RF Formula: Distance travelled by the component ÷ Distance travelled by the solvent## Atomic

Structure

Percentage yield=
(actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100

Relative atomic mass=

(atomic mass of isotope 1 x abundance) + (atomic mass of isotope 2 x abundance) / 100

metal + acid --> salt + hydrogen

metal oxide + acid --> salt + water

metal hydroxide + acid --> salt + water

metal carbonate + acid --> salt + carbon dioxide + water

dicarboxylic acid + diol --> polyester + water

carboxylic acid + alcohol --> ester + water

alkane + halogen --> haloalkane + hydrogen halide (under UV light conditions)

alkene + halogen --> dihaloalkane

incomplete combustion
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water

complete combustion
hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

hydration of ethene
ethene + steam --> ethanol (with phosphoric acid catalyst)

fermentation of glucose
glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide (with yeast catalyst)

cracking
long chain alkane --> short chain alkene + short chain alkane
(300°C, 60-70atm, aluminium oxide + silicon dioxide/silica)

Haber process
N2 + 3H2 --> 2NH3

oxidising ethanol
ethanol + oxygen --> ethanal + water
(oxidising agents: potassium dichromate + sulfuric acid)

rusting
iron + oxygen --> iron oxide
(both oxygen and water need to be present)

coke reacting with oxygen

carbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide

coke reacting with carbon dioxide

carbon + carbon dioxide --> carbon monoxide

iron oxide + carbon monoxide --> iron + carbon dioxide

decomposition of limestone
calcium carbonate --> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
making slag (calcium silicate)
calcium oxide + silicon dioxide --> calcium silicate

reaction at the anode

anion --> element + electron(s)

reaction at the cathode

cation + electron(s) --> element

molar gas volume

25dm3 = 25,000cm3
dm3 --> cm3 = x 1,000

Empirical Formula Calculation

To find the empirical formula of a compound, follow these steps:
 List the elements and their corresponding masses:
 Carbon: 22
 Hydrogen: 4.6
 Bromine: 73.4
 Use the periodic table to find the molar mass (MR) of each element:
 Carbon: 12
 Hydrogen: 1
 Bromine: 79
 Calculate the number of moles of each element:
 Carbon: 22 ÷ 12 = 1.83
 Hydrogen: 4.6 ÷ 1 = 4.6
 Bromine: 73.4 ÷ 79 = 0.929
 Divide each mole value by the smallest number (0.929) to get the ratio:
 Carbon: 1.83 ÷ 0.929 = 2
 Hydrogen: 4.6 ÷ 0.929 = 5
 Bromine: 0.929 ÷ 0.929 = 1
 2:5:1
  Write the empirical formula: C2H5Br

Molecular Formula Calculation

If the molar mass of the compound is given, you can calculate the molecular formula:
 Calculate the molar mass of the empirical formula: C2H5Br
 2(12) + 5(1) + 79 = 108
 Compare the molar mass of the empirical formula to the given molar mass of the compound:
 If the masses are equal, the molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula.
If the given molar mass is a multiple of the empirical formula mass, multiply the empirical formula by
the multiplier to get the molecular formula. For example, this question is: C4H10Br2 since it has a
mass of 216, which is double.

Water of Crystallization Calculation 💧

To find the water of crystallisation, follow these steps:

 Write the equation:
 Sodium carbonate combined with water → anhydrous sodium carbonate + water
 Calculate the mass of water lost:
 35.75 g (initial mass) - 13.25 g (final mass) = 22.5 g
 Use the periodic table to find the molar mass (MR) of water: H2O
 H: 1
 O: 16
 MR: 18
 Calculate the number of moles of water:
 22.5 g ÷ 18 = 1.25 mol
 Calculate the value of x:
Divide the number of moles by the smallest number (1.25): x = 10

Calculating Heat Energy Released (Q)

Q = MCΔT
 M: mass of the mixture (50 g)
 C: specific heat capacity (4.18 J/g°C)
 ΔT: temperature change (19°C)
Q = 50 g × 4.18 J/g°C × 19°C = 3972 J

Energy Change (ΔH)

ΔH = Q / n
 Q: heat energy released (1379.4 J)
 n: number of moles (0.025 mol)
ΔH = 1.3794 KJ / 0.025 mol = 55.2 kJ/mol (positive, indicating an exothermic reaction)

Cheat Method for Ionic Compounds

We can also use a "cheat method" to determine the formula of an ionic compound:
1. Write the ions as usual.
2. Swap the charges and drop them down.
3. Rewrite the ions with the correct charges.
This method works for any ionic compound.