CHAPTER 6

ESTIMATION
Population

Sample ESTIMATE

𝑥ҧ Mean 𝜇

𝑠 Standard deviation 𝜎

<𝜇<

Hint: … 𝑦% of confidence interval.

Two type: SINGLE MEAN

DOUBLE MEANS

𝜎 𝜎
𝑥ҧ − 𝑧𝛼 ( ) < 𝜇 < 𝑥ҧ + 𝑧𝛼 ( )
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛
Condition 𝜎 (population) known 𝜎 (population) unknown
𝑛 < 30 Normal distribution 𝑡 − distribution
𝑛 ≥ 30 Normal distribution Normal distribution
𝜎→𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
𝑥ҧ − 𝑡𝛼,𝜈 ( ) < 𝜇 < 𝑥ҧ + 𝑡𝛼,𝜈 ( )
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛
Example 1:
The mean of aluminum content of 70 sample toxic candle was analyze to be 50ppm. Based on past
record, the standard deviation of aluminium content in the candle was 3ppm. Calculate the 99% of
confidence interval of the mean aluminium content. Assume that it is normally distributed.

Solution:
𝑛 = 70 𝑛 > 30
Standard deviation/ variance of population is given. 𝜎 known

Normal - distribution

𝑥ҧ = 50 𝑧𝛼 = ? Look at Table 4
2
𝜎=3
𝑧0.005 = 2.5758
𝛼 = 1 − 0.99 = 0.01
𝛼
= 0.005
2
𝜎 𝜎
̅ − 𝑧𝛼 (
𝑥 )<𝜇<𝑥
̅ + 𝑧𝛼 ( )
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛

3 3
50 − 2.5758 ( ) < 𝜇 < 50 + 2.5758 ( )
√70 √70

49.0764 < 𝜇 < 50.9236

Therefore, the mean of aluminum content in a toxic candle is in between 49.0764 and
50.9236ppm.

Example 2:
There are 10 randomly selected shoe strings where the length is measured. The sample mean is
0.32 inch and standard deviation is 𝑠 = 0.08 inch. Find the 95% confidence interval of the mean
length. Assume that it is normally distributed.

Solution:
𝑛 = 10 𝑛 < 30
No standard deviation/ variance of population is given. 𝜎 unknown

t- distribution
 𝑥ҧ = 0.32 𝜈 =𝑛−1 𝑡𝛼,𝜈
2
𝑠 = 0.08 = 10 − 1
𝑡0.025,9 = 2.262
𝛼 = 1 − 0.95 = 0.05 𝜈=9
𝛼
= 0.025
2

𝑠 𝑠
𝑥ҧ − 𝑡𝛼,𝜈 ( ) < 𝜇 < 𝑥ҧ + 𝑡𝛼,𝜈 ( )
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛

0.08 0.08
0.32 − 2.262 ( ) < 𝜇 < 0.32 + 2.262 ( )
√10 √10

0.2628 < 𝜇 < 0.3772

Therefore, the mean length of shoestring population is in between 0.2628 and 0.3772 inch long.

Exercise:

1. A company produces batteries that have a length of life that is approximately normally
distributed with a SD of 40 hours.
(a) If a sample of 30 batteries has an average life of 780 hours, find a 96% confidence
interval for the population mean of all batteries produced.
(b) If another sample of 10 batteries also given an average life of 780 hours, find 96%
confidence interval for the population mean of all batteries produced.
2. The daily salaries (RM) of part-time workers in restaurants are
60 56 60 55 70 55 60 55
(a) What is the mean?
(b) Find the 95% confidence interval of the mean for the part-time workers in the local
restaurants.
 Condition 𝜎12 and 𝜎22 known 𝜎12 and 𝜎22 unknown
𝑛1 ≥ 30 Normal distribution Normal distribution
𝑛2 ≥ 30 𝜎→𝑠
𝑛1 < 30 Normal distribution
𝑛2 < 30

𝜎21 𝜎22 𝜎21 𝜎22

(𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 ) − 𝑍𝛼 √ + < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < (𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 ) + 𝑍𝛼 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

Example 3:

Let 𝑋1 is a random variable of female and 𝑋2 is male. Obtain the 96% confidence interval for
𝜇1 − 𝜇2 if given that 𝜎1 = 0.4886 and 𝜎2 = 0.552 for heart beating rate with:

(a) The average heart rate of 50 female is 𝑥ҧ1 = 87.105 and 75 male is 𝑥ҧ2 = 91.394.
(b) The average heart rate of 25 female is 𝑥ҧ1 = 79.853 and 26 male is 𝑥ҧ2 = 89.371.

Solution:

(a) Sample 2 (male)

Sample 1 (female)

𝑥ҧ1 = 87.105 𝑥ҧ2 = 91.394

𝜎1 = 0.4886 𝜎2 = 0.552

𝑛1 = 50 𝑛2 = 75

𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 = 87.105 − 91.394 𝛼 = 1 − 0.96 = 0.04

𝛼
= −4.289 = 0.02
2

𝜎2 𝜎2
𝜎12 − 𝜎22 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 𝑍𝛼 = 2.0537
1 2 2

0.48862 0.5522
= +
50 75
= 0.0088
𝑋~𝑁(−4.289, 0.0942 )
 𝜎12 𝜎22 𝜎12 𝜎22
(𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 ) − 𝑍𝛼 √ + < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < (𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 ) + 𝑍𝛼 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

−4.289 − 2.0537(0.094) < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < −4.289 + 2.0537(0.094)

−4.4820 < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < −4.089

We are 96% confidence the difference means lie in between−4.4820 and −4.089.

(b) Sample 1 (female) Sample 2 (male)

𝑥ҧ1 = 79.853 𝑥ҧ2 = 89.371

𝜎1 = 0.4886 𝜎2 = 0.552

𝑛1 = 25 𝑛2 = 26

𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 = 79.853 − 89.371 𝛼 = 1 − 0.96 = 0.04

𝛼
= −9.518 = 0.02
2

𝜎2 𝜎2
𝜎12 − 𝜎22 = √𝑛1 + 𝑛2 𝑍𝛼 = 2.0537
1 2 2

0.48862 0.5522
=√ +
25 26

= 0.1458 𝑋~𝑁(−4.289, 0.0942 )

𝜎12 𝜎22 𝜎12 𝜎22

(𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 ) − 𝑍𝛼 √ + < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < (𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 ) + 𝑍𝛼 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

−9.518 − 2.0537(0.1458) < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < −9.518 + 2.0537(0.1458)

−9.8174 < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < −9.2185

We are 96% confidence the difference means lie in between −9.8174 and −9.2185.
Example 4:

Given that 40 school students and 45 college students took part in an activity to find the mean of
body temperatures. The mean body temperature for school students was 37.3°C and the standard
deviation was 1.3oC. The mean body temperature for college students was 36.9°C and the standard
deviation was 1.89oC. Construct 90% confidence interval for the difference mean body
temperature of those students. Assume that the population variance are normally distributed.

Solution:

Sample 1 (school) Sample 2 (college)

𝑥ҧ1 = 37.3 𝑥ҧ 2 = 36.9

𝑠1 = 1.3 𝑠2 = 1.89

𝑛1 = 40 𝑛2 = 45

𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 = 37.3 − 36.9 𝛼 = 1 − 0.9 = 0.1

𝛼
= 0.4 = 0.05
2

𝑠21 𝑠22
𝜎12 − 𝜎22 = √ + 𝑍𝛼 = 1.6449
𝑛1 𝑛2 2

1.32 1.892
=√ +
40 45

= 0.3488 𝑋~𝑁(0.4, 0.34882 )

𝑠12 𝑠22 𝑠12 𝑠22

(𝑥ҧ1 − 𝑥ҧ2 ) − 𝑍𝛼 √ + (𝑥ҧ )
< 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 1 − 𝑥ҧ2 + 𝑍𝛼 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

0.4 − 1.6499(0.3488) < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0.4 − 1.6499(0.3488)

−0.1737 < 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0.9737

We are 90% confidence the difference means lie in between −0.1737 and 0.9737.
Exercise:

The data show the salaries (RM) of professional Japanese translator employed by a private
company and government company.

Private Government

𝑥ҧ1 = 26800 𝑥ҧ2 = 25400

𝑠1 = 600 𝑠1 = 450

𝑛1 = 21 𝑛1 = 21

Find the 95% confidence interval for 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 . Assume that the populations are approximately
normally distributed.