a

TRIANGLES
erties and Constructions)
. Types, prop
(1nclnchn~ • ·

N , . e b<)unded by three line segment

I e closed r,gur AB BC and s.
A triangle ,s a P~n the line segments , A
In the adjoining figure ,
. the triangle ABC. AB BC and CA are the
CA fonn ments ,
The three line seg
sides of the triangle ABCd b the Greek letter 6 (delta). B

A triangle is denote y be written as !),. ABC.

Thus, triangle ABC can
VEAl~~ . .
. . t where any two of ,ts sides meet. Be is lh ,'---
· gle ,s a pom
Vertex of a trt~n e the sides AB and AC meet at point A. opposite e Slo:
In the figure given abov , Vertex A lo
is th e van0 ~i'
A · vertex of 11 ABC. t erie1
:. is a _ th point where the sides BC and AB meet. opposite
Similarly.vertex B - e • c meet.
Be.
true
ihe
for
OSioe
~.
_ the point where the sides A and BC and
Sallie
.venex 8
And, vertex C . ] Stde
The-plural oI vertex is vertices. . and for v Ac.
. enexcJ
- - - - d C e the three vertices of the triangle ABC. and Stde AB,
Thus, A, B an ar
v
- ANliLE ( (INTERIOR ANGLES) OF A TRIANGLE :

Every triangle has three angles. A

In the triangle ABC drawn alongside, the three angles
nd
(interior angles) are : LBAC, LABC a LACB.
(i) An interior angle of a triangle can also b_e denoted
by the letter representing the corresponding vertex.
Consider LABC, since it is formed at vertex B, s~--~
it can be written as LB.
Thus, LABC = LB, LBCA = LC and LBAC = LA, all are interior angles ~
the triangle ABC.
(ii) The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180°, i.e. two right an~le1
:. In 11 ABC, LA+ LB+ LC= 180°,
and in 11 PQR, LP + LO + LR = 180° and so on.
1. Each triangle has three sides, three vertices and three angles (interior angles). 1
2. ~ ABC can also be written as~ BAC or~ BCA or~ CAB, or~ ACB or A CBA id

L _three letters representing a triangle can be written in any order.

~ .1 ~ l=XTERIOR ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE :

When any side of a triangle is extended, the angle formed outside the MJ"::
called an exterior angle.
( 236 I - - -- - - - - - - -- - Concise MATHEMATICS Mtt1dk4 , .....
 TRIANGLE S ~8 5
/ 50M
tten·or
E IMPORTANT RESlJL rs
angle of a tr/angle
..

-
. .a.nd Constructions) • ,,,., . · . 1s an

---
.I ....,_• , ,.-'\t'T17e-'
t Ji. fl e nding mtenor angle of th i1d/ac n, .
I• ,,,esPO
~·,o.c· e /rfar,g!e 8 ona ou
. ~
v " ' N<:Jnf
f gure given alongside th
, , 1- tJry
') ,,,.,
tlh!J/9 I
:n rne ,ctended
JJ
' up to point D,· thusa SicJ· 0 Be of
P5c ,s ~e ACD. The exterior angle Aco'~rrni?g an "' ~J ""'} , 'IMr
'1,ttftl,Jr ;117,,
..,:,r ,ng enta,Y 10 the corresponding 8 "'1/ac,,"' • 1,,,.,,,,, ~lo
/ '·-Jpp/erflC ,·e. L ACD + LACB == 180'' nterior .CAce ~
1 • IIJ<, •'"rJ."i
.J ~ p.8 . . ~
<:-ie ) erior angle of a triangle Is always ~ ,
. Afl ext equa1 to t'· .,, • .
' -ngles·
1,, 1/(J {jlJ,n of ltn
rw . • ,,
, D~~/
13 r te lllr,fl!}f
. ,.,...,., rven
figure , exterior angle ABO . f
the gthe side CB of the triangle ABC.18 0 rmed
1nncfing
18
:i- &> ,cterior angle ABO
E . .
· sum of mtenor opposite angles A
==
LA.SD = LA + LC. and c
·
1. e. xtending the sides of a triangle six e"' .
3-
on e d +-.,
ng!es are torme , mo •
at each vertex.
,.,error -1/J ',

~- adjoining figure ~hows the six exterior angles

,n:
.-•nej Y extending the sides of the triangle ABC .
~
,, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING TABLE :
,..---
:1:,rior I Adjacent Interior Relation between an r _
0
'-'"
-~rynJe interior opposite exterior arigle an!J ils 9'~ 18.!k>n, t'9tt1tJ1Jn ,ff)
~
t f"..:~

_ 1 _ A_n:-:
• • r.,.,::, , ovr angly ~ lh<J
g_le_ 1 ~A--:n.-.:g~les~:::-T ad
_ ~a~ce
-:--
nt- 1_n1e
__no
·_r_a_ng:_
19 1
lrrtMw op~) tg :.u-i~lc,;;
LA LB and LC L1 +LA= 180" f L :: LB
1
-1- LC
12
LA LBandLC L2+LA=180" I l2 ==- LB ... Lc
L3 LB LA and LC
.'-~ -, -_ - - -=-0 .!BAG = LA al are interior angles rJ
"-' L3 +LB= 180°
L4 LB LA and LC L3 :: LA -4 LC,,
L4 +LB= 180"
LS LC L4 =LA+ LC
I
LA and LB
L5 +LC= 180"
L6 LC L5 = LA-4 LB
LA and LB L6 + LC = 180''
LB= LA,, LB

r0r each triangle given below, find the value of x :

\ (ji) A
- ,'
-
:CE:T t::=C

- ---
~
- , ,.;:_
=.
, RJJmeu
:te Erlf}Je ;.,__,..,./ outside
~

Cm.e's:: iJJATI-EUATICS llliile

•
the tr)angJE

~-I?
,' !S

B
60"
·--~~
3x~

x C

,-~}s, 'lncluaing Types, Properties and ConstrLJOfior:is}-- -- - -

D
115·,
0
C
/· Zr/
,
B

2t7
.. . \ \ I l\l l
\ 1\ •\ I I' I
ltlll ' 11(111 / ,I lhi
,l\ I till . I \
1,,., I ,f II
II ti 1 I

h
II II ,1• fl( I '
\ 1•1 Ill( ,

l~'O"
"- :(
I i;ll 1.
., .. Ill

l\l ~t) - I\ I . 1:1

\ ii)
\
I I!-;" - V,c I :1-t
!j'( - 1l !i''
I I r,"
ll - G
· '-'

; \Imm ,r1,~- ,rwlfh,d

AGl1 1 AG8 - 180'' \ At Moh "Ptlf'li ,
( ~XIClrltir· miqlti. )
~ 11 5'' l I\Ull - 11:\0'' . I lhlf:lfl6r r:tf'1t)ll'l
AGB = 18U'' I ·1r,t• - fi5" ( · 100'' I
~

Now. in .\ ABC
A -1 1:J, I C -= I8ll"
2X , 0X 1 135'' - IRll"
11 5··
5x -= ·t A0° 651' = I 15'' )( - • '1 j '
5 (A,iq'I

[ ?ti.7 1r vt't::s o..- ttuANo u ~s Acco11u1Nu , o ANn1J ~~ :

Depending on the➔ slies of Its angles , f.l h'lm1gle oan he olAASifled as '.
1. Acute-angled trll.4ngle 2, Ri~hHrngled trlAngl~
3. Obtuse~angled triangle,
A
1. Acute":mglc.1 d trltll1Hlo :
If each 8ngle of a triangle is aoute (less thw , 90''), \

it is called an acute-angled triangle . \

The adjoining figure shows un acute~1:111glad triangle.
each of its angles is less than 90°.
2. Right-angled trionglo :
If one of the angles of a triangle is a right Rnglo p

i.e. 90°, it is called a right-angled triangle.

The figure given alongside shows a right angled
triangle PQR, as LPQR = 90°.
,--Sum --- --- ---
acute
----of a right angled
angles
-
(:} I
- 90'"
of the two
triangle is always 90°, I.e. LP + LR = 90°.
--- --- --- - -- side opposite to the right angle is called lhe
a right-angled triangle, the
In
hypotenuse. Hypotenuse is the largust sldo of n ri0ht dnqlod tm,nqln
In the given ti PQR, side PR is opposite to angle Q, which is a right anglA
Therefore, PR is the hypotenuse. Also, PR > PO and PR > QR.

@ ,--- - - - - - - - -- - - - Concise MATHEMATICS Mld<ll& $rm,! ~

 .I

----

trer~ o~e ?ach ir.t<:!n

r;r ~~ if. ~-- ~. .1 1~ ' 3: ,~
e-~ -.- zn ~~ =
= :,r_r.
Thu& , in an equil:.rte ,.,
r~J !:.. X (Z :
qI XY =YZ =z:t. an
d ,,;J L/ 4 fZ = L ( /Z
= ll Z ✓ ='?-e-

lf :r~ -thrsra sides of J.

a tnan"J~ ~-"~ J r: ~
l.i1% ~1s o1 otffere ~~- f : -~
nt lengtr 5 , tr-~ :r :~~
~,~e triangle. ~~ ·:; ~ .-~: ~
ln a s ~e triangte
all ~he :an~~ ~--s if
~tZ% . T ~.t ta , in A :fFe- -~r
foJ!:JC, L D :t:. L B
:t LC ,
 TTTlJDE .. f.ID :1EOtA~ OF A TRIA~GLE
A
1. An a:iitude al a triangle is the perpendicular
frOOi a vertex to the opposite side.
h the given figure, AO rs perpendicular to side BC \
of tria.~ ABC.
= AO is an af"Jtude of mangle ABC B D
\
ln fad. evay triangfe has three vertices and three sides so th c
b-e!o1111 : A A . ree altitude
A s. Ses

,
,
I ,

I '
('
6 D C B C. B
(AD JS aititude) fBE is altitude) C
(CF is altit\Jde)

Ar the three altitudes of a triangle are concurrent i.e.

A
they pass through the same point. The point of
intersection of an the three attitudes is denoted by
letter O. where the altitudes AO, BE and CF meet.
- 'e ... : - : : . where all the three altitudes of the
mangle ABC meet, is called ort hocentr e of the
mangle ABC.
A
2. Median : A median of a triangle is the line joining
a vertex of the triangle with the mid-point of the
opposffe side.
In the given figure, line AO joins vertex A of triangle
ABC and the mid-point D of side BC. C
⇒ AD fs a median of triangle ABC.
In fact, every triangle has three vertices and three sides, so three medians. See
below: A A A

B C
B

A
All the three medians of a triangle are concurrent i.e. they
pass through the same point. The point of intersection of
all the three medians is denoted by the letter G, where the
medians AD, BE and CF meet.
The point G, where all the three medians of the triangle 8
ABC meet, is called the centroid of the triangle ABC.

24()
.._____,,
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - Concise MATHEMATICS Middle 5choOI - ~
 < t Xt·ttuint
ru11 h 11! '"" h•lh 1w111u , 111,11 I . ~ft(A1 J
hi 11 ltt lllatk 'J
till Ifl •kl

I (Ill)
I •
I \
,h 11
1~ f
1 ,,
.ti\ rl 1111111uh II 1(J11lh h1 hhvt; II) I
1
t, , ,11riwi
I\) tilt" , t,t l" 11111d tlll" :v,11
,. ll!J 1,111wti~ ,,
(II)
' ' ' M t1nr1 r,,
AII h~l 10I11 1lf\11 It)UtslIInt IH.\Vh II lfl I (Ill) Ill,'• 'II '· I
, f 1 11M ~~'•
uVI\I I hfl(llf.ltt II It
I 111d ll , II 1110 io,u
If1 f1 of f\ lrh111010 hrt1 : i11 R11rn tif 0
l'1&h flf1t1l"11 I~ H1t
(I) t ', x-·, x"
\.) 1111
(II) l<". ~><'' ~IC''
r111uln ol u IIOhl•1111uloll lrlRnulo ;,
l
,, (Ill) "~\ 4i(, Ot·
70 , f Intl th,, nthc
11 , ,\ AOC, • A B , O;l"; llncl /C. l
I ,r 1u,u1,, nnolri .

(,, '" ,\ Al)C, / B " I C nnd I A ,, 100"• fl J

, 11l 10,
I Ind. nlvinu romiont\ lho 11r1k11own m11rk d
I.
(I) o Myln n In nuch trlanQle drawn r){,lov
(II) P lf :
,. (Ill) ;.
ll y I

'\ ►O B ◄ 1
116 • ~ >< \
C Q - R \

c1asslfy th@followlng triangles according to angle :

\
8, M \..2x 3:,:~ z

(I) A (II) M
(Iii)

9. Classify the followlng triangles according to side :

L
(ii) L
(i) ~ A (iii) (iv) P

Ct)
1\1
8 3 cm
'>;

C
M~ - - - - ' Z
2-Scm M--- =-
2-cm~
5
(')

N
a A 3cm A

Triangles (Including Types, Properties and Constructions)-

- - - - - - - - -@ )
l

=";"• ~ -:J)7 ~~::r- -:f :,s, :-B""'QP- ~ ~V"-'l"l ,aoriys.ioe.

n .. ~ -J ~,e Si:P-S.. ~ AB = - ~ c-i
/, .:;, :z. =~trt a-., Stir- ~ ::i-: ..-~.;a .' ·;- -'~ S!a~ "7
*~ ~ ·:"" ~~~ 3..~ -

..3'; -;?'>::a3S ;:, c :a~~ :, ., as cef':re. draw an

~ -;f -:aj}J'S 5 C-1.
N -:- ~ ~ :;er-":; . o-aw a, a'"C ot radius t. CTTl. :ha!
c:.s ".'"'IS ~"'S: a'"C ~ oolM C.
I r. .!.C a"'IQ BC.
3

When two sides and the included angle (i.e. the angle formed between the
t r , ~ sides) are gNen.

";'Y'fT.' K. a !! f:iSC g;-ven AB = 3 cm. BC = 5 cm and LABC = 60°.

u·z,, a ' OIJgh sks.oh oi the triangle as shown alongside. A

~ Cr~t,' BC = 5 om. 1
;1'
~ I

', 11,..r :ri<: help of compass, construct LPBC = 60°. B 60: "C
5cm
L. '✓ f:-n B as centre, draw an arc of 3 cm ~ength which !Rough s,l(eichj
o.:~ BP al po:rrt A
:. BA = 3 cm l
f: ··-.. -'A
JomA anrj C. ~/
;1'
';.-
i .
B ; San :

242 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - Concise MATHEMATICS MWle ~

. / -r
 .
I p
f

~ - - - . . . . - . (EXERCISE 26(8D
/ . ...,,...,,rqe ~ "'t)efl .
/-:f--4 Ma6 ~ BC = s cm and AC = 4 cm.
-
,...., '"a.c
.• AS_ =_ 3 5 v'· 't =d-8 cm aoo BC =5-2 cm.
~ - e,(' = 5 cm and AC = 3 cm. Measure ang6es A and C. Is LA = LC ;
~ - 0V
':, =sC = GA = 4.5 cm Measure an the angies of the triangle. Are they equal )
t.c - BC = 7 cm and LB = 90".
• .t.8 = J cm. . .o
; _ 4-5 cm. BC= 6 cm and LC= 60 .
~~ =6 c,n. LA = 60" and LC= 45°. Measure AB and BC.
. :... . =5-4 cm, LA = 30~ and LB = 90°. Measure LC and side BC.
e M3 - - cm LS = 120" and LA = 30c. Measure AC and BC.
9 AE = '3 cm. AC = 4 cm and AB = 5 cm. Measure angle ACB. Give a special name to
SC = .
-~~~------ ---- ---- --

- - - - - - -@
Triangles (Including Types, Properties and Constructions)