INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

OBJECTIVES:

Students should be able to:

i State what is a discrete component

ii. state what are integrated circuits

iii. describe the fundamental concepts of ICs.

iv. list at least three uses of ICs

v. list at least three advantages and disadvantages of

the use of ICs

DISCRETE COMPONENTS
⦿ A discrete device (or discrete component) is an
electronic component with just one circuit element,
either resistor, capacitor, diode or transistor.
DISCRETE COMPONENTS
WHAT IS AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
⦿ An IC is a densely populated miniature electronic
circuit made of discrete components.
⦿ An IC is sometimes referred as a CHIP.
THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• The integrated circuit (IC) represents a new way of
building circuits.
• It consist of discrete components either are formed
into a common block of a base material, called the
substrate, or formed, or are formed on the substrate.
⦿ In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice
or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as
a crystalline silicon (c-Si), used for the fabrication of
integrated circuits. The wafer serves as
the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and
upon the wafer.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

⦿ To provide a complete circuit function in one

small semi-conductor package.
 VIDEO

⦿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igVtLuq
mxyM&t=132s
IMAGE SHOWING DIFFERENT TYPES
OF IC’S
IC FABRICATION

⦿ Planner technology (process): through a

diffusion process impurities are added to the
base material at specific dept and width.
TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
(ICS)

Linear Ics
• These include amplifier type circuits of many
kind, for both audio and radio frequencies.
They handle signals that are often electrical
representations (ie) analogues of physical
quantities such as sound , which change
smoothly and continuously over a range of
values.
TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
(ICS)

Digital Ics
• These contain switching type circuits
handling electrical signals which have only
one of two values, i.e their inputs and
outputs are either high (near the supply
voltage) or low (near 0).
ADVANTAGE OF ICS

• small size extremely reliable

• they consume less power and cost less to
operate than conventional components.
• Generate less heat and do not require as
much cooling.
• Because of their short leads, signals may
travel rapidly
• They consume a small amount of current.
• An entire device such as a radio can be built
on an IC
DISADVANTAGES

⦿ high voltage tends to break down ICs

⦿ they cannot be repaired
⦿ they are low power devices found mainly in
control circuits than in places where heavy
current are switched.
⦿ Power dissipation is limited - [ The process in
which an electric or electronic device
produces heat or other waste energy]
TYPES OF ICS SYSTEM

⦿ Operational Amplifier
⦿ A high gain directly coupled amplifier that
uses external feedback to control the
response.
WORKING WITH AN IC NOTCH

⦿ The pins are

numbered
anti-clockwise
around the IC (chip)
starting near the
notch or dot

DOT
WORKING WITH AN IC
WORKING WITH AN IC
⦿ ICs are easily damaged by heat when soldering.
Instead we use an IC holder, strictly called a DIL
socket (DIL = Dual In-Line), which can be safely
soldered onto the circuit board. The IC is pushed
into the holder when all soldering is complete.
WORKING WITH AN IC
⦿ the letters stands for the manufacturer…such
as SN for Texas, MC for Motorola
⦿ the numbering is unique for each specific IC…
such as 7400 as nand, 7404 as not ,etc…
WORKING WITH AN IC
7408 quad two input and gate INSIDE THE CHIP
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS