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=&
− /
. ' ' − ' = ∏ ' − λ !+ / λ (
=& =

7 1
{ λ
' ∈ [ ' / ]'& ≤ ≤ + − } 0 !(
*
* 6"' 0 (
+, 0 ! 8 # (
" 0
λ , + , '
λ(
&≤ ≤ +− ' !
- λ =&' & = = ((( = +− =&
− !
* , , ! !
= +
+!
+ ((( + −

≤ +− ' 0 0 ,
!
- λ≠&
−λ(
) != !(
 . + 0 H ∀ ∈ [ ' − ]' ∀ ∈ ' !
!= λ( "
λ" −" !

" =&

* !
−
3 ! !
= !
/ , λ (
=&
µ(
< 3 !
λ + µ !(
!' 3 8"8 * λ + µ! = & / * ,
!(
)'& , + * λ + '!' 3 !(
* 3 ! ∈ [ &' + − ](
* λ(
! ∈ [ &' + − ](
• K '3 ! = ' !+ ! / ∈ !(
A
) ' 3= ' ' : 1 !
∈[ ' ]!
- 0 ' '((( ! 0 #
λ
' # λ(. ' # (

'3 ! = ' !+ !' ' != ! ! /

=

→ (. '' ( '
'3 ! = ' !+ !

∀ ∈ ' 3 ! != !
=

) : 1 3 ' , (
A
) ' != ( !(. !
. '3 ! = ' !+ ! ⇔ .3 ! = − ( !( !

J! , " # 0

) 1 , ! 33 ! = ! !+ ! 3 !+ !
)/ ' ' → (
) ! 33 ! = ! !+ ! 3 !
& &
+, , ! 3 != !+
! ! !

5
 • 7 1 :(
7 1
!
& ' &' ! ' 01 : &! = &

3 &! =
(
*
, 1 :" !(

+, 0 ! !
, 0 ! !' # (
& ∈ ' ! → 06 ' ! →
ϕ ϕ & !'ϕ 3 & !! ϕ ϕ & !'ϕ 3 & !!
8 #(
• -: 1 !' N O
*
) : 1 ! 0 ! (
7 1
' ! : 1 ! 33 ! = ! !+ ! 3 !

= = : 1
3 3
&
3 != !(
! !
*
) N O , ' ! ! , )
! !
∀ ∈ ') ! = ' 3 8"8 N O ' !
3 ! 3 !

0 ' / = (
3
7 1
- ' !( + # #
! ' ! : 1 !(
!+ N O 3 − 3 ,
5! + N O 3 − 3 , (
*
&
) # " ! 3 != ! 1
! !
(

- ' ! 33 ! = ! ! + ! 3 !(
) )= 3− 3( A ∀ ∈ ') 3 ! = !) ! (

;
 *
) " !'
) 3= 3 3+ 3 3− 3 3− 3 3
= + 3! − + 3!
= ×)
• 8 33 ! = ! !+ ! 3 ! " ,
# D
' + # !
, " # 2!
8 -
8 , ! 33 ! = α( ( 3 ! + β( ! / α'β (
3 ! !
) , 33 ! = α( + β( &(
= !
∈ ' , ∈ = !
( − ! = α ( + β ∗! (
- ∗! ' ' ' ! : 1
, (
- ∗! 0 & ' &
' &
! : 1
, (
*
,: ," # I
8 ) # 0 1 (
• A #
) ' ! : 1
! 3 3 ! = !( ! + !( 3 ! '
# ! 3 3 ! = !( ! + !( 3 ! + !
A
! ! !
→ ' =λ ! +µ ! (
3 ! 3 ! 3 !
! = λ ! !+ µ ! ! !
3 8"8
3 ! =λ ! 3 !+µ ! 3 ! !
+
λ µ (
*
+ ⇐ # !!( ,
!
) : 1 , , λ' µ
!
N O )= 3− 3' , (* #

3 3 3 3
: 1 ' λ= (* λ 9 µ=
) )

@
A
# 3 = λ 3 + µ 3 + λ( 3+ µ( 3
!'
# !' 0 λ 3 + µ 3 = & 5!
# !' 3 3 = λ 3 3+ µ 3 3+λ ( 3 3+ µ( 3 3
! # λ 3 3+ µ 3 3+λ ( 3 3+ µ( 3 3 = ( λ( + µ ( ! + ( λ( 3+ µ( 3 ! +
! λ 3 3+ µ 3 3 = ;!
+ : 1 5! ;! λ3 ' µ3
)= 3− 3 , (
& &
3 3
* λ3 = µ3 = (
) )
1 # ' 0 !(

) # " !
3

: 1 (
3

33 ! + ; ( 3 ! + != − !
* , ]− ∞' [
- = ]− ∞'&[ ]&% [ ' , 1
:(
) 1 ! 33 ! + ; ( 3 ! + !=&
. − !+; + = & 3 8"8
=− R (
λ µ
* ' ' ! != + (
K
!
) =λ ! +µ !
3 ! − − 5

λ3 ! × + µ3 ! =&
) 0
− − − !
λ3 ! × + µ3 ! 5
=

µ 3 ! = − (λ 3 !
S # "
λ3 ! = − !
• K ,
- Q ! 33 ! = ! !+ ! 3 !'
. # 0 / , ' ! !
!= ! !(

C
E$ , !
! #
3 3( + 3( 3+ ( 3 3 = ( ( + ( 3( + ( 3 ! +
3 8"8 3 ! 3 3 !( ! = 3 !( !( ! − 3 !! + !
S 1(

• , ' # 0
,
01
) # ! 33 ! = ! 3 !+ ! !+ !
8 ,
- & ! 33 ! = ! 3 !+ ! !
& , ' , = ( & 0
, = ,
0 ' 3 8"8 , 1(
8 # 0
) != ! / = ϕ !' ϕ 8 (
0 9 , (

!
3 3+ =& = !=

- ]&'+∞[ ' ∞
' ∈ ]&'+∞[ ∈ ∞
8
(
* ]&'+∞[ (

3 != !+ 3 !'

− −5 L −5 L −5 L −5 L
33 ! = !+ 3 ! − + 33 !
;
. ' !
− −5 L −5 L
∀ > &' !+ 33 !+ 5L
!=&
;
3 8"8
∀ ∈ ' 33 ! + − ;! !=&
- − ; >&' ! =α ω( + β ω( /ω= −;
∀ > &' != α ω !+β ω !!