of
the shelter" (ArchDaily, 2018).

25
Access-Control: The built works in a manner to become the security of
the complex. The inward looking space allows for little permeability
which assures privacy and control.

Levels of Publicness: This shelter opens itself to the public only via the
function of the nursery, which functions both separately and as a part of
the site.

Quality of Space: The space keeps in mind the turbulent history of its
users, designed to preserve their privacy and peace of mind while giving
complete freedom within the complex. The central green lends a healing
vibe to the space.

Typology: The complex uses the courtyard- fortress typology with

central greens to accomplish a protected space.

Pedestrian Movement
The site does not have a clear pedestrian movement, but the
circulation creates a loop situation between all major functions which
feeds into their cores.

The focal circulation, however, seems to be through the building

passing the Aga Khan Hall, taking away attention from the short stay
home and lending it more privacy.

Vehicular Movement
The site has maximum vehicular penetration. The road loops around
the main building for a drop-off to the hostel at the north-end of the
site. It has two gates, but only one remains functional and serves as
both entry and exit. There is no separate service movement.

This penetration mildly hinders free pedestrian movement within the

site, but works well for all functions requiring vehicular servicing.

The shelter uses calm, muted, grey tones and textures to convey a sense of peace, which are
complemented by the greens of the central space. The juxtaposition of glass, steel and grey linear textures
gives a modern, stern yet reassuring, solid eel to the space.

The fort-like built also lends a sense of protection and security to the people who have been victims of
violence and often fear further such attacks by the perpetrators.

26
3.3 Case Study 3: All India Women’s Conference Campus, New Delhi

Arithmetic Data

Location 6, Bhagwan Das Road, Mandi House Area, New

Delhi, India

Client All India Women's Conference (NGO)

User Group Destitute and Distressed women

Working Women
Bank Workers
Exhibition Viewers
Staff Workers

Site Area 4 Acres or 14415 sqm.

Built-Up 14,495 sqm.

FAR 1

Ground Coverage 25%

Capacity Approx. 400 Women (Residential)

Parking 50 cars, approximately 30 two-wheelers

Case Study 2- Arithmetic Data

27
Connectivity
Bus Stop: Aga Khan Hall, 10 m
Metro Station: Mandi House, 650 m
Railway Station: NDLS, 2.7 km
Airport: IGI Airport, 16 km

Program Components
The complex currently consists of the following
elements:
● Working Women's Hostel Short Stay Home
● Skill Development
● Bank Office
● AIWC Office
● Aga Khan Hall
● Eco-Measures
Areas

Conceptual
Underpinnings
The All India Women's
Conference is a
non-governmental
organisation based in
Delhi. It was founded 1 1927 by Margaret Cousins in
order to improve educational efforts for women and
children and has expanded its scope to also tackle other
women's rights issues. It aims at Emancipation,
Education and Empowerment of Women. The complex
is situated in a city with a record-high crime rate
against women, seeking to serve their needs in a
multitude of ways, and its location in the capital is
representative of women's rights across the country.

Access-Control
AIWC is a secure campus with multiple manual checkpoints, and electronic surveillance. They're
extremely strict about access to the hostels, and visiting the short-stay is close to impossible. However,
the residents retain the right to roam the site.

28
Levels of Publicness
The privacy and security of the campus increases as you go towards the rear and vertically upwards. The
public interface is at the foremost for ease of access and to ensure privacy of the residents.

Quality of Space
The indoor spaces are adequate with decent daylight penetration for
the hostels. The short-stay home has been built more like a plotted
residence which lends a home-like feeling, but the interior spaces are
confined and dingy.

Typology
Hostels- Linear, double-loaded corridor, facing an open space
Short Stay Home- Plotted house type
Offices and Skill Development- Mid-Rise
Building with large floorplate
Staff Housing- Informal low-rise development

29
 Chapter 4

Literature Review

4.1 Government Reports

4.2 Existing Literature

30
4.1 Government Reports
Human trafficking remains a pressing issue globally, with India being no exception. This literature review
aims to examine the status of human trafficking in India based on government reports, focusing on data
presented by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in response to parliamentary inquiries. By analyzing
trends in reported cases, arrests, charge-sheets, convictions, and acquittals, this review seeks to shed light
on the complexities and challenges surrounding combating human trafficking in India.

Magnitude of Human Trafficking

Between 2018 and 2022, India recorded a significant number of human trafficking cases, totaling 10,659
according to MHA data. These cases demonstrate the pervasive nature of the problem across the country,
with an average of approximately 2,000 cases reported annually. Notably, 2022 witnessed the highest
number of cases, reaching 2,250, indicating a concerning upward trend.

4.2 Existing Literature

Mental health issues in survivors of sex trafficking, Levine 2016

Sex trafficking remains a pressing global issue, with over 3.3 million individuals, predominantly women
and children, subjected to its horrors. Despite its prevalence, understanding the mental health implications
of this crime remains inadequate. Research efforts have been hindered by the clandestine nature of sex
trafficking, leading to limited data on its mental health consequences.

31
Biological factors play a significant role in the development of mental health issues among sex-trafficked
individuals. Chronic stress associated with sexual exploitation induces neurochemical and structural
changes in the brain, particularly impactful in child victims. These changes involve alterations in gene
expression and dysregulation of stress hormones, contributing to conditions such as depression, anxiety,
and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Fig 4.2.1 - Social causes for Human Trafficking according to Levine, 2016

Genetic predisposition further exacerbates the vulnerability of sex-trafficked individuals to mental illness.
Victims often come from families with high prevalence of depression, schizophrenia, and substance
abuse, suggesting a genetic link to their susceptibility. Additionally, epigenetic influences, such as
maternal substance abuse during pregnancy, further compound the risk of mental health issues in
survivors.

Psychosocial factors, including exposure to crime, drug abuse, and poverty, create a detrimental social
ecology for sex-trafficked individuals. These factors contribute to a cycle of violence, independently
impacting mental health. The social stigma and isolation faced by survivors post-rescue exacerbate their
psychological distress, highlighting the need for comprehensive mental health interventions.

Prevalence data on mental health issues among sex-trafficked individuals vary due to methodological
disparities and sample heterogeneity. However, studies consistently report high rates of anxiety,
depression, and PTSD among survivors. Moreover, survivors often experience secondary physical
illnesses, such as sexually transmitted diseases, malnutrition, and cardiovascular issues, stemming from
the mental trauma endured.

Effective mental health treatment for survivors necessitates early detection and comprehensive
intervention. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy is commonly utilised, but emerging research
suggests the inadequacy of PTSD diagnosis in capturing the complex trauma experienced by survivors.

32
Long-term support, multidisciplinary care, and consideration of Disorders of Extreme Stress are crucial in
addressing the mental health needs of survivors.

Healthcare organisations play a pivotal role in supporting victims of sex trafficking. Protocols for
identifying and managing victims, collaboration with law enforcement and social services, and provision
of comprehensive care are essential in addressing the multifaceted needs of survivors.

However, research in this field faces significant limitations. Sample representativeness, missing data, and
ethical concerns hinder progress in understanding the mental health implications of sex trafficking.
Moreover, limited funding and low priority exacerbate the challenges in addressing this pervasive issue
effectively.

In conclusion, the mental health consequences of sex trafficking demand urgent attention and
comprehensive research efforts. Addressing the complex interplay of biological, genetic, and
psychosocial factors, alongside enhancing healthcare organisation and research methodologies, is
essential in mitigating the profound suffering endured by survivors of sex trafficking.

While the paper primarily focuses on the mental health implications of sex trafficking, it provides
valuable insights that can inform the understanding of the built environment's role in the psychological
rehabilitation of survivors.

33
 Chapter 5

RESEARCH

5.1 User Experience Research

5.2 Survivor Story and Importance
of Built Environment

34
5.1 User Experience Research

Interview with a psychologist

An in-depth interview was conducted with the owner and principal psychologist of the “The Happiness
Potion”, Dhwani Aggarwal.

What features would you envision in a mental health facility to prioritise healing?
● The internal ambiance should promote tranquillity and approachability.
● Maintain comfortable temperatures year-round and ensure fresh air quality.
● Architectural design should align with therapeutic goals, fostering well-being and uplifting
patients' and visitors' moods.

What about the kind of materials and textures you find work best?
● Aim for coordinated finishes, fittings, furniture, and colours to minimise clutter.
● Employ a neutral colour palette and select materials with infection control in mind.

How can we alleviate patient stress further?

● Integrate art into the interior design and consider incorporating performing arts presentations.
● Focus on designing public areas, entrances, social spaces for patients, children's areas, and
extensive landscaping.

What areas of the healing environment should be focused on?

Public and entrance areas, social spaces for the patients, children’s areas, lots and lots of landscaping.

Any thoughts on spatial planning?

● Foster shared spaces as a communal resource rather than individual territory.
● Utilize circulation areas for dual purposes to encourage social interaction when suitable.

What do you hope the design would do?

● Project a positive image of the health service.
● Clearly communicate the facility's function and aspirations through its physical design elements.

35
Interview with an NGO Staff
A brief interview was conducted with the staff member of a Delhi-based NGO fighting against human
trafficking called Empower People.

What changes could enhance patient care in your environment?

● Improve efficiency and inter-departmental relationships for smoother operations.
● Ensure clarity regarding key relationships and convenience in internal departmental layouts.

