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HIPER12 Paper
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Prasanta Sahoo
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ABSTRACT
Predicting the resistance of a high-speed monohull has been of interest to Naval Architects for several decades.
Even though considerable amount of research has been carried out in this area, there remains a degree of
uncertainty in the accurate resistance prediction in the early design stage which would be immense benefit to
practising naval architects.
This research paper attempts to investigate a method for enhancing the accuracy of resistance prediction methods
for high-speed round-bilge monohull form vessels for a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers (F n). While a
number of systematic series are in existence, their data are either not readily available or scattered in various
internal reports and publications which makes it difficult for practicing naval architects to exploit the knowledge
base. Various countries around the world are enhancing their own defence capabilities by building conventional
round bilge high-speed craft in the range of 30 to 40 knots for navy, coast guard, maritime police to guard against
national security, terrorism threats and high seas piracy. In this paper the following high-speed systematic series
hull forms have been considered for regression analysis, namely:
NPL (1969)
S-NPL (1994)
SKLAD (1972-1980) and
AMERC (1984-2000)
Earlier objective of this paper was to obtain a common regression equation for a wide parameter space which
would be encompassing all the above systematic series. As this was not feasible due to lack of data in areas that
were considered crucial, hence separate regression analysis has been carried out for each series. The new
regression equations have been proposed for a broad range of geometrical parameters so that a designer has an
instant tool to make a decision regarding powering prediction in the design stage.
INTRODUCTION
Fuel economy and environmental concerns are two dominant factors in this century that demand that resistance be
accurately predicted in the early design stage, so that there is no undue penalty due to high fuel costs throughout the
life of the vessel. This has its own implication in choosing the most appropriate propulsion system to suit the
vessel’s resistance characteristics.
1
Associate Professor (Ocean Engineering), Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
Numerous studies have been carried out on predicting the resistance of high-speed round bilge vessels. Various
methods, factors and assumptions were employed by various researchers at various times which have influenced
their analysis. Owing to different techniques, these methods would have significant difference among their predicted
results for a particular vessel. Therefore, people who may consider using one of the resistance prediction methods to
predict a vessel’s resistance must carefully choose the most appropriate method that suits the vessel’s geometrical
characteristics.
The aim of this paper was to investigate the NPL, S-NPL, SKLAD, and AMECRC series which have undergone
exhaustive tank testing and combine them in an attempt to find a superior solution in predicting the resistance for a
broad range of round bilge high-speed vessels parameters. While this was not feasible while investigations were
under way, separate regression equations have been developed for each of the series pertaining to their own unique
geometrical characteristics.
NOMENCLATURE
ABBREVIATIONS
KEYWORDS
Table1 presents some of the series’ parameters and list of original references. The performance of round bilge hulls
is strongly dependent upon the slenderness ratio, L/1/3, Savitsky et al. (1973). Figure 1 illustrates the L/1/3 range
covered by each of the series while the Figure 2 presents the body plans of the round bilge hull systematic series
described in Table 1.
Figure1: L/1/3 Ranges for Round Bilge Systematic Series [Bojovic (1998)]
NPL SERIES
Resistance data for high-speed round bilge form obtained at NPL were originally presented in 1969. The work was
extended to examine the effect of the hull parameters on calm water resistance, Bailey (1976). Experimental
investigations involved testing of 22 models where the bare hull models were bereft of any keel or appendages. The
water line length LWL and the block coefficient CB of the models were set at 2.54 m and 0.397 respectively, where
the B, T and the displacement of the vessel were varied. The model was also designed to have the LCB at 6.40% of
LWL aft of amidships. These vessels were divided in to 7 groups according to their slenderness ratio, L/1/3. Figure 3
represent the parent hull form of NPL series and Figure 4 describes the distribution of geometrical parameters of
NPL and S-NPL series.
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
Ten slender round bilge models were derived from the NPL series and this extended series was deemed to broadly
represent sleder hull forms suitable for catamaran applications. The calm water resistance testing of the S-NPL has
been described by Molland et al. (1994). The models were tested as monohulls and in catamarans configurations
with different hull spacing. The body plan of the hull forms are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 4: Range of Parameters Covered in NPL and S-NPL Series [Bojovic (1998)]
SKLAD SERIES
The research on SKLAD series of models were carried out at the Brodarski institute, in the former Yugoslavia, over
the period from 1972 to 1980. Twenty seven high speed round-bilge, transom-stern, semi-displacement hulls were
developed and used for the research. The displacement volume was kept constant at 0.230 m 3, so that the length of
the models varied from 2.7 to 6m. The models were divided in to three groups each, according to their block
coefficients CB, L/B ratio and B/T ratio. The ranges of varied parameters are outlined in Table 2 and the series’
parameter space is illustrated in Figure 6. The parent hull form of SKLAD series has been shown in Figure 7.
Constant values were taken for the position of the longitudinal centre of buoyancy so that LCB = 8.8%, 9.3% and
9.2% of the LWL aft of amidships for CB=0.35, 0.45 and 0.55 respectively. The round-bilge models had a stern-
knuckle (chine) for approximately 20% LDWL and a built-in spray rail for approximately 40% LDWL. The after body
bottom was both flat (12 degree deadrise angle) and hooked (wedge is incorporated) and provided enough space for
propellers, a low shaft angle, and low dynamic trim. Forward sections were of a deep V-form with a small angle of
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
entrance that ensured good seakeeping qualities and reduced resistance. All models were without appendages and
were ballasted to even trim at rest and towed horizontally at the centre of buoyancy.
Parameters Range
L/B 4.0 – 8.0
B/T 3.0 – 5.0
CB 0.35 – 0.55
L/1/3 4.5 – 8.5
LCB %LWL aft of 8.8, 9.3 and 9.2 for
midship each CB
Each group had a constant prismatic coefficient CP of 0.715 and a maximum section-area coefficient of 0.621. The
series models were tested over the volumetric Froude number range Fn form 1.0 to 3.0. A comprehensive
regression analysis have been performed by the authors, Radojcic et al (1999), to determine the residuary or total
resistance coefficients.
Fig. 8: AMECRC Parent Hull Body Plan [Sahoo and Doctors (1999)]
AMECRC SERIES
The AMECRC systematic series is based on the High-Speed Displacement Hull Form (HSDHF) systematic series
developed at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN). The HSDHF project was major research
project on combatant vessel design, jointly sponsored by the Royal Netherlands Navy, the United States Navy, the
Royal Australian Navy and MARIN. It was initiated by the growing belief that a significant improvement in the
performance of transom stern, round bilge monohulls could be obtained, especially with regard to their Seakeeping
characteristics.
The parent hull form (Figure 8) of AMECRC series was based on the parent hull form of HSDHF series and
subsequently 13 more models were developed by systematic variation of L/B, B/T and CB, Sahoo and Doctors
(1999). Table 3 presents the geometrical parameters range of HSDHF and AMECRC series and Figure 8 depicts the
parent hull form.. The ‘parameter space’ or series ‘cube’ of the AMECRC series is given in Figure 9. All the 14
models have the same length of 1.6 m and the influence of change of the series parameters on the hull shape are
illustrated in Figures 9 and 10 and parameter range in Table 4.
The models were tested in the Ship Hydrodynamics Centre at the Australian Maritime College. All models were
constructed with a water line length of 1.6 m. Calm water tests were conducted at speeds from 0.4 to 4 m/s,
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
corresponding to Froude Number (Fn) from 0.1 to 1.0. During testing, the models were free to sink and trim, and
resistance, trim and rise of centre of gravity were recorded.
Table 3: Parameters for HSDHF and AMECRC Systematic Series [Sahoo and Doctors (1999)]
HSDHF AMECRC
L/B 4 – 12 4 -8
B/T 2.5 – 5.5 2.5 – 4.0
CB 0.35 – 0.55 0.396 – 0.50
Fig. 9: AMECRC Systematic Series Parameter Space [Sahoo and Doctors (1999)]
Fig. 10: Change in Hull Shape of AMECRC Series [Sahoo and Doctors (1999)]
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
The general purpose of multiple regression is to analyse the relationship between several independent variables or
predictor variables, called x, and a dependent or criterion variable, y. The experiment data model doesn’t have not
only several independent variables but also have several valid cases.
It is easy to deal with data that have some linear or nonlinear relationship between them. A straight or a curve line
can be fit through those points. From the equation of that line the same parameter can be predicted within the valid
range. Simple regressions like this can be done with the help of Microsoft Excel program.
The principal parameters of the hull whose performance is being predicted must fall within the range of
parameters’ values covered by the data.
All parameters that are constant in the analysed data set, must have that same constant value in the proposed
design (comment: if a certain parameter is constant, it does not reduce the prediction accuracy, only prevents the
investigation of the effect of that parameter).
Selection of Independent Variables
Independent variables are generated as functions of varied hull parameters and/or speed.
