A 38-year-old man presents to the emergency department for severe

alcohol abuse with nausea and vomiting. He reports no other significant

medical problems. The patient is confused and slightly obtunded, and
hepatomegaly is discovered on physical exam. You establish that patient
is cirrhotic and most cirrhotic patients develop esophageal varices, with
a lifetime incidence as high as 80-90%. You decide to send the patient
for EGD which you know is not a very pleasing experience for the
patient. You remember that recently a colleague mentioned that why not
use
capsule endoscopy. Being a logical person, you wonder how effective is
capsule endoscopy in accurately identifying esophageal varices in
cirrhotic patients? In your search for an answer you would attempt to
find a study employing which of the following study designs?
1. Case control
2. Cohort
3. Cross-sectional
4. Randomized controlled trial

A case-control study of 1700 participants looked at the

association between Tamoxifen and uterine cancer. The study
included 689 cases. There were 139 cases and 58 controls
taking Tamoxifen. Calculate OR and interpret it?
139 58
550 953
689 1011
OR = = 4.15
The odds ratio is greater than 1.0, therefore Tamoxifen is a risk
factor for uterine cancer. People that use Tamoxifen have a
4.15 times greater risk of developing uterine cancer compared
to people who do not take Tamoxifen.

Patients admitted for carcinoma of the stomach are age- and

sex-matched with fellow patients without a diagnosis of cancer
and surveyed as to smoking history to assess the possible
association of smoking and gastric cancer. What is the type of
the study?
in a study 400 smokers and 600 non-smokers were followed up
over a period of 10 years to find out the incidence of
hypertension. The following table summarizes the data at the
end of the study:
Hypertension
yes no
Yes 120 280 400
smoking
no 30 570 600
150 850 1000