Do you have any thoughts about the private vs. public spaces in your facility?
For the Privacy, isolation and communality:
● Requirements of visual and acoustic privacy
● Requirements for gender segregation
● Infection control regimes including isolation rooms and beds.
● Reception areas should enable confidential conversations without embarrassment.
● The design should help avoid unintended isolation, allowing patients to communicate with staff
when needed.

Do you have any thoughts on natural lighting vs artificial lighting, the use of colour and shading
based on patient responses?
Colour:
The contribution of colour to providing continuity and variety, stimulation and calmness should be
thought through. Colour schemes should assist way-finding.

Daylight:
Maximise the use of natural light to improve the environment for patients, staff, and visitors. Design
internal spaces and courtyards to optimise sunlight exposure.

Artificial light :
Lighting should be used creatively and sensitively to enhance the use and experience of the
Interiors.

Survivor Story and Importance of Built Environment

From the design of buildings to the layout of neighbourhoods and cities, architectural decisions can have
profound effects on various aspects of health, including physical, mental, and social well-being. This
report aims to explore the relationship between architecture and health, highlighting key findings from
research in the field and providing insights for architects and urban planners to promote healthier
environments (Ranganathan, 2021).

36
 Fig 5.1.1 -Survivor’s Journey

1. Physical Health:
One of the primary ways in which architecture influences physical health is through its impact on indoor
air quality, thermal comfort, and access to natural light. Poor indoor air quality, inadequate ventilation,
and exposure to pollutants can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues. Conversely,
well-designed buildings with proper ventilation systems and ample natural light can promote better
respiratory health and overall well-being.

2. Mental Health:
Architecture also plays a crucial role in shaping mental health outcomes. Research has shown that access
to green spaces, natural elements, and views of nature can have a positive effect on mental health,
reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, the design of spaces can influence social
interactions and feelings of connectedness, which are important determinants of mental well-being.

3. Social Health:
The design of neighbourhoods and urban environments can impact social health by either fostering or
hindering social connections and community engagement. Walkable streets, mixed-use developments, and
well-designed public spaces encourage physical activity and social interaction, which are essential for
building strong communities and reducing feelings of isolation and loneliness.

37
 Chapter 6

ANALYSIS

6.1 Survey
6.2 Research Findings
6.3 Rehabilitation Support
and Intervention
6.4 Inferences

38
6.1 Survey

Over the last several decades, there has been a push

to investigate, analyse, and measure how changes in
our environment impact our physical health. The
healthcare industry has been the focus of this
research, with studies largely focusing on hospitals.
Results from these studies; however, rarely reveal
new information. Rather, this research offers a
neuropathic and biological metric system to describe
those elements that have always made us, as humans,
feel good. At our core we inherently understand and
accept that looking out to a natural landscape makes
us feel better than staring at a concrete wall. The
impact of natural light, too, has a profound effect on
our souls: "The sun is not only a painter but a
sculptor. [...]Without going into any scientific
exposition we must admit that light has quite real and
tangible effects upon the human body. But this is not all. Who has
not observed the purifying effect of light, and especially of direct sunlight, upon the air of a room"
(Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, What it is, and What it is Not)?

Expanding on Nightingale's insights, modern research continues to unveil the multifaceted ways in which
light influences our health. From its impact on vitamin D synthesis to its role in regulating hormone
levels, light serves as a vital component in our biological processes. Moreover, studies have linked
exposure to natural light with reduced stress, improved cognitive function, and faster recovery times from
illness or surgery.

In essence, our relationship with the

environment, particularly with natural
elements like light and landscape, is
deeply intertwined with our physical
health. As we strive to create healthier
spaces, whether in hospitals or urban
settings, it becomes imperative to
harness the therapeutic power of nature
and light in designing environments
conducive to healing and well-being.
This holistic approach, rooted in both
scientific understanding and intuitive
wisdom, holds the promise of fostering
healthier, happier communities for
generations to come.

39
6.2 Research Findings
Aspect
Indoor Air Quality
Access to Nature
Neighborhood Design
6.3 Rehabilitation Support and Intervention
Addressing the trauma response of human trafficking survivors requires a comprehensive and
trauma-informed approach. Table 5 outlines key principles and strategies for supporting survivors in their
recovery journey:
Support and Intervention
Mental health support
Empowerment and autonomy
Peer support
Research Finding Interpretation
Poor indoor air quality is linked Buildings should prioritise
to respiratory problems and proper ventilation and air
decreased productivity. filtration systems to improve
indoor air quality and promote
occupant health.
Exposure to green spaces and Incorporating green spaces and
natural elements is associated biophilic design principles into
with reduced stress and architectural projects can
improved mental well-being. enhance the health and
well-being of occupants.
Neighborhood Design Urban planners should prioritise
Walkable neighbourhoods with mixed-use developments and
access to amenities promote pedestrian-friendly
physical activity and social infrastructure to create healthier
interaction, contributing to better communities.
overall health outcomes.
Description
Access to counseling, therapy, and psychiatric care to address
trauma-related symptoms.
Supporting survivors in regaining control over their lives and
decision-making.
Connecting survivors with peer networks for validation, understanding,
and support.
40
6.4 Inferences

Architecture holds immense potential in shaping human health outcomes, from enhancing indoor air
quality to fostering social connections and promoting mental well-being. This potential becomes
particularly crucial in the context of trauma-informed shelters for human trafficking survivors, where the
physical environment plays a vital role in supporting psychological rehabilitation and healing.

6.4.1 Creating Safe and Healing Spaces

The physical design of trauma-informed shelters should prioritize safety, security, and comfort to create a
sense of refuge for survivors. Secure entrances, privacy-enhancing features, and controlled access to
spaces can help survivors feel safe and protected from potential threats or triggers. Comfortable and
homelike environments with soft lighting, soothing colors, and natural elements can promote relaxation
and reduce anxiety, contributing to a sense of well-being.

6.4.2 Promoting Privacy and Autonomy

Respecting survivors' autonomy and privacy is essential in fostering a sense of control and empowerment.
Designing individual living spaces with private bedrooms and bathrooms allows survivors to retreat to
their own personal sanctuary when needed. Shared communal areas, such as kitchens, dining rooms, and
lounges, should be carefully designed to balance opportunities for social interaction with spaces for
solitude and reflection.

6.4.3 Supporting Therapeutic Activities

Architecture can facilitate a wide range of therapeutic activities and programming tailored to meet
survivors' unique needs. Flexible and multipurpose spaces can accommodate group therapy sessions, art
therapy workshops, yoga classes, and other healing modalities. Access to outdoor spaces, such as gardens,
courtyards, or rooftop terraces, can provide opportunities for nature-based therapies and relaxation.

6.4.4 Incorporating Nature and Biophilic Design

Biophilic design principles emphasise the connection between humans and nature, which has been shown
to have positive effects on mental health and well-being. Integrating elements of nature, such as natural
light, views of greenery, and indoor plants, can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance cognitive
function. Biophilic design features can be incorporated throughout the shelter, from interior spaces to
outdoor areas, to create a healing environment that nurtures the mind, body, and spirit.

41
 Chapter 7

DESIGN GUIDELINES

7.1 Site Selection

7.2 Building Type
7.3 Planning
7.4 Finishes
7.5 Colours

42
7.1 Site Selection

To ensure the optimal construction of these buildings, it is essential to select locations in pristine,
unpolluted environments rich in vegetation. The chosen site should offer ample space to accommodate a
pleasant atmosphere that evolves with the changing seasons.

Selecting areas free from pollution preserves the integrity of the environment and enhances the overall
aesthetic appeal. The presence of dense vegetation not only adds visual charm but also contributes to air
purification and biodiversity conservation, thereby promoting sustainable practices.

Furthermore, the generous size of the site facilitates the creation of a welcoming environment conducive
to relaxation and contemplation. The survivors can immerse themselves in the tranquillity of the
surroundings, appreciating the natural beauty that unfolds with each passing season.

7.2 Building Type

Simplicity and organic design approaches are highly valued, aiming to create spaces that resonate with
users. Embracing basic forms such as circles and squares fosters a sense of familiarity and comfort,
facilitating ease of use and navigation within the built environment. By incorporating these elemental
shapes, users can quickly understand and engage with the surroundings, promoting a sense of belonging
and connection.

Moreover, a deliberate avoidance of overly institutional aesthetics is prioritized, ensuring that structures
do not appear imposing or sterile. Instead, the focus is on imbuing the built environment with warmth and
humanity, evoking a sense of approachability and inclusivity.

Central to this ethos is the notion of human-scale design, where the proportions of structures and spaces
are tailored to accommodate the needs and preferences of individuals. This entails creating environments
that feel inviting and accommodating, promoting a sense of well-being and belonging among users.

In essence, by prioritizing simplicity, organic forms, and human-scale design principles, the aim is to
cultivate environments that resonate with users on a personal level, fostering a sense of comfort,
connection, and community.

7.3 Planning

Opting for low-rise structures that harmonize with nature is essential, fostering a seamless connection
between the built environment and the surrounding landscape. Embracing a scattered approach to building
placement has demonstrated its efficacy, yielding a diverse array of high-quality spaces in between. This

43
strategy not only enhances the aesthetic appeal but also promotes the creation of dynamic and engaging
environments.

