Proposed Enhancement of Ecotourism Plan in the Planning Process

of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty

Of College of Business, Accountancy, and Hospitality Management
University of Batangas
Hilltop, Batangas City

In Final Fulfillment
Of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

By:

Casalla, Melicent Anne A.

Angsioco, Jhil Herlyn F.
Borbon, Jaslyn S.
Maranan, Francesca Maxine
Romero, Ayra Aliah P.

December 2023

i
 ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL

This research study entitled “Proposed Enhancement of Ecotourism

Plan in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam,
Batangas City” has been prepared and submitted by Melicent Anne A.
Casalla, Jhil Herlyn F. Angsioco, Jaslyn S. Borbon, Francesca
Maxine Maranan, and Ayra Aliah P. Romero in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism
Management has been examined and recommended for acceptance
and approval.

Greslie Gail A. Pepito, MIHM, LPT

Research Study Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management by the Oral Examination of
the Committee.

Arian May T. Esguerra, MBM Sofia April H. Hernandez, MIHM

Member Member

Erwin M. Lumanglas, PHDBM

Chairman

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management.

Erwin M. Lumanglas, PHDBM

Dean, College of Business, Accountancy, and Hospitality Management
ii
Proposed Enhancement of Ecotourism Plan in the Planning Process
of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City”

Melicent Anne A. Casalla (1800488@ub.edu.ph)

Jhil Herlyn F. Angsioco (2002470@ub.edu.ph)
Jaslyn S. Borbon (1800534@ub.edu.ph)
Francesca Maxine Maranan (1800841@ub.edu.ph)
Ayra Aliah P. Romero (1400003@ub.edu.ph)

Greslie Gail A. Pepito, MIHM, LPT

Adviser

Abstract

In Batangas City, particularly in Barangay Malitam, there exists an

imbalanced relationship between environmental concerns and the
progress of development due to conflicts among various stakeholder
groups. These imbalances are interconnected and are unlikely to be
resolved without effective collaboration among these stakeholders. This
paper aims to assess the level of engagement of stakeholders,
especially in the case of the Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City.
It also suggests the need for increased collaboration among
stakeholders in the ecotourism planning process based on the data
analysis presented. According to the data, it's recommended that
stakeholders of all ages, genders, educational backgrounds, and
involvement should be considered to ensure the overall success of the
ecotourism site. While there was some degree of success in fostering
mutual understanding by actively listening to stakeholder perspectives
and interests, this achievement fell short of reaching its full potential. To
achieve a more comprehensive collaboration between stakeholder
groups, addressing the identified gaps in stakeholder engagement during
the planning process for an ecotourism site is crucial.

iii
Keywords: stakeholder’s engagement, collaboration, ecotourism,
collaborative ecotourism plan, stakeholders, mangrove

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this study is not possible without the help and
participation of so many people, staff, respondents, participants whose
names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions take a huge part
and are wholeheartedly appreciated. The researchers expressed their
deep gratitude and indebtedness, particularly the following:
To the Dean of College of Business Accountancy and Hospitality
Management, Dr. Erwin Lumanglas, for allowing the researchers to
conduct their research and providing support throughout the study.
To the researcher’s adviser, Mrs. Greslie Gail Atijon-Pepito, for
her never ending guide and insights from the beginning until the end of
the paper. Her expertise, passion and guidance made a huge
contribution and inspired the researcher to pursue the research paper.

The researchers are also grateful to the Local Government Units,

Non- Government Units, and Local Community of Brgy. Malitam,
Batangas City for their unending support and assistance to make this
study more established and successful.
The researchers are also grateful to all relatives, friends,
classmates, and loved ones who, in one way or another, shared their
support, morally, physically and financially.
The proponents of this study are also grateful to each of its
members, for their cooperation, and support which was a huge factor in
completing this study.
Above all, to Almighty God, the author of knowledge and wisdom,
for His countless love and guidance.

iv
The researchers,
CMAA
AJHF
BJS
MFM
RAAP

DEDICATION

The rigorous and complex nature of research often requires

collaboration. As we unveil this paper, we feel compelled to recognize
and pay tribute to those who have silently propelled us forward.
To the beloved family of the researchers, whose unflinching
assistance and unending love have served as the foundation of their
academic endeavor. The group's compass has been the encouragement.
To the researchers' devoted companions, whose support and
friendship gave comfort and delight throughout the most trying times.
The analysts' progress on this scholastic journey was aided by the
guidance and dedication of the advisors and outstanding faculty
members. The compass that guided the scholars toward academic
success has been their wisdom.
The dedication to knowledge and advancement is greatly
acknowledged, as is the kind assistance of governmental and non-
governmental organizations, whose vital contributions have enhanced
the study findings and increased its effect.
To the All-Powerful God, whose limitless knowledge and divine
direction illumine our quest for knowledge. May His grace continue to
guide and favor our efforts as we seek knowledge and insight.

The researchers,
CMAA
AJHF
BJS

v
MFM
RAAP

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

DEDICATION v

LISTS OF TABLES viii

LISTS OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Theoretical Framework 6

Conceptual Framework 9

Statement of the Problem 10

Hypothesis 11

Scope, Delimitation, and Limitation of the Study 11

Significance of the Study 12

Definition of Terms 13

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature 17

Related Studies 31

vii
 Synthesis 38

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 41
Respondents of the Study 42
Data Gathering Instrument 42
Data Gathering Procedure 44
Statistical Treatment of Data 45
Ethical Consideration 46

CHAPTER 4
PRESENATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATON
OF DATA 47

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary 72
Findings 73
Conclusion 78
Recommendation 79

REFERENCES 81

APPENDICES

A. Statistician’s Certification & Cronbach Alpha’s

Certification 87
B. Grammarian’s Certification 89
C. Survey Questionnaire 90
D. Curriculum Vitae 100
E. Documentation 122

viii
 List of Tables

TABLE TITLE PAGE

Profile of the Respondents

1 Age 47

2 Sex 49

3 Educational Attainment 50

4 Involvement 51

Extent of Engagement of the Stakeholders with the

Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam,
Batangas City

5 Initiation Phase 53

6 Problem Setting Phase 56

7 Direction Setting Phase 58

8 Promotion Phase 60

9 Implementation Phase 62

10 Significant Difference in the Stakeholder’s 64

Engagement and their profiles

11 Proposed Enhancement of Ecotourism Plan 67

ix
 List of Figures

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Research Paradigm 9

x
 CHAPTER 1

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Introduction

Mangrove forests, found at the meeting point of land and sea, are

vital coastal ecosystems composed of salt-resistant trees, shrubs, and

plants. These tropical and subtropical woodlands play a crucial role in

safeguarding coastlines, providing habitats for diverse life forms, and

improving water quality. Beyond their ecological significance, mangrove

forests hold immense direct and indirect value for human lives. They

serve as a habitat for a wide variety of both wild and domesticated

animals, playing a pivotal role in harmonizing the natural ecosystem.

Moreover, these forests counters global warming by absorbing

substantial amounts of carbon dioxide while being a primary source of

the oxygen essential for human survival. Additionally, they function as a

natural shield against the elements and offer natural shelter.

Among these, the Sundarban Mangrove forest in Bangladesh

stands out as one of the world’s largest, covering about 14.40 million

hectares, mostly land with smaller portions of rivers and inland water

bodies. The Sundarbans, in particular, is renowned for sheltering

numerous rare and endangered animal species, hosting hundreds of

both permanent and seasonal residents. Beyond its ecological

significance, the Sundarbans also serves as a crucial barrier against

1
coastal erosion and sustains the livelihoods of local communities through

resources like wood, honey, and fish. Securing the Sundarbans for future

generations necessitates active involvement and empowerment of local

residents as stakeholders in its conservation.

Achieving this involves capacity-building initiatives, educational

programs, and heightened awareness efforts. Collaboration among

stakeholders, sustained dedication, and continuous evaluation of

conservation activities are essential for effectively implementing these

strategies, which can significantly bolster conservation endeavors and

foster sustainable development in the region. The cornerstone lies in

fostering a collaborative ecosystem where stakeholders engage in

concerted efforts, demonstrating sustained dedication towards the

shared goal of mangrove conservation. Effectively implementing these

strategies not only fortifies the preservation of mangrove forests but also

plays a pivotal role in fostering sustainable development within the local

area. Such stakeholders underscore the significance of collective action,

emphasizing the importance of collaboration as the foundation for a

harmonious coexistence between human communities and these vital

ecosystems.

Mangrove forests in the Philippines play a crucial role in coastal

environments, acting as natural barriers against tropical storms and

typhoons. They absorb wave energy, reducing damage to the coast and

2
protecting communities from floods and land loss. Despite their

significance, mangroves are often underappreciated. They provide

nutrition, subsistence, and essential services like oxygen storage. The

devastation caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 highlighted the

importance of mangroves. However, 60% of these ecosystems are

reportedly exploited and degraded, with 35% of the global mangrove

cover already disappearing. Stakeholders, including local communities,

governments, corporations, and international organizations, must

collaborate to protect these environments. By integrating diverse

perspectives and resources, they can implement sustainable strategies

that balance preservation and economic progress. Active involvement is

crucial to safeguard these coastal forests from forest loss, resource

abuse, and climate change impacts.

In the province of Batangas, tourist attractions are one of its most

valuable assets and major contributors to its economic growth. There are

about 1,365 hectares of mangroves in Batangas which are mostly found

in the municipality of Calatagan which accounts for almost half of the

mangrove areas in the province. One of these mangrove forests in the

Province of Batangas is the one located in Malitam, Batangas City. It has

an area of 1.0 hectare and located alongside the Calumpang River. It

was opened to the public last October, 2022 as Batangas City Mangrove

Conservation Eco-Park.However, Barangay Malitam in Batangas City is

not a well-developed community, and there should be proper

3
collaboration and communication among its stakeholders from local

community, local government units, and non-governmental units for the

proper conservation and preservation of the mangrove forest.

The lack of commitment among stakeholders poses a huge

obstacle to the preservation of mangrove forests in Barangay Malitam,

Batangas City. Even though these environments are essential for

protecting coastal regions, maintaining marine life, and supporting local

livelihoods, there doesn't seem to be the kind of community commitment

required to keep these ecosystems intact. The lack of commitment

exhibited by stakeholders, which include the local community of

Barangay Malitam, Batangas, LGU and NGO, presents a substantial risk

to the sustainable preservation of mangrove forests in the area. In order

to guarantee the sustained protection of these priceless coastal habitats,

it is imperative that stakeholders recognize and address this lack of

commitment.

Degradation of the ecotourism site, lack of commitment, and

implementation of plans that do not reflect stakeholder interest are

interconnected and their resolution is highly unlikely without more

efficient collaboration between pertinent parties, which may, in turn,

reduce the expense of settling prolonged conflicts and enhance the

development of sustainable ecotourism. The most effective way to start

with this is to concentrate on the planning stage, making sure that

4
development plans accurately reflect stakeholder interests and resolve

conflicts through direct communication. Since the ecotourism site has

opened to the public just recently, its degradation is inevitable due to

some negative human intervention. Moreover, the ecotourism site is still

developing and these reasons are enough to prove that it has a need for

sustainability. Furthermore, in order to produce a better plan and

increase the likelihood of its successful implementation, the process

should include all stakeholders at all levels of governance with an interest

in the problem. Thus, the Batangas City Mangrove Conservation Eco-

Park should implement an enhanced ecotourism plan for its stakeholders

for the betterment of its status and condition and most importantly, to

ensure its long-term viability.

Furthermore, the mangrove forest in Malitam, Batangas City is

inevitably going to deteriorate due to negative human interference,

threatening the site's sustainability. For this reason, as researchers, we

opted to conduct a study that focus on emphasizing the significance of

sustainability measures and highlighting the importance of stakeholders

in the planning process of the ecotourism site with the intent to align their

interests, prevent further degradation, and minimize internal conflict. This

proactive approach aims to design an enhanced ecotourism plan that

benefits all stakeholders involved, foster sustainable development, and

increase the viability of the ecotourism site.

5
Theoretical Framework

This study is based on a study proposed by Kenawy and Shaw

(2014), entitled "Developing a More Effective Regional Planning

Framework in Egypt: The case of Ecotourism." The research suggests a

practical framework for Collaborative Ecotourism Planning, serving as a

foundation for further exploration in implementing a Collaborative

Planning Approach for ecotourism planning and development. This

framework can be applied to address identified gaps in the planning

process of an ecotourism site.

The study emphasizes the significance of a Collaborative Planning

Approach in improving planning and implementation, particularly in

developing countries like the Philippines, with a focus on ecotourism

planning. Stakeholders, including the public sector (LGU), private sector

(NGO), and local community, play crucial roles in the ecotourism

planning. Achieving balanced relationships among these stakeholders

during development necessitates effective collaboration. However, the

study asserts that this balance is unlikely without stakeholders

committing to and implementing the development plan.

The primary focus of the study is on the independent variable,

supported by the Regional Planning Framework for Ecotourism in Egypt

by Kenawy and Shaw (2014). The Collaborative Ecotourism Plan

6
framework comprises five interconnected stages, serving as the

independent variables in the research: initiation phase, problem setting

phase, direction setting phase, promotion phase, and implementation

phase.

The initiation phase aims to overcome barriers such as stakeholder

fragmentation and lack of awareness. Activities include building

stakeholder networks, fostering relationships, preparing stakeholders for

participation, and evaluating past experiences. In the problem setting

phase, the study seeks to identify and understand issues through face-to-

face dialogue, ensuring a common problem definition, building

commitment to collaboration, and identifying sufficient resources for

negotiation activities. In terms of the direction setting phase, it focuses on

establishing a shared direction for the future, organizing procedures,

setting ground rules, promoting joint information searches, exploring

options, reaching agreements, and advocating a dispersion of power.

The promotion phase prepares for the implementation process,

addressing potential challenges like lack of financial resources and

inadequate products for the ecotourism market. It involves evaluating

initial outcomes, allocating financial resources, marketing outcomes, and

raising awareness among stakeholders. Lastly, the implementation

phase translates shared planning agreements into practical actions,

emphasizing phasing the final product, defining monitoring mechanisms,

selecting a suitable structure for institutionalizing the implementation

7
process, harmonizing conflicts, and building external support.

The framework of Kenawy and Shaw (2014) underscores the

importance of implementing a Collaborative Ecotourism Plan with the

active involvement of all stakeholders, placing particular emphasis on

local communities, local government units, and non-government

organizations to foster sustainable development in ecotourism sites. The

framework and concept presented provide a foundation to conduct a

study aimed to assess the stakeholders’ engagement with the planning

process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City, to propose an

Enhanced Collaborative Ecotourism Plan for the stakeholders.

8
Conceptual Framework

1. Profile of the
respondents in terms
of: Analysis of the
Age Data Gathered Proposed
Sex Enhancement of
Educational Creating, Ecotourism Plan
Attainment Distributing, and
Involvement Collecting of
2. Evaluation of the Survey
stakeholders’ Questionnaire
engagement in terms
of:
Initiation Phase
Problem
Setting Phase
Direction
Setting Phase
Promotion
Phase
Implementation
Phase

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

The research paradigm illustrates the connection between the

concepts and ideas that constitute the conceptual framework, which

includes the study’s goals and principles. The figure shows the input,

process, and output of the study. The input of the study includes the

profile of the stakeholders, and the evaluation of their engagement in the

planning process of mangrove forest. Furthermore, the process includes

data gathering and data analysis. Lastly, the output presents the

Proposed Enhancement of Ecotourism Plan that will therefore be based

9
on the findings of the study, which will primarily benefit the stakeholders

in terms of management, and the ecotourism site in the long run.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the stakeholder’s engagement with the

planning process of mangrove forest in Malitam, Batangas City and to

use it as the basis of a proposed enhancement of ecotourism plan.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Educational attainment; and

1.4 Involvement?

2. What is the extent of engagement of the stakeholders in the

planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas relative to:

2.1 Initiation phase;

2.2 Problem setting phase;

2.3 Direction setting phase;

2.4 Promotion phase; and

2.5 Implementation phase?

3. Is there a significant difference between the assessment of the

stakeholders' engagement and their profiles?

10
4. Based on the analysis, what enhancement collaborative

ecotourism plan may be proposed?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the profile of the

respondents and their engagement with the planning process of

Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City.

Scope, Delimitations and Limitations of the Study

This research aims to assess the stakeholder’s engagement with

the planning process for the sustainable Mangrove Forest in Malitam,

Batangas City. The researchers gathered data through the use of

questionnaires. The assessed engagement of stakeholders with the

planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City was to

determine and to make a proposed enhancement of ecotourism plan for

the benefits of not only the Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City

but also to all the mangrove forests in Batangas Province that are utilized

as ecotourism sites.

Moreover, this study did not cover stakeholders other than the local

community, local government unit, and non- government organizations.

In terms of the local community, this study did not cover the participants

other than the Purok 3 of Malitam, Batangas City.

Furthermore, this study is limited to only determining how the

stakeholders’ engagement were evaluated in terms of the five phases of

11
planning process, namely, the initiation phase, problem setting phase,

direction setting phase, promotion phase, and implementation phase as

based with the study of Kenawy and Shaw (2014) Developing a Mere

Effective Planning Framework in Egypt: The case of Eco Tourism. This

study was geographically limited only in Mangrove Forest in Malitam,

Batangas City.

Significance of the Study

This study assessed the stakeholder’s engagement with the

planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City. The

researchers believed that this study would be significant to the local

community, local government units, students and professors, and the

future researchers.

To the Local Community. This study served as their basis on

how they can manage the mangrove forest as a local resident in the area

of the ecotourism site in order avoid its degradation.

To the Local Government Unit. This study served as a reference

on how stakeholders should improve on providing assistance in the

planning process of a tourism site.

The students and the professors. They would be knowledgeable

on how the stakeholders should be involved in the planning process of an

ecotourism site.

To the future researchers. This study served as their other

reference, if they wish to conduct a study in-lined with the assessment of

12
stakeholders’ engagement in the planning process of any developmental

ecotourism site

Definition of Terms

This study presents some of the terms that may help the readers to

better understand the study. Terms are defined conceptually and

operationally.

Collaboration. Collaboration is defined as an interactive process

through which ‘autonomous stakeholders of a problem domain use

shared rules, norms, and structures to decide on issues related to that

problem domain (Park, 2019). In this study, it is an engagement of the

stakeholders in a tourism plan on an ecotourism site and of two or more

organizations with persistent commitments to working together for social

purposes.

Collaborative Planning. The collaborative tourism planning

process allows for the many stakeholders in tourism destinations to

consider tourism development and how their well-being will be affected

by no, slow, or rapid growth (Vogt, 2019). In this study, it is defined as

the systematic involvement of the stakeholders in the enhancement of an

ecotourism site.

Direction Setting Phase. This term is defined as a phase of

planning process where it involves examining a large amount of

information leading the stakeholders to develop a vision along with

13
strategies to achieve that vision. (Kotter, 2019). In this study, it refers to

the phase that establishes a mutual vision for what lies ahead to the

project.

Eco Tourism. This term is defined as the responsible natural

areas that protect the environment, promotes the well-being of local

people (TIES, 2019). In this study, eco- tourism is the branch of tourism it

focuses on.

Implementation Phase. This term is defined as the process

where the plan put into action. (Barron & Watt, 2023). In this study, it

refers to translating the jointly agreed-upon plans into tangible steps.

Initiation Phase. It is defined as the first step in starting a new

project where stakeholders establish the value it will deliver to the

stakeholders (MacNeil, 2022). In this study, it refers to the phase of a

planning process that address challenges such as limited awareness,

and negative feedback among stakeholder involvement.

Mangrove Forests. This term refers to the boundary zone

connecting land-based freshwater biomes with offshore marine systems

owing to their presence in coastal regions that encounter saltwater

(Mendoza, 2020). In this study, mangrove forest is the type of ecotourism

site where the study revolves.

Problem Setting Phase. This term is defined as the context and

frame within which choosing and looking for answers involved in

14
problem-solving happens. (Mathews, 2023). In this study, it refers to the

stage that is dedicated to pinpointing, comprehending, and then

solidifying the central concern through direct discussions.

Promotion Phase. This term is defined as the process of

optimizing the utilization of marketing tools and strategies to promote a

project with the intent to generate demand and meet the set objectives.

(Jargons, 2023). In this study, it refers to the stage that is centers on

gearing up for actual execution of the project through addressing

anticipated challenges.

Stakeholders. This is defined as the people who are involved in

some way in the project decision-making process. These are the key

stakeholders who approve project results or team members who

complete the work (Martins, 2023). In this study, stakeholders are one to

assess in terms of their engagement with the planning process of the

mangrove forest in Malitam, Batangas City.

Stakeholder Engagement. The stakeholder

engagement/involvement strategy, considered at a high level of

communication quality, is associated with the identification and inclusion

of stakeholders and other characteristics of social reporting disclosed by

firms (Miniaoui, Chibani, & Hussainey, 2019). In this study, it is defined

as a method of involvement of each stakeholder in the planning process

of an ecotourism site.
15
 Sustainable Development. This term was defined as

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (Publications

Office of the European Union, 2019). In this study, sustainable

development is one of the main concerns or areas that is needed to carry

out.

Tourism planning. This refers to the process of considering the

needs of people planning travel and using those factors to determine

resources, programs and activities (Odias, 2020). In this study, tourism

planning is a strategy to develop in order to optimize the potential

contribution of every stakeholder involved.

16
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter represents the reviews of research literature and

studies significant in conducting the study. The researchers gathered

information from numerous references which provide insights and

information related to the study.

Related Literature

Initiation Phase

According to Siriram, (2022) the initiation phase is the first part of

the project life cycle process. It is the starting point of the planning

process of the management where it comes with idealizing and

conceptualizing between the project and the stakeholders. In this phase,

the view and the knowledge generation of the stakeholders are

communicated and interlinked. This phase sets the initiative in setting

goals and objectives in the planning process of a developmental project.

17
Integration and collaboration provide several benefits such as

communication frequency and resource flexibility to the stakeholders in

the initiation phase. Moreover, as stated with Beratan (2019), problem

initiation phase is the stage that identifies which conditions, system

elements, and relationships are considered important to stakeholder in

problem-solving efforts. This phase has the most important influence on

the planning process of the stakeholders within the organization. This

phase emphasize the comprehensive process of solving a plan. Marrie

et. al (2019), stated that the project initiation phase is the first phase

within the project management life cycle, as it involves starting up a

ecotourism project. Additionally, Hobbs (2018) also stated that in the

project initiation process in relation to the successful completion of a

project. According to Project Management Insitute, (2017) initiating

phases was to coordinate stakeholders’ prospects and project goals.

The stakeholders about the scope and objectives and discuss on

how their engagement in the ecotourism project and related phases can

ensure that their expectations are fulfilled as clarified by that the

‘stakeholders’ – producer comprise an idea for a project. Additionally,

according to the study of Yuliani et.al (2020), it emphasized that there is

an expectation that the involvement of various stakeholders—from local

communities, societal groups, government agencies, and non-

organizational participants—will create a synergistic collaboration. The

goal is to foster partnerships that are specific to each entity's skills and

18
roles, with a focus on the community's welfare. Therefore, it's crucial to

pinpoint the precise functions these stakeholders perform in the growth of

community-centered ecotourism. Making plans to strengthen stakeholder

commitment to thriving ecotourism is made possible by recognizing their

potential roles and interests.

Furthermore, it's crucial to have a framework that outlines the roles

played and to ensure strong collaboration between the government and

the tourism administration, according to Hikmah, N., Larasati, E.,

Purnaweni, H., & Yuniningsih, T. (2020) , in their study titled

"Identification and Role of Stakeholders in Ecotourism Development in

Indonesia,". Encouragement of local community participation is essential

for developing eco-aware, sustainable tourism. Priority should be given to

taking action to reduce any potential negative impacts that might occur.

Moreover, it is vital to involve local community members and foster

confidence and cooperation between the community and the LGU, in

addition to other stakeholders, says the Stakeholders Manual of the

National Marine Sanctuaries, (2019). This strategy is more advantageous

than concentrating only on the authority possessed by NGOs and

municipal governments. Furthermore, according to Bulilan, (2021) the

government plays a crucial role in ensuring that the local people benefits

from tourism. It emphasizes collaborations between private enterprises,

public institutions, non-profits, and community organizations. This

demonstrates that the LGU's primary goal is not to exercise dominance

19
or authority.

Problem-Setting Phase

As per the recent study conducted by Weps and Ezaki, (2023)

project managers are better able to lead their teams and stakeholders

toward a common vision of sustainability by creating specific, measurable

goals that are in line with sustainable tourism values. These objectives

are crucial for creating a plan of action for the project's successful

execution, establishing priority actions, and encouraging good effects on

environmental preservation, community welfare, and local economic

growth. While stakeholder involvement is crucial in the development of

ecotourism, decisions are often made in a "top-down" manner, led by

senior authorities or specialists. This method often doesn't align with local

views and doesn't capture the feelings and priorities of the community.

This misalignment can result from conflicting interests inherent among

the varied stakeholders in the decision- making process. The origin of

this conflict lies in ecotourism's varied nature and the differing

backgrounds, perspectives, and priorities of the stakeholders. Promoting

ecotourism is vital for the growth and success of any destination

according to the linked literature of Pasape, (2022) as evidenced that it

can aid in economic empowerment, local community progression, and

poverty reduction.

As shown in the study of Bakari, (2021) a vital