Independent variables should be in non-dimensional form. When there is theoretical evidence as to the form that
the independent variables should take, an attempt should be made to utilise that form.
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
When a regression equation has two highly correlated variables as useful independent variables, it is wrong to
further include their product them as an independent variable because it will lead to some instability in the
equation. And is unnecessary as it will not add significantly to the accuracy of the equation.
It is possible to have two highly correlated independent variables which if one is included in the regression
equation without the other is not effective, but if both are included then the equation is more accurate.
It also possible to have two highly correlated independent variables in a regression equation which both have
significantly non-zero coefficients, but which predominantly explain the variance of each other rather than the
variance of the dependent variable. Each of these could become insignificant, if the other is removed from the
equation.
Each independent variable used in the regression equation should have a high significance level, generally not
lower than 95%.
It should not be possible to improve the accuracy of the equation by introducing extra independent variables.
It should not be possible to exclude an independent variable from the equation without significantly reducing the
accuracy.
The regression equation should not contain more than ten independent variables, Fairlie-Clark (1975). Fung
(1991) concluded that residual error starts to stagnate after inclusion of 1 to 17 terms. More terms in a regression
equation may contribute to a better fit to the data, yet give a poorer interpolation result, Savitsky et al. (1976).
Several other techniques have been tried to predict RR/ in terms of L/B, B/T, L/1/3 and CB. The method used by
Radojcic (1997) has been adopted here. In his method principal hull form and loading parameters were transformed
in to another set of variables with a range from -1 to 1.
The method has two sets of similar equations, one for AMECRC and SKLAD series hull forms where the parameter
space has varying L/B, B/T, L/1/3 and CB; and the other for S-NPL series hull form which has all but CB is fixed.
The equation developed for S-NPL is similar to the equation developed by Radojcic (1997) for NPL hull forms
which have 27 terms, and the equation developed for AMECRC and SKLAD series have 48 terms. They are as
follows:
S-NPL hull series:
L ( L / B) min ( L / B) max
x1
B 2
( L / B) max ( L / B) min
(1)
2
B ( B / T ) min ( B / T ) max
x2
T 2
( B / T ) max ( B / T ) min
(2)
2
(3)
2
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
This is the method used in the paper for regression analysis. The method starts with a single independent variable in
the regression model. At each succeeding step, additional independent variables are introduced based on
significance testing using the t-test. Those variables that possess the greatest statistical significance relative to the
dependent variable are added first. This procedure is repeated until no significant independent variables can be
found outside the regression model. Also, if a previously added independent variable becomes insignificant due to
the addition of new variables, the previously added variable is removed from the regression model. The acceptance
and rejection of each independent variable is purely based on the F-test (criteria F-to-remove and F-to-enter in the
software).
This model has been used for all of the analyses described in this paper. F-values, mentioned above, where selected
so that the final regression model contains no variables with a statistical significance (p-level) greater than 0.05
(5%). Specifically, p-level represents the probability of error that is involved in accepting observed results as valid.
When conducting regression analysis results could become unstable if highly correlated independent variables are
included in the regression model. Control over this matter was achieved by setting the tolerance level from 0 – 0.001
(0% - 0.1%). That means that variables whose tolerance was under this level were considered redundant with the
contribution of other independent variables already in the equation.
Eigth International Conference
On High-Performance Marine Vehicles
Duisburg,Germany
26-28 September 2012
For the purpose of developing the regression equations, initially RR/ has been derived from the experimental data.
AMECRC and S-NPL systematic series had their own published experimental data, where SKLAD systematic series
had a regression equation developed by Radojcic et al. (1999) based on CR.
Linear and non-linear interpolation analyses have been performed to arrange the results for the specific Froude
numbers where needed. Therefore an uncertainty is expected in organizing the final experimental results for
regression analysis. Thus assuming the uncertainty is very small, it has been ignored in this regression analysis.
Regression equation has been obtained for a wide range of Fn. The ranges of Fn are for AMECRC systematic
series 1 to 2, S-NPL systematic series 1 to 2.5 and SKLAD systematic series 1 to 3. All three series have increments
of 0.25 for Fn. The regression equation obtained for all range of Fn have a higher degree of accuracy with R2 =
0.9999 or higher while obtaining the coefficients of the equations. The predicted values of RR/ for all the existing
models are quite close to the actual experiment values. Regression equation obtained by Bojovic (1998) for
calculating the wetted surface area coefficient (CS) has been reproduced.