Central to this approach is the incorporation of various elements that enhance the overall experience.
Internal and external courtyards, water features, gazebos, and meticulously landscaped gardens should be
integral components of the design. These elements not only add visual interest but also provide
opportunities for relaxation, recreation, and contemplation, enriching the overall ambiance of the space.

By strategically integrating these features, the aim is to create a holistic environment that encourages
interaction with nature while simultaneously fostering a sense of serenity and well-being. This thoughtful
combination of low-rise structures and natural elements ensures that the built environment complements
and enhances the beauty of its surroundings, creating a harmonious and inviting atmosphere for all who
inhabit or visit the space.

7.4 Finishes

Prioritising warmth and natural aesthetics, both internal and external finishes should steer clear of a cold,
clinical, or institutional look. Instead, embracing locally-sourced materials like stone, wood, bamboo, and
mud bricks is favoured over synthetic alternatives, as they foster a stronger connection to the surrounding
environment.
By opting for these organic materials, the built environment seamlessly blends with the natural landscape,
creating a sense of harmony and tranquillity. Moreover, using materials sourced from the local region not
only reduces environmental impact but also supports the local economy and cultural identity.
The essence of this approach lies in creating spaces that feel familiar and inviting, evoking a sense of
comfort and belonging in users. As the environment becomes more natural and reflective of its
surroundings, users are more likely to feel at ease and connected to their surroundings, promoting a sense
of well-being and harmony.

7.5 Colours

Colors play a significant role in influencing human emotions and perceptions, eliciting various feelings
and energies. Warm and luminous colors tend to promote increased activity, alertness, and participation.
These hues can create a vibrant and energizing atmosphere within a space. On the other hand, pure colors,
which are bold and intense, can evoke drama and cheerfulness, adding dynamism and excitement to an
environment.

In addition to the emotional impact, the choice of colours should be tailored to the intended use and time
spent in a room. Different activities and times of day call for specific colour treatments to optimise
functionality and ambiance. For instance, large surfaces benefit from soft and soothing pastel hues, which
help create a sense of spaciousness and tranquillity. Conversely, small surfaces can be painted with bright
and vivid colours to inject personality and vitality into confined spaces.

44
By carefully considering the psychological effects of colours and aligning them with the purpose and
scale of each space, designers can craft environments that not only look visually appealing but also
support the intended activities and enhance the overall well-being of occupants. This thoughtful approach
to color treatment ensures that rooms are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and conducive
to specific moods and activities.

45
 Chapter 8

DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Courtyard Planning

8.2 Horizontal Planning
8.3 Interactive Spaces
8.4 Water Features
8.5 Sensory Design
8.6 Healing Garden
8.7 Landscaping and Open Spaces
8.8 Community Integration and Support Spaces

46
8.1 Courtyard Planning
Courtyard planning stands as a cornerstone in the
architectural intervention for the psychological
rehabilitation of survivors of human trafficking. It
transcends mere spatial optimization, embodying a
profound commitment to fostering community,
promoting well-being, and ensuring holistic recovery
within shelter environments. At its essence, courtyard
planning embodies the harmonious integration of natural
elements and human habitation, creating spaces that
resonate with tranquillity, vitality, and purpose.

The significance of courtyards lies in their ability to optimise space while nurturing a sense of connection
with the surrounding environment. By harnessing natural light and ventilation, courtyards infuse shelter
interiors with a sense of openness and vitality, counteracting the potential claustrophobia often associated
with enclosed spaces. This infusion of natural elements not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of shelters
but also contributes to the psychological well-being of survivors, offering a refuge of serenity amid
tumultuous circumstances.

Moreover, courtyards serve as catalysts for

community-building, providing survivors with spaces for
shared experiences, communal gatherings, and mutual
support. Within these enclosed yet expansive realms,
survivors can forge bonds of solidarity, find solace in
shared stories, and draw strength from collective resilience.
Privacy and security considerations are meticulously
woven into the fabric of courtyard design, ensuring that
survivors feel safe and protected within their living
environment while still fostering opportunities for social
interaction and personal reflection.

From a therapeutic standpoint, courtyards offer invaluable

opportunities for survivors to engage in activities that promote healing and self-discovery. Whether
through gardening, meditation, or simply basking in the warmth of the sun, survivors can reconnect with
their innate resilience and reclaim a sense of agency over their lives. Courtyards thus transcend their
physical dimensions, becoming sacred spaces of renewal, transformation, and hope for those journeying
towards recovery.

Incorporating courtyard planning into shelter architecture represents a commitment to the holistic
well-being of survivors, recognizing that true healing encompasses not only physical safety but also
emotional, social, and spiritual restoration. By embracing the principles of courtyard design— optimizing
space, fostering community, and enhancing well-being—architects can create environments that serve as
sanctuaries of healing and renewal for survivors of human trafficking.

47
8.2 Horizontal Planning
Horizontal planning emerges as a paradigm of architectural intervention aimed at nurturing a sense of
community, fostering individual agency, and promoting holistic recovery among survivors of human
trafficking. Unlike its vertical counterpart, which often evokes connotations of institutionalisation and
hierarchy, horizontal planning prioritises inclusivity, accessibility, and human-centred design principles.

At its core, horizontal planning embodies a commitment to breaking down physical and metaphorical
barriers within shelter environments, creating spaces that encourage collaboration, connection, and
empowerment. By dispersing communal areas, living quarters, and support services across a single level,
horizontal layouts facilitate seamless interaction among survivors, fostering a sense of belonging and
shared purpose.

Moreover, horizontal planning affords survivors a greater degree of autonomy and control over their
living environment, empowering them to navigate their recovery journey on their own terms. Rather than
being confined to designated areas or subjected to strict rules and regulations, survivors are encouraged to
explore, express themselves, and participate actively in shaping their communal space.

From a psychological perspective, horizontal planning represents a departure from the regimented
routines and spatial constraints characteristic of institutional settings, offering survivors the freedom to
reclaim their individual identities and exercise agency over their lives. By fostering a sense of community
ownership and collective responsibility, horizontal layouts create fertile ground for healing, resilience, and
social integration.

Incorporating horizontal planning principles into shelter architecture thus represents a profound
commitment to the holistic well-being of survivors, recognizing that true recovery encompasses not only
physical safety but also emotional, social, and psychological restoration. By embracing the principles of
inclusivity, accessibility, and empowerment, architects can create environments that serve as catalysts for
transformation and renewal, laying the foundation for a brighter, more hopeful future for survivors of
human trafficking.

48
8.3 Interactive Spaces

Interactive spaces play a pivotal role in the architecture of psychological rehabilitation for survivors of
human trafficking, providing environments that facilitate engaged learning, healing, and personal growth.
Departing from traditional lecture-based approaches, interactive spaces are designed to promote active
participation, experiential learning, and peer support within shelter settings.

These spaces serve as incubators for innovation and creativity, offering survivors opportunities to explore
new skills, hobbies, and interests in a supportive and nurturing environment. Whether through art therapy
sessions, vocational training workshops, or group therapy activities, interactive spaces empower survivors
to reclaim their sense of agency, discover their strengths, and envision a brighter future beyond the
shadows of their past.

Fig 8.3.1- Interactive spaces illustration

By fostering a culture of collaboration and mutual respect, interactive spaces cultivate a sense of
community ownership and collective responsibility among survivors, laying the groundwork for lasting
social change and collective empowerment. Through shared experiences, shared challenges, and shared
triumphs, survivors forge bonds of solidarity that transcend the boundaries of trauma and adversity,
offering each other strength, support, and hope along their journey of recovery.

Moreover, interactive spaces serve as catalysts for personal transformation and self-discovery, providing
survivors with the tools, resources, and encouragement they need to embark on a journey of healing and
growth. Whether through individual counselling sessions, peer support groups, or mindfulness
workshops, survivors are empowered to explore their inner landscapes, confront their past traumas, and
chart a course toward a brighter, more hopeful future.

Incorporating interactive spaces into shelter architecture thus represents a commitment to the holistic
well-being of survivors, recognizing that true healing encompasses not only physical safety but also
emotional, social, and spiritual restoration. By embracing the principles of engagement, empowerment,

49
and community-building, architects can create environments that serve as incubators for resilience,
renewal, and empowerment for survivors of human trafficking.

8.4 Water Features

Fig 8.4.1- Water feature illustration

Water features emerge as essential elements in the architectural intervention for the psychological
rehabilitation of survivors of human trafficking, offering multifaceted benefits that enhance tranquility,
biodiversity, and overall well-being within shelter environments. From serene ponds to cascading
waterfalls, water features infuse shelter settings with a sense of serenity, vitality, and connection to the
natural world.

Beyond their aesthetic appeal, water features serve as catalysts for environmental sustainability,
promoting biodiversity, and ecological balance within shelter landscapes. By creating habitats for aquatic
life, supporting native plant species, and conserving water resources, these features contribute to the
creation of resilient, regenerative ecosystems that enrich the lives of survivors and foster a sense of
stewardship for the environment.

From a psychological standpoint, water features have been shown to have a calming effect on the mind
and body, reducing stress, anxiety, and promoting emotional well-being. The sight and sound of flowing
water evoke a sense of serenity and tranquility, creating a refuge of peace and solace amid the challenges
of the recovery journey.

Moreover, water features offer survivors opportunities for recreation, reflection, and contemplation,
providing spaces for meditation, yoga, and other mindfulness practices that promote healing and
self-discovery. Whether by a tranquil pond or a bubbling fountain, survivors can find moments of respite
and renewal, reconnecting with themselves and the natural world in profound and meaningful ways.

50
Incorporating water features into shelter architecture thus represents a commitment to the holistic
well-being of survivors, recognizing that true healing encompasses not only physical safety but also
emotional, social, and ecological restoration. By embracing the principles of sustainability, serenity, and
stewardship, architects can create environments that serve as sanctuaries of healing and renewal for
survivors of human trafficking, fostering resilience, and empowerment for generations to come.

8.5 Sensory Design

Sensory design stands at the forefront of
architectural interventions for the psychological
rehabilitation of survivors of human trafficking,
offering a holistic approach to creating
environments that prioritise comfort, accessibility,
and inclusivity. By integrating elements such as
texture, colour, lighting, and acoustics, sensory
design seeks to engage the senses and create spaces
that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also
conducive to healing and well-being.

In shelter settings, sensory design plays a crucial

role in mitigating the impact of trauma and creating
environments that feel safe, welcoming, and
supportive for survivors. By carefully selecting
materials and finishes that are soft, warm, and
inviting, architects can create spaces that evoke a sense of
comfort and security, helping survivors feel more at ease and less triggered by their surroundings.

Furthermore, sensory design encompasses considerations for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste,
ensuring that all aspects of the built environment contribute to a positive and enriching experience for
survivors. Whether through the use of soothing colours, natural materials, or ambient lighting, sensory
design seeks to create environments that promote relaxation, reduce stress, and enhance overall
well-being.

By engaging the senses in this way, sensory design fosters a sense of connection to the environment and
to oneself, empowering survivors to reclaim their sense of agency and autonomy in their recovery
journey. Whether through the soft touch of a cosy blanket, the gentle glow of a candle, or the calming
sound of nature, sensory design offers survivors opportunities for self-soothing and self-expression,
promoting healing and empowerment in profound and meaningful ways.

Incorporating sensory design into shelter architecture thus represents a commitment to creating
environments that are not only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also therapeutic and healing for
survivors of human trafficking. By embracing the principles of sensory engagement, empathy, and

51
inclusivity, architects can create spaces that honour the lived experiences of survivors and support their
journey towards recovery and resilience.

8.6 Healing Gardens & Open Spaces

Fig 8.6.1- Healing gardens example

Healing gardens and open spaces emerge as vital components of architectural interventions for the
psychological rehabilitation of survivors of human trafficking, offering sanctuaries of solace, renewal, and
connection within shelter environments. Whether in the form of lush green gardens, tranquil meditation
spaces, or vibrant community gathering areas, these outdoor oases provide survivors with opportunities
for healing, reflection, and empowerment amidst the challenges of their recovery journey.

Healing gardens are intentionally designed to promote physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being,
incorporating elements such as sensory plants, therapeutic landscapes, and healing rituals that engage the
senses and nourish the soul. By creating spaces that invite survivors to connect with nature, themselves,
and others, healing gardens offer opportunities for relaxation, rejuvenation, and self-discovery in a
supportive and nurturing environment.

Open spaces, meanwhile, serve as catalysts for community-building, socialisation, and empowerment,
providing survivors with opportunities for recreation, exercise, and meaningful interaction with their
peers. Whether through outdoor fitness classes, group picnics, or gardening workshops, open spaces offer
survivors a sense of belonging and camaraderie, fostering connections that transcend the boundaries of
trauma and adversity.

52
Moreover, healing gardens and open spaces offer survivors a sense of agency and autonomy in their
recovery journey, providing them with opportunities to make choices, take risks, and explore new
possibilities in a safe and supportive environment. Whether by tending to a garden bed, practising yoga on
the lawn, or simply enjoying a moment of quiet contemplation under the shade of a tree, survivors can
reclaim their sense of control and empowerment in profound and meaningful ways.

Incorporating healing gardens and open spaces into shelter architecture thus represents a commitment to
the holistic well-being of survivors, recognizing that true healing encompasses not only physical safety
but also emotional, social, and spiritual restoration. By embracing the principles of nature, nurture, and
empowerment, architects can create environments that serve as havens of healing and hope for survivors
of human trafficking, fostering resilience, and renewal for generations to come.

8.7 Landscaping and Open Spaces

Landscaping and open spaces emerge as

cornerstone elements of trauma-informed design,
offering essential opportunities for survivors of
human trafficking to engage with nature, promote
physical and mental well-being, and build
connections within shelter environments.
Through thoughtful planning and design,
architects can create outdoor spaces that serve as
sanctuaries of solace, renewal, and
empowerment, supporting survivors on their
journey towards healing and recovery.

Nature, with its inherent beauty and serenity,

provides a powerful antidote to the trauma and
adversity experienced by survivors, offering a source of comfort, inspiration, and resilience in times of
distress. By integrating natural elements such as trees, flowers, and water features into shelter landscapes,
architects can create environments that promote relaxation, reduce stress, and enhance overall well-being
for survivors.

Moreover, open spaces offer survivors opportunities for physical movement, exercise, and recreation,
supporting their physical health and vitality while providing outlets for self-expression and empowerment.
Whether through walking paths, outdoor fitness areas, or communal gathering spaces, open spaces foster
a sense of belonging and community among survivors, creating opportunities for socialisation, support,
and solidarity in their recovery journey.

Furthermore, landscaping and open spaces play a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability
and resilience within shelter environments, contributing to biodiversity, ecosystem health, and climate
mitigation efforts. By incorporating native plants, rain gardens, and green infrastructure into shelter

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landscapes, architects can create environments that are not only beautiful and functional but also
environmentally sustainable and resilient to the impacts of climate change.

Incorporating landscaping and open spaces into shelter architecture thus represents a commitment to
creating environments that are not only safe and supportive but also healing and empowering for
survivors of human trafficking. By embracing the principles of nature, nurture, and resilience, architects
can create outdoor spaces that serve as havens of healing and hope, fostering connection, renewal, and
empowerment for survivors as they rebuild their lives and reclaim their futures.

8.8 Community Integration and Support Spaces

Community integration and support

services are critical components of
architectural interventions for the
psychological rehabilitation of survivors
of human trafficking, offering essential
resources, connections, and opportunities
for healing within shelter environments.
By incorporating spaces for community
engagement, socialisation, and
empowerment into shelter design,
architects can create environments that
promote resilience, recovery, and renewal
for survivors as they rebuild their lives
and reclaim their futures.

Community integration involves creating opportunities for survivors to

connect with supportive networks, access essential services, and participate in meaningful activities
within their local communities. By designing shelters that are integrated into the fabric of the community,
architects can create environments that foster a sense of belonging and inclusion for survivors, providing
them with opportunities to engage with neighbours, local organisations, and community leaders in ways
that promote healing and empowerment.

Support services, meanwhile, encompass a wide range of resources and interventions aimed at addressing
the complex needs of survivors, including counselling, legal advocacy, healthcare, education, and
vocational training. By incorporating spaces for support services into shelter design, architects can create
environments that offer survivors access to the care, resources, and opportunities they need to heal, thrive,
and rebuild their lives after trafficking.

Moreover, community integration and support services play a crucial role in promoting long-term
recovery and resilience among survivors, providing them with the tools, connections, and support they
need to navigate the challenges of reintegration and rebuild their lives on their own terms. By creating

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environments that prioritise community engagement, social support, and holistic care, architects can help
survivors develop the skills, confidence, and resilience they need to overcome trauma, achieve
independence, and pursue their goals and dreams for the future.

Incorporating community integration and support services into shelter architecture thus represents a
commitment to creating environments that are not only safe and supportive but also empowering and
transformative for survivors of human trafficking. By embracing the principles of collaboration, inclusion,
and empowerment, architects can create environments that serve as beacons of hope and healing,
fostering resilience, recovery, and renewal for survivors as they embark on the journey of rebuilding their
lives and reclaiming their futures.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, "Rebuilding Lives: Architectural Intervention for Psychological Rehabilitation in

Trauma-Informed Shelters" highlights the pivotal role of architecture in facilitating the healing process for
trauma survivors. Through a thorough examination of evidence-based design principles and user-centred
methodologies, the dissertation has elucidated the potential of shelter environments to serve as therapeutic
spaces.

By analysing case studies and engaging with professionals and trauma survivors, the research has
identified key spatial interventions and sensory considerations crucial for fostering feelings of safety,
empowerment, and community within shelter settings. From the thoughtful planning of courtyards to the
integration of interactive spaces, water features, and sensory design elements, each aspect has been
scrutinised for its capacity to enhance psychological well-being and promote healing.

Furthermore, the exploration of healing gardens and open spaces has underscored their significance in
facilitating physical activity, encouraging social interaction, and nurturing a profound connection with
nature—a fundamental aspect of the healing journey.

Through the proposal of practical design guidelines and recommendations, this dissertation aims to
inform future architectural practices, advocating for trauma-informed design solutions that cater to the
evolving needs of survivors. By prioritising comfort, accessibility, and inclusivity, the research
endeavours to transform shelters into nurturing environments where trauma survivors can rebuild their
lives with dignity, resilience, and hope.

In essence, this dissertation serves as a clarion call for architects and designers to recognize their role as
facilitators of healing and social progress, championing environments that not only provide shelter but
also foster healing, empowerment, and recovery for individuals impacted by trauma.

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- Rachel Lloyds, Girls Are Us
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