TABLES, DIAGRAMS AND

SUMMARIES
DR. WILSON R. DELOS REYES JR.
C. urealyticum C. C. jeikeium C. ulcerans C. pseudotuberculosis
pseudodiphtheriticum

Most frequently Normal flora of Skin normal Animal contact Animal

isolated and nasopharynx flora in and pathogens that
most clinically inguinal, unpasteurized human can
significant. Respiratory axillary and dairy products. contract thru
infection, UTI, rectal sites. direct contact
Urinary cutaneous Skin ulcers and with infected
pathogen, strict wound Obligate exudative animals.
aerobe and infection in aerobe and pharyngitis
lipophilic immunocompro antibiotic Dermonecrotic
mised. resistant Assoc with toxin causes
Do not ferment diphtheria-like death of
glucose and Microscopy: Immunocompr sore throats. various cell
maltose arranged in omised, types
parallel rows or Common Culture: BAP-
Microscopy: palisades and cause of narrow zone of Diphtheria
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V0shaped and do not exhibit diphtheriod -hemolysis toxin
SUMMARY

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ANAEROBIC
BACTERIA
DR. WILSON R. DELOS REYES JR.
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 DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANAEROBIC NON-SPORE
FORMING BACILLI AND COCCI
Organism Gram Stain Reaction Distinguishing
characteristics
Actinomyces Anaerobic, straight or slightly curved, • Young colonies – spider-
Gram-positive rods that are banded like or wooly appearance
or beaded • Old colonies – “molar
tooth” appearance

Bacteroides Pale-staining, pleomorphic, Gram- • Grayish-white, circular,

fragilis negative rods with a “safety pin” smooth, and non-
appearance hemolytic
Bacteroides Pale-staining, thin, Gram-negative • Colonies corrode (pit)
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ureolyticus rods the agar
 DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANAEROBIC NON-SPORE
FORMING BACILLI AND COCCI
Organism Gram Stain Reaction Distinguishing
characteristics
Eubacterium Pleomorphic, Gram-positive rods • Fluorescent chartreuse
that are seagull wing-shaped color
Fusobacterium Spindle-shaped, Gram-negative rods • The medium exhibits a
nucleatum that resemble a Capnocytophaga green color upon air
exposure; colonies have
“breadcrumb-like”
appearance
Lactobacillus Gram variable rods or short • Pinpoint colonies
coccobacilli that resemble
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streptococci
 DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANAEROBIC NON-SPORE
FORMING BACILLI AND COCCI
Organism Gram Stain Reaction Distinguishing
characteristics
Porphyromonas Gram negative coccobacilli • Brown, mucoid colonies
with brick red
fluorescence
Propionibacteriu Diphtheroids-like, Gram-positive • Small, grayish-white
m (anaerobic rods; that have a palisade colonies
diphtheroids) arrangement
Prevotella Gram negative rods • White, Shiny colonies
with a brick-red
fluorescence
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Veillonella Tiny Gram-negative diplococci • Red fluorescence
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Lactobacillus acidophilus

▪ Part of indigenous microbiota of the

mouth, GIT and vaginal canal.
▪ Protects female genital tract from
urogenital infections
▪ Related infection: Bacterial vaginosis
▪ Differential medium: Tomato juice agar
(pH 3 to 4)
▪ Biochemical Test: (-) catalase, H2S
and esculin hydrolysis.

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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

▪ Gram stain ▪ Specimen: Stool, rectal swab, pus and

▪ Culture Media tissue
▪ String Test ▪ Gram stain: Gram neg
▫ Straight or slightly curved
▪ Vibriostatic Test
▪ String Test: Rgt: 0.5% sodium
▪ Biochemical Test
desoxycholate
▪ Serological Test ▫ (+): lysis of cells releases DNA, which
V. cholerae: (+) citrate &
indole can then be pulled up into a viscous
V. vulnificus: (+) indole & string.
cellobiose 39
V. mimicus: (+) indole ▪ Biochemical Test:
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RICKETSSIACEAE AND
RELATED ORGANISMS
DR. WILSON R. DELOS REYES JR.
ORGANISM INFECTION/DISEASE VECTOR/ MOT
SPOTTED FEVER
GROUP Boutonneuse fever or Ticks (Rhipicephalus
A. Rickettsia conorii Mediterranean spotted sanguineus)
fever

B. Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain Wood ticks (Dermacentor

Spotted Fever andersoni)
Dog ticks (Dermacentor
variabilis)
Brown Dog ticks
(Rhipicephalus
sanguineus and
Amblyomma cajennense
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TRANSITIONAL
ORGANISM INFECTION/DISEASE VECTOR/ MOT
TYPHUS GROUP
A. Rickettsia Epidemic typhus/Brill- Body louse (Pediculus
prowazekii Zinsser disease humanus corporis)
Squirrel flea (Orchopeas
howardi)
Squirrel louse
(Neohematopinus
Endemic murine typhus sciuriopteri)
B. Rickettsia typhi
Rat flea (Xenopsylla
cheopis)
SCRUB TYPHUS
GROUP Scrub typhus Chigger (Leptotrombidium
A. Orientia 47 deliense) bite
ORGANISM INFECTION/DISEASE VECTOR/ MOT
Coxiella burnetti Q fever Inhalation of aerosol and
infected animals
Bartonella quintana Trench fever Feces of body louse
(Pediculus humanus
corporis)
Bartonella henselae Cat scratch disease Kitten scratch or bite
Bacillary angiomatosis

Bartonella bacilliformis Oroya fever and Sandfly (Lutzomyia) bite

verruga peruana

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Properties C. trachomatis C. psittaci C. pneumoniae
Host range Human Birds Humans
Elementary body Round Round Pear-shaped
Inclusion morphology Round, vacuolar Variable, dense Round, dense
and inclusion body Halberstaeder-Prowazek Levinthal-Cole-Lillie
bodies bodies
Stain used Lugol’s Iodine Macchiavello stain and Giemsa stain
Giemsa stain

Glycogen-containing Present Absent Absent

inclusions

Susceptibility to Susceptible Resistant Resistant

sulfonamides
Disease Trachoma, LGV and Psittacosis Pneumonia, Pharyngitis
inclusion conjunctiva

Number of Serovars 20 10 1
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Specie Distinguishing Growth Factor Associated
characteristics Infection/disease
H. influenzae Mousy/bleach-like Meningitis,
(Pfeiffer’s bacillus) odor; Non- X, V epiglottitis, arthritis
haemolytic
H. aegypticus Genetically related Pink eye
(Koch-weeks to H. influenzae X, V conjunctivitis
bacillus)
H. influenzae Non-typable Brazilian purpuric
biogroup X, V fever
aegypticus
H. haemolyticus Beta-haemolytic X, V --
H. ducreyi School
Specimen: CSF, ofgenital
sputum, fish X Cleansed with
H. ducreyi: Chancroid or Soft
sterile gauze
lesions or ulcer, joint fluid, vaginal swab, chancer
that is pre-moistened with sterile
H. abscess drainage,Tan conjunctival
and dry swab phosphate-buffer salinePharyngitis
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and bronchial washing
parahaemolyticus colonies; andBeta-
blood. ▪ V plating is preferred
bedside
Aggregatibact Aggrigatibact Cardiobacteri Eikenella Kingella sp.
er er um hominis corrodens
aphrophilus actinomycete “Corroding
mcomitans Bacilli”
-“foam-loving -formerly -infects the -least common -tendency to
bacteria” known as Aortic valve isolate resist
Actinobacillus than other decolorization
-formerly actinomycete -assacharolytic
known as mcomitans -”false Gram like the species -Microscopy:
H.aphrophilus positive” in of genus Plump, square-
-common some parts of Moraxella. ended,
-Greek: aphros cause of the cells arranged in
and philos, periodontitis -Infections from pairs or short
“foam-loving” -the only human bites or chains.
-only catalase indole-positive clenched fist
-most common positive in HACEK injuries. BAP: exhibit
species that HACEK; member; indole white to 54
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Brucella

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BAP

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Stage
Primary Syphilis • Appearance of hunterian or hard chancre,
• Painless, usually seen on the genitalia
• Develops 10 to 90 days after infection
• No systemic signs and symptoms
Secondary Syphilis • Develops 2 to 12 weeks after appearance of chancre
• All lesions that are observed seen in this phase are highly infectious
• Chancre heals but organisms are still disseminated via blood stream
• Symptoms: Fever, Sore throat, headache and rashes (palms and soles)
Latent Stage • Disease becomes subclinical but not necessarily dormant
• Occurs within more than a year of infection
• In this stage, diagnosis can be made only by serological test
Tertiary stage/Late • Tissue-destructive phase
syphilis • Appears 10 to 25 years after initial infection
• In this stage, individuals are not usually infectious
• Complications: Central nervous disease (neurosyphilis), cardiovascular
abnormalities, eye disease and granuloma-like lesions (gummas)
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 Borrelia Related diseases and Laboratory diagnosis
Related diseases
RELAPSING FEVER
▪ It is an acute infectious disease with
recurring febrile episodes (2 to 10
relapses)
▪ Symptoms: Fever, headache, myalgia
(2 to 15 days after infection)
LYME DISEASE
▪ Acute, recurring inflammatory infection
involving the large joints, like kenees.
▪ Hallmark of infection are erythema
migrans (bull’s eye lesion on the skin)
and swelling.
Laboratory Diagnosis
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
▪ Giemsa and Wright stain
▪ Dark field microscopy, Blood culture
after 2 to 3 weeks of incubation at 35C.
▪ Relapsing Fever
▫ Specimen: Peripheral blood
▫ Spirochetes in peripheral blood,
stained as blue colored.
▪ Lyme Disease
▫ Specimen: Blood, CSF, and
Biopsy specimen
▫ Tissue section: Warthin-Starry
stain is used 62
 Leptospira spp.
Leptospirosis or Infectious Jaundice
▪ Zoonotic disease in humans caused by
Leptospira interrogans
▪ Acquired in home and recreational
settings (swimming pools)
▪ Symptoms: Fever, headache, myalgia,
anorexia and vomiting.
▪ MOA:
▫ Entry through breaks in the skin,
mucous membranes or
conjunctiva
▫ Direct contact with the urine of
carriers like rats
▫ Contact with bodies of water that
are contaminated with the urine of
▫ Upon entry, leptospira rapidly
invades the bloodstream and spread
throughout the CNS and Kidneys.
TYPES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Icteric leptospirosis or Weil syndrome
▪ Severe form of illness that affects the liver
and kidneys and causes vascular
dysfuction
▪ Death upto 10% of the cases
Anicteric leptospirosis
▪ Symptoms: Septicemic stage of infection,
high fever and severe headache (three to
seven days) followed by the immune
astage
▪ Hallmark of immune stage: Aseptic63
 Laboratory diagnosis
Specimen: Blood, CSF and tissues for the
bacterimic phase (first week); urine for the
immune phase (second week)
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
▪ Dark field microscopy, can be used for
the detection of motile leptospires in
the specimens.
CULTURE
▪ Culture media: Fletcher’s medium,
Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-
Harris (EMJH) medium, Bovine serum
albumin, Stuart’s broth and Noguchi’s
medium
▪ Fletcher’s and EMJH media are semi-
solid media.
SERODIAGNOSIS
▪ Commonly used methods for antigen
detection: ELISA, Radio immunoassay
(RIA) and immunomagnetic capturing
▪ Antigen detection: Immunofluorescence
and immunohistochemistry
▪ Reference method: Microscopic
agglutination (MA) using living cells
MOLECULAR TEST
▪ Detects leptospiral DNA in infected
patients
▪ Methods: Plymerase chain reaction and
hybridization techniques.
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Streptobacillus Spirillum Klebsiella Capnocytophaga
moniliformis minus/minor granulomatis
-Etiologic agent: • Rat-bite fever -Formerly known as -Indigenous
Rat-bite fever and known as sodoku Calymmatobacteriu microbiota of the
Haverhill fever in in humans m granulomatis oral cavity of
humans • Grown on -Etiologic agent: humans and
-Gram-negative artificial culture Granuloma animals (dog and
bacillus media inguinale or cats)
-Normally found in • Strictly aerobic, donovanosis: -Resembles
oropharynx of wild closely related Sexually HACEK group in
and laboratory rats Neisseria transmitted disease their CO2
-Facultatively • Direct nodule enlarge with requirements for
anaerobic visualization of beefy, enhanced growth
-Non-motile, non specimen (blood, erythematous, -Gliding motility on
encapsulated and exudates or granulomatous and solid surface
non haemolytic lymph node painless lesion that -Facultatively
-Diene’s stain: tissue) using easily bleed. anaerobic with a 65
 Enterococcus spp.
▪ Non-haemolytic or may be alpha or beta
Belong to family Streptococcaceae haemolytic
▪ Produce D antigen ▪ Laboratory test: (+) Bile esculin and PYR;
▪ Indigenous microbiota of human and (+) growth in 6.5% Nacl
animals intestinal tracts
▪ Not highly pathogenic but are frequent
causes of nosocomial infections
▪ Resistant to multiple antimicrobial
agents
▪ Most common isolates: E. faecalis
▪ Virulence factor: Extracellular serine
protease, gelatinase and cytolysin
▪ Related infections: UTI, endocarditis,
bacteremia, wound infections
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 WHIFF TEST or KOH Test
-Specimen: Vaginal secretions
-Reagent: 10% KOH
-(+) Result: Exhibits “fishy amine odor”
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THANK YOU!

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