Form in Mathematics

- Form is some kind of pattern → relationship

- Logic is study of form
- Logoi → Form
- Logos → Word
- Aristotle (Circa 300 B.C.)
- Pioneer in studying argument (2 premisses/syllogism)
- Aristotelian formulas to measure Aristotelian Logic
- 300 B.C. - 1800s this was the standard so if they had more than 2 arguments:
resort to prayer/toss coin hahaha

Mathematical Logic/Modern Symbolic Logic (MSM)

- Invented by George Boole (Nov 1815-1864)
- Mathematics: Study of Numbers
- Numbers: representations of measurement or magnitude
- More contradictions → Less ability to predict future & Less reliable/harmonious
- Dimensions of Reasoning:
- Form → validity
- Form + Content → sound argument
- Form + Content + Context/Background → fully/completely rational
- Einstein vs Bohr (wrong context)
- Einstein did not want Bohr to receive nobel prize
- They did not recognize each other’s works
- Gestalt Psychology - different backgrounds, different smth T.T
- Problem of Greeks: Irrational numbers (22/7) were “Impossible Numbers”
- cannot be considered to represent some measurement/magnitude
- indicates some human error somewhere so can either:
- (1) trace error and correct it or;
- (2) set aside what you’re doing because waste of time
- Boole was alive during first phase of Industrial Revolution → many inventors
- James Clerk Maxwell
- Alexander Graham Bell
- They were able to invent things that everybody appreciates with the use of these
impossible numbers
- Boole: “If ancient Greeks were correct the inventors were wrong (drop what they’re
doing), but inventors cannot be wrong because they were able to invent great things. If
they cannot be wrong then the Ancient Greeks were wrong. So if the ancient Greeks
were wrong then we need to redefine mathematics”
- Boole adik daw sa coherence, he was a philosopher and logician
- Made Laws of Thought (1854) which contained boolean algebra
- Simplified version of Boole’s Answer:
- A segment from point A to point B can be bisected infinitely to relate the
two points together
- “Study of Mathematics is about relationships”
 - Measurement/magnitude are unintended consequences
- Foundation of math is logic
- Studying Pattern = Studying Relations
- Foundation of Mathematics is the study of logic (relation) (eg. geometry invented by the
Greeks)
- Persians built Ziggurats: rules of space
- Egyptians built Pyramids: rules of space
- Phoenicians: rules for navigation
- While trying to find the harmony between all the rules he stumbled upon
Geometry
- Euclid unified all the knowledge for space using five axioms that are
perceived to be true
- Rene Descartes failed in unifying all knowledge of mankind
- The next scientists tried to unify the rules of mathematics but all failed
- But here comes George Boole that combined the study of mathematics and logic but
also failed because Aristotelian Logic was not symbolic
- Mathematics matured but Aristotelian Logic did not because math used Symbolic
Language, logic did not
- So boole wanted to redefine Aristotelian Logic by inventing a symbolic language for it →
Mathematical/Modern Symbolic Logic

-
- 1) Economical

-
 -
- 2) Relegate content to give more focus on form

-
- form is correct, content is not agreeable because rice does not cost that
much
- 3) Highlights form - comparison/contrast of arguments are more manageable

- Boole is the father of “Mathematical Logic” but he is not the one that showed how to use
symbolic language to analyze arguments, it was showed by his followers (next gen)
- Gottlob Frege (1848) - created the foundation of Set Theory
- Set has a description.
- Stumbled upon classic theories of meaning
- Invented “Fregeian Theory of Meaning”
1) Physical Representation (Reference)
2) Sense
3) Term
- Looked into how truth relates to sentences (compound)
- and, or, if-then, IFF: correlation of values in truth table

-
 - (Left) Antecedent: (Right) Consequent
- Use analogy to figure out whether valid or invalid
- Example:
A B C D Ã ˜B A >B C>D Ã>C ˜B>D

1 T T T T F F T T T T

2 T T T F F F F

3 T T F T F F T T T T

4 T T F F F F T T T T

5 T F T T F T F

6 T F T F F T F F F

7 T F F T F T F

8 T F F F F T F F

9 F T T T T F T T T T

10 F T T F T F F

11 F T F T T F F

12 F T F F T F F

13 F F T T T T T T T T

14 F F T F T T F F

15 F F F T T T F

16 F F F F T T F F

- Bertrand Russell (1872) - inspired by Frege’s work but realized its mistakes
- Russell's Paradox/Antimony - Set <-> Description paradox. Concept of
set is ambiguous
- “Atomist”
- Analysis of Arguments using Modern Symbolic Logic
- All of their work is the foundation of “Information Technology”