It is to be noted that regression coefficients which do not play a significant role in the regression equation have been
ignored in the equations as shown. Table 5 depicts the regression coefficients for the AMECRC Series which needs
to be read in conjunction with final equation (10). Table 6 represents the regression coefficients for the SKLAD
series as per the equation (11).
RR
a0 a3 x3 a4 x4 a6 x2 2 a7 x3 2 a8 x42 a10 x1 x3 a13 x2 x4 a14 x3 x4
a15 x12 x2 a16 x12 x3 a17 x12 x4 a18 x2 2 x1 a19 x2 2 x3 a20 x2 2 x4
a22 x3 2 x2 a23 x3 2 x4 a25 x42 x2 a27 x13 a32 x13 x3 a33 x13 x4
a35 x2 3 x3 a36 x2 3 x4 a37 x33 x1 a39 x33 x4 a40 x4 3 x1 a41 x43 x2
(10)
a43 x12 x2 2 a44 x12 x3 2 a48 x32 x4 2
RR
a 0 a1 x1 a 2 x 2 a3 x3 a 4 x 4 a5 x1 2 a 6 x 2 2 a 7 x3 2 a8 x 42 a9 x1 x 2 a10 x1 x3 a11 x1 x 4
a12 x 2 x3 a13 x 2 x 4 a14 x3 x 4 a15 x1 2 x 2 a16 x1 2 x3 a17 x12 x 4 a18 x 2 2 x1 a19 x 2 2 x3 a 20 x 2 2 x 4
a 21 x3 2 x1 a 22 x3 2 x 2 a 23 x3 2 x 4 a 24 x 42 x1 a 25 x 42 x 2 a 26 x 42 x3
(11)
RR
a0 a1 x1 a 2 x2 a3 x3 a 4 x12 a5 x2 2 a6 x3 2 a7 x1 x2 a8 x1 x3 a9 x2 x3 a10 x12 x2
a11 x12 x3 a12 x2 2 x1 a13 x2 2 x3 a14 x3 2 x1 a15 x3 2 x2 a16 x13 a17 x2 3 a18 x33
(12)
Fn
ai 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Fn
ai 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3
a0 0.513250 0.032440 0.290520 -0.945600 0.154870 0.440900 -0.848500 -1.026700 -0.070970
a10 0.397760 0.123820 12.973620 24.520100 3.479220 0.000000 4.356800 5.271700 -5.405990
a11 0.172350 0.000000 1.101930 1.534300 0.615690 0.241520 0.914000 1.105900 0.394460
a12 0.113140 0.048200 2.683190 5.922500 -0.045110 0.922390 -1.043000 -1.262000 -2.727690
a13 0.058230 -0.001020 0.002800 -0.039800 -0.031620 0.264600 -0.182300 -0.220600 -0.007310
a14 0.124810 -0.037890 1.168150 1.892700 0.643570 1.017340 -0.476500 -0.576600 -1.168100
a15 -0.011950 0.000000 -0.162990 -0.285900 -0.177010 -0.155620 0.261000 -0.315800 -0.178380
a16 0.042470 0.000000 -1.883950 -3.649800 -0.529810 -0.080960 -0.530500 -0.642000 1.088780
a17 0.001910 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -0.032470 -0.081400 -0.035400 -0.042800 -0.056290
a18 0.000000 -0.003120 0.168550 0.325700 0.027300 -0.049170 0.010700 0.013000 -0.160160
a19 0.037150 0.000000 -0.221780 -0.624300 0.007380 -0.016400 0.041700 0.050400 0.296080
a20 0.000090 0.000000 0.004360 0.003400 -0.004810 -0.144000 -0.008300 -0.010100 -0.012530
a21 0.078230 0.000000 0.556630 0.879400 0.180780 0.416740 -0.083700 -0.101300 -0.302420
a22 -0.000490 0.006590 0.172920 0.377300 0.104600 0.025110 0.218600 0.264500 0.121380
a23 0.043660 -0.009150 0.598090 1.080300 0.506520 0.777610 0.425400 0.514700 0.147860
a24 -0.031620 0.000000 -0.195200 -0.271500 -0.076760 -0.005090 -0.094400 -0.114200 0.000320
a25 -0.009960 -0.001580 -0.012480 -0.013000 0.006180 -0.025520 0.031000 0.037600 0.015740
Fn
ai 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.5
a0 0.132000 0.246610 0.312000 0.383000 0.265840 0.462320 0.535910