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• When do we use pilot schemes?

• Pilot schemes simultaneously measure and monitor system parameters
at all terminals of a transmission line, local and remote, and then respond
according to their predetermined functions. These schemes require the
use of a communications channel that may be provided through pilot
wires, microwave, fiber, or power line carrier.

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• Pilot schemes for transmission line protection (photo credit: Siemens)
• If the measured parameters exceed threshold values, appropriate actions
are initiated.
• Pilot schemes can generally be broken into two primary categories.
Those categories are directional comparison and phase comparison.
Directional schemes use directional distance relays for phase fault
detection and either directional distance relays or directional overcurrent
relays for ground fault detection.
• The decision to trip is based on relay setting thresholds being exceeded
and the faults being located in the predetermined direction for trip.