POWER LOSSES, EFFICIENCY,

AND MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

 TOTAL POWER LOSSES

Magnetic/Iron/Core Copper Mechanical Stray

Losses Losses Losses Losses

Shunt Field Series Field

Copper Copper
Losses Losses

Hysteresis Eddy Current Armature

Friction Windage
Losses Losses Copper
Losses Losses
Losses

CONSTANT/ROTATIONAL LOSSES VARIABLE LOSSES CAN BE CONSTANT OR VARIABLE

 TOTAL POWER LOSSES

THESE ARE HEAT LOSSES IN THE IRON OF THE

Magnetic/Iron/Core ARMATURE PRODUCED BY CHANGES IN THE
Losses DIRECTION AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FLUX

EDDY CURRENT LOSSES OCCUR BECAUSE OF THE

RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN THE CORE AND
THE MAGNETIC FLUX.

Hysteresis Eddy Current

Losses Losses HYSTERESIS LOSSES OCCUR BECAUSE OF THE
REVERSAL OF MAGNETISM.
 TOTAL POWER LOSSES

Copper THE POWER LOST AS HEAT IN THE

Losses WINDINGS. IT IS CAUSED BY THE
FLOW OF CURRENT THROUGH THE
COILS OF THE DC ARMATURE OR DC
FIELD. THIS LOSS VARIES DIRECTLY
Shunt Field Series Field WITH THE SQUARE OF THE CURRENT
Copper Copper
Losses Losses IN THE ARMATURE OR FIELD AND
THE RESISTANCE OF THE ARMATURE
𝑰𝟐𝒔𝒉 𝑹𝒔𝒉 Armature 𝑰𝟐𝒔𝒆 𝑹𝒔𝒆 OR FIELD COILS.
Copper
Losses

𝑰𝟐𝒂 𝑹𝒂
 TOTAL POWER LOSSES

(1) FRICTION LOSSES Mechanical

Losses due to friction at the Losses
bearings and slip rings and
commutator (if any).

(2) WINDAGE LOSSES

Losses due to air friction between Windage
Friction
rotor and surrounding air. Losses Losses
 TOTAL POWER LOSSES

IN ADDITION TO THE LOSSES STATED ABOVE, THERE

Stray
MAY BE SMALL LOSSES PRESENT WHICH ARE CALLED
Losses
AS STRAY LOSSES OR MISCELLANEOUS LOSSES. THESE
LOSSES ARE DIFFICULT TO ACCOUNT. THEY ARE
USUALLY DUE TO INACCURACIES IN THE DESIGNING
AND MODELING OF THE MACHINE.
STRAY LOSSES ARE ASSUMED TO BE 1% OF THE FULL
LOAD MOSTLY IN MACHINES 150 KW AND ABOVE.
(BUT IF SPECIFIED, THEN USE THE GIVEN VALUE FOR
THE STRAY LOSSES.)
 EFFICIENCY
FOR D.C. GENERATORS
E𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝜼
𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝑷𝑳
𝜼=
𝑷𝑳 + 𝑷𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
 MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
FOR D.C. GENERATORS
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝑳
𝜼=
𝑷𝑳 + 𝟐𝑷𝒌

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑷𝒌 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬

 ADDITIONAL TERMS:
𝑨 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈.

𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝑹𝒊𝒑 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔

𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
𝑨 𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑫. 𝑪. 𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑾 @ 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝑽.
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝟎. 𝟏 𝛀 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓𝟎 𝛀, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔:
𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑾
𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑾
ASSUME THE FIELD LOSSES TO BE CONSTANT.

𝒂) 𝟖𝟒. 𝟕% 𝒃) 𝟖𝟕. 𝟐%
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂 % 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 % 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑫. 𝑪. 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑾
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔:
𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑾
𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑾
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑾
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑾
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑾
𝑬𝒅𝒅𝒚 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑾

𝒂) 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐𝟗% 𝒃) 𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒%

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
𝑨 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨, 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑽 @ 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅.
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆:
𝑹𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝛀, 𝑹𝒊𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝛀, 𝑹𝒔𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝒔𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝛀.
𝑰𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒚 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒌𝑾,
𝒂 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒃 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝟐 𝒉𝒑.

𝒂) 𝟖𝟔. 𝟑𝟔% 𝒃) 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟒%

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
𝑨 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑨
𝒂𝒕 𝒂 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑽.
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨.
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆, 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝛀, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝛀 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝛀
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅.

𝟗𝟓. 𝟕%