Migration - movement of people from one area to another

Occur
- Internal migration - movement within specific border
- External migration - movement across political borders, one country to another

Permanent: migrants settle in new location

Semi-permanent: migrants settle for short periods in new location then return to country of origin
Temporary: migrants move to new location for short periods before returning to country of origin

ECONOMIC POLITICAL CULTURAL

P: workers relocating in new P: refugees - forced to leave P: retirement to another

country
SP: workers moving to
different country for short
periods in search of work
(seasonal migration)
T: series of short, regular
migrations between an
individual’s point of origin and
their ultimate destination
(step migration)
home country by war/natural country
disasters SP: studying at university
SP: IDP (Internally displaced T: tourism
people) may be forced away
from their home through war
but then return at earliest
opportunity
T: natural disasters, force
people to move until it is safe
to return

Immigration - entering country

Emigration - leaving country
Net migration - difference between number of immigrants and emigrants in given period,
governments usually try to reduce net immigration

Causes of global migration

Industrialisation
- greater population are supported by same amount of land
- new forms of factory-based production requires large productive labour
- causes migration from rural to urban areas -> cities grow in birth rates as well
^ higher proportion of population live in urban areas (urbanisation)
1. Push Factors - pressures forcing people to make cross-border migrations (rural
to urban)
- Lack of employment
- war
- Natural disasters
- Population pressures
- Lack of physical resources
2. Pull factors - attract people to towns, cities
- Economic: availability of work, promise of high income, higher standard of
living
 - Cultural: freedom of ethnic/religion, availability of modern culture
- Education - university and colleges

Urbanisation, in 1950, 30% living in urban areas; by 2050, 70% should live in urban areas

Fragmented industrialisation - development is concentrated in few areas, attracts migrants from

rural areas, leading to further industrial concentration
Consequence of migration to megacity
- Unemployment and low-wage work as urban population chase for limited numbers of
manufacturing/service jobs
Khosle et al, in developing nation, little evidence of growing investments, industrial
migrants have few employment opportunities compared to the times of the industrial
revolution where enormous rise in factory production
^leads to migrants becoming part of the urban poor

Contemporary migration - driven by globalising process

The majority are driven by economic rather than political factors
Refugees make up around 7% of global migration
Contemporary patterns are marked by the interchange of global migration, 20 million migrated
from Asia to Europe in 2010, 8 million reversed their journey
- Bilateral migration (movement between nearby countries), developed countries give
priority to potential immigrants who can support themselves, or have qualifications that
are in demand
- Most migration are workers

However, there is considerable growth in refugees.

Refugees - people having to leave homes because of war/disaster/persecution
- Many refugees stay close to home, in hopes of being able to return
- Countries of the UN signed treaties to protect refugees but interpretation of
circumstances does not always happen.
A country where reguree has requested asylum may not accept refugee’s claim that they
will be in danger if they return to country of origin
- States police borders and regulate entry, narrowing the grounds for admission and
recognition of status.
UK: deliberate creation of hostile environment to immigrants, leading to victimisation of
people who migrated legally from the Carribean but didn't have documents to prove their
status - “Windrush generation”.
Some migrants are undocumented workers, who either illegally or who overstay or
violate the terms of their entry (taking paid work when student visa does not allow)
Some may also be involved in illegal activity, arranged passages, forging documents,
bribing officials, human trafficking
- Mass tourism as significant temporary cultural migration, concept of “holiday” available
to wealthy, causing rise of cheap air travel, growing affluence and greater knowledge of
world openup up tourism all over the world
 Tourism’s significant
- Consumption process in non-material (consumption of leisure) and material
terms (things people buy)
- Reinforces, changes identity of places / development of seaside holiday changed
nature of UK coastal resorts

- Diken and Lausten, places like IBIZA “Transformed from a paradise island” to a place
of package tourism, a destination fro young people looking for nightlife

Urry - relationship between tourism, consumption and change in terms of re-creation and
reinvention
○ Paradises that lose characteristics through mass tourism
○ Global heritage sites re-designated as ‘respectful playgrounds’
○ Remade playful places (London, Hong kong refashioning environments to perform as
attractions on highly competitive global stage of world class destinations
○ New playful places involve exploration of unexpected sites (slums and tenements of
inner-city urban landscape - places of danger, monotony,awesomeness - for postmodern
middle class)
Urry, western tourism involves search for authentic experiences involving discovery of new and
unspoilt places. Irony is through their discovery, they no longer become authentic - changed by
mass tourism and discarded as tourist move on to the next authentic location

CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION

POSITIVE
Migrants
- new opportunities
- Send remittance to family in origin
(governments of less developed
countries encourage emigrant citizens
to maintain links by sending
remittance)
- Improve standards of living
Host Country
- Brings employment
- Help economy
- Growth of exports to spread out
communities
- Cultural diversity
- Greater understanding of others and
widens people’s horizons
PUBLIC
- Strong evidence that immigrants help
country’s economy
- Migrants likely contribute more to
economy in tax than they do enjoy
services / benefits
- As developed countries have ageing
population, need to recruit migrant
workers
The British National Health Service, always
relied on migrant labour, like doctors and
nurses,
In 2005, 42% of doctors obtained
qualifications outside the UK
NEGATIVE
- Undocuments workers are exploited in
host country (low pay / kept in
conditions of semi-slavey)
- No rights/ resources to protect
themselves, regarding minimum pay,
health, safety
- Resented by other workers, seen to
keep wages down due to taking
employment in exploitative conditions
(when qualified workers contribute to
this, keeps wages low and reduces
opportunity for all)
Country of origin
- Leaves country with fewer trained
personnel - “brain drain” -> since
emigrants are more educated and are
young adults of working age
^ loss of human capital holds up
development, increase poverty and
inequality
PUBLIC
- Increasing atmosphere of hostility
towards immigrants - encouraged by
politicians and media, distorting
realities of asylum seeking and
economic migration
- Labeling migrants as illegal
- Increase in border control, changing
policies to reduce number of
immigrants
EU’s policing border control, coined term
“Fortress Europe”
- Canning, migrants treated as
criminals, kept in detention centers
- Migration caught up by criminalisation
(airlines, shipping companies fined if
they transport individuals that do not
have valid passports/visas
MIGRANTS
- Due to lack of option to enter legally,
they turn to dangerous ways
Several lose lives attempting to cross
Mediterranean Sea to Europe
Criminalisation of people led to
- Boats being overcrowded
- Boats parked from shore, passengers
have to swim to safety to avoid
prosecution