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Stress and Traction
Stress and Traction
(DE ZG 513)
Lecture - Introduction to stress, traction, strain
BITS Pilani Dr. Amol,
Pilani Campus Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, BITS Hyderabad
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
What is Mechanical Stress
Stress is an internal resistance offered by the material when subjected to external loads
F d F
Normal Stress =
The above expression is for the average stress induced across any transverse section perpendicular to the axis of
the bar and away from the region of loading
Since the geometry given above is uniform, the average stress remain same for all cross sections
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
What is Mechanical Stress
In general, a structural member or a machine element will not possess uniform geometry of shape or size, and
the loads acting on it will also be complex
For example, an automobile crankshaft or an aircraft wing are subjected to loadings that are both complex as
well as dynamic in nature
In such cases, one will have to introduce the concept of the state of stress at a point
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
The body forces act on each volume element of the body such as
gravitational force, the inertia force and the magnetic force
The surface force can either act at a point or acts over a certain area
Traction
In the figure force F acts at a point whereas ‘p’ is distributed over a Normal
certain area (n)
When the surface force acts over an area, it is often termed as surface
traction or traction vector. In the figure, ‘p’ is considered as traction
CUTTING PLANE
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Let the body be cut into two parts C and D by a plane passing through
point P as shown in Figure
The value of traction vector depends upon the area as well as the normal
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Normal and shear stress
x- plane
x- axis
Y-plane
X-plane
Above stress components are
Z-plane related with the Net traction forces
(T)
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Stress Components on an arbitrary plane
axes x, y, and z
On the three faces, the rectangular stress components are
σx, τxy , τxz , σy, , τyz , τyx , σz, τzx , and τzy
Let the body force components in x, y and z directions be ϒx, ϒy and ϒz respectively, per unit volume.
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Stress Components on an arbitrary plane
The volume of the tetrahedron is equal to (1/3) A*h, where h is the
perpendicular distance from P to the inclined face ABC
Cancelling A
=0
Stress is a second order tensor as it needs both plane and direction σij , where i-plane, j-direction
Since, we have derived Cauchy’s Formula, we will compute net traction vector acting on a plane with normal ‘n’
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Stress Components on an arbitrary plane
If is the resultant stress vector on plane ABC, we have
By Substituting
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Equality of cross shear
Consider an infinitesimal rectangular box surrounding a state of stress. Let the dimensions of the sides be ∆x, ∆y and
∆z
Taking moments about the Z axis, one gets
In the limit as ∆x, ∆y and ∆z tend to zero, the above equation gives
Thus, the cross shears are equal, and of the nine rectangular components, only SIX are
independent.
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Principal Stress
We have seen that the normal and shear stress components can be determined on any plane with normal n, using
Cauchy's formula given by
But we observed that the state of stress in a body varies from point to point
τxy
On the right hand face, i.e. face No. 2, the stress components are
Following a similar procedure, the stress components on the six faces of the element can be determined
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Stress equilibrium equation
Let the body force components per unit volume in the x,y,z directions be ϒx, ϒy, and. ϒFor
z force equilibrium in X direction
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Stress equilibrium equation
Cancelling terms, and dividing by ∆x∆y∆z, we get
1
Equations 1,2,and 3 are called stress equilibrium equations (STATIC) and must be
satisfied at all points in the body
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Stress equilibrium equation
Let us consider a uniaxial loading (say in x direction) with NO body forces
In that case, σx will only be a non-zero value
This results in
𝑑σ𝑥
𝑜𝑟 =0,
𝑑𝑥
We know that, from Hook’s law σ𝑥 𝐸ε𝑥 ε − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
=
Shear
Strain
Θ1 equal to 90
Undeformed
Undeformed Deformed body body
body
Shear strain is Change in the orientation = θ1-
θ2
Shear strain
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Concept of Strain
Normal strain
Shear strain
𝑑σ𝑥
1-D Stress Equillibrium 𝑜𝑟 =0,
equation 𝑑𝑥
We know that, from Hook’s law σ𝑥 𝐸ε𝑥
=
𝑑(𝐸ε𝑥)
Substituting the above, we get =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑥
𝐸 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Relation between Stress and Strain
Relationship between Normal Stress and Normal Strain
Hence there will be a strain along the y axis, which is called as a transverse strain (εyy)
The transverse strain (εyy) and the longitudinal strain (εxx) are related as εyy = -ν εxx , ν is Poisson’s Ratio
Finally, writing εxx and εyy in terms of stress σxx , we have εxx = σxx/E, and εyy = -ν εxx = -ν (σxx/E)
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Relation between Stress and Strain
Similarly considering the loading in Y direction,
Stress (σyy) acting in Y direction will cause contraction along X axis (εxx)
Since, Stress and strain are linearly related, we can use principle of superposition to calculate net strains in x and y
directions
Using principle of Superposition, Equation (1) and (4) will give Net strain in X direction εisxx = (1/E)*(σxx - νσyy ),
Equation (2) and (3) will give Net strain in Y direction isεyy = (1/E)*(σyy - νσxx )
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Relation between Stress and Strain
Relationship between Normal Stress and Normal Strain
Considering a general three-dimensional state of loading, we obtain
εxx = (1/E)*(σxx - νσyy - νσzz )
εyy = (1/E)*(σyy - νσxx - νσzz ONLY for ISOTROPIC
)
εzz = (1/E)*(σzz - νσxx - νσyy ) Materials
By mathematical manipulation, One can also write σxx , σxx , σzz in terms of εxx ,
εxx , εzz
Relationship between Shear Stress ( ) and Shear Strain ( )
ϒxy = τxy /G
ϒyz = τyz /G G = Shear Modulus
ϒzx = τzx /G
Relationship between Shear Modulus (G) and Young’s Modulus (E)
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Relation between Stress and Strain
Generalized Relationship between Stress and Strain
We know that , at a given point, we have 6 stress Components (=σxx, σyy, σzz, τxy, τyz , τzx)
We also know that , at a given point, we have 6 strain Components (εxx, εyy, εzz, ϒxy, ϒyz , ϒzx)
For an ANISOTROPIC
Material = Total 36
Constants
For an ISOTROPIC Material
= 2 Constants (E and ν)
In general parts and components used in various engineering applications are subjected to complex loading
Stress analysis of three-dimensional parts/components subjected to complex loading is challenging and time
taking
Therefore, many times bodies under the state of three-dimensional stress state are analyzed under two-
dimensional state of loading
When a 3D body is analyzed as a 2D state of stress/strain, then it comes under plane stress or plane strain
analysis
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Plane Stress Condition
Plane stress theory is applied to the bodies bounded by two parallel planes separated by a distance that
is very small in comparison to the other dimensions of the body
A material is said to be under plane stress if the stress components are zero across a particular plane
ϒxy = τxy/G
Revision of some important concepts related to the strength of materials
and theory of elasticity
Plane Strain Condition
Plane strain theory is applied to the bodies bounded by two parallel planes separated by a distance that
is very large in comparison to the other dimensions of the body
A material is said to be under plane strain if all the strain components are zero across a particular plane