Thin

Large surface area

Moist
Good blood supply

1. Breathing is a physical process while respiration is a

chemical process.

2. Breathing is simple exhange of gases i.e inhaling oxygen

and exhaling carbon dioxide that occurs in the lungs while
cellular respiration is complex breaking down glucose to
produce energy.

3. Breathing only occurs in the lungs only while respiration

occurs both areobically in the cells mitochondria and
anaerobically in the cytoplasm of cells
Breathing

Trachea and bronchi

Lungs
Chest cavity

Diaphragm
Glass jar used instead of plastic bag because :
1. It was representative of the chest cavity which needs to be rigid to
support the air pressure difference of the inside and outside the
lungs during the experiment

2. Plastic bag would not support the rubber (diaphragm ) and hence
the mechanism of breathing would not be seen.

3. glass jar create a vacuum / air tight chamber

Your lungs could not take in more air without it leaking out;
hence you could not breathe in and out.. as the pressure
would be the same inside and outside the lungs. Air and
waste products would not be forced in and out of the lungs.

This would cause a lack of oxygen in the body which could

result in organ damage e.g. brain and or death.

Balloons expands as air fills into them.

Ensure the apparatus is air tight . This is to ensure that a air
pressure difference is maintained during the experiment

Ensure that the balloon use to represent the lungs are large and
pre inflated to allow air to fill into the system during the experiment
with little resistance.

Ensure that the diaphragm has enough space to move both in and
out the bell jar to mimic inhalation and exhalation processes.
 Muscles

Eye, ears, skin

Recieve stimulus in the form of
electrical impulses transmitted
in humans

Nerve cell or nuerone

OR

Stimulus can be a change in environment which triggers a

response.
 Temperature
Moves away from heat

This ensures that the organism does not dry

out with the heat and survives by going deep
into the cooler damp soils that surround it.

Light

Gtows towards light (leaves)

This allows the plant to get sunlight which it needs in

photosynthesis. This process allows the plants to
make food and hence survive.
1. Due to competition for food the both species population would
decrease due to limitations to food reasource

2. Another outcome is that one species if a generalist feeder may

find another food source to feed on due to the competition

Eats meat only

Eats both meat and plants

Eats plants only

Plant ---- cockroach-----mouse ---'bird

 Cockroach
Bird

The above shows a predator prey relationship

between the world's and rabbits. The curves
show an inverse relationship between the two
i.e. when rabbit population is high the wolve is
low and vise versa.
Budding e.g. hydra
plant propagation e.g. strawberry,
binary fussion e.g. bacterium,
fragmentation e.g. plantaria & blackworms

In environments that change often organisms need to

adapt and hence asexual reproduction is not
appropriate as a clone would not be able to adjust to
environmental changes and may cause extinction to
the species. Hence for survival adaptation maybe
better and hence variation through serial reproduction
is better.
An allele is a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at
the same place on a chromosome called a gene locus

Gametes
E- free earlobes
e- attached ear lones

Parent with attached ear lobe -ee

Mary as attached ear lobe -ee
One gene must come from each parent so other parent
who has free ear lobe must carry the gene i.e. - Ee

e e
E Ee Ee
e ee ee

ee

50% probability
Keeps body upright
Holds muscles
Protects internal organs
Makes blood in bone marrow

Biceps
Triceps
 Hinge joint
Ball and socket

Similarities: both allow for locomotion of the

organism

Difference: knees allow partial movement i.e.

bend 90 degrees while hips allow full motion
i.e. move 360 degrees.

1. disturbs the structure and strength of the bone

2. leads to pain
3. loss of function and sometimes bleeding and injury around the
site.
4. Visible deformity if not fixed by a doctor
5. Possible infection can occur
6. Reduced locomotion due to injury
Plants differ from animals in their manner of growth. As young
animals mature, all parts of their bodies grow until they reach
a genetically determined size for each species. Plant growth,
on the other hand, continues throughout the life span of the
plant and is restricted to certain meristematic tissue regions
only.
Education campaigns to ensure breading of mosquitoes
does not happen i.e remove all stagnant clean water etc.
This is effective for the irradiation of eggs lava and pupa
stages.

Clean up campaigns in neighborhoods to ensure any area

that mosquitoes frequent is removed. E.g grass areas old
tires etc. This is to irradiated all stages of mosquitoes
development egg, lava. Pupa and adults.

Dengue, Zika, Yellow fever,Chikungunya etc.

1. Vacation for things like yellow fever would result in
reduce numbers of incidences as well as severity as
well

2. After high infection rates in 2016 Population did

clean up campaigns to reduce mosquitoes occurs in
2017 to 2019

3. Population had natural immunity (herd immunity)

after 2016 and 2017 outbreaks

4. People was more cautious of contracting disease in

2017 to 2018 but became relaxed in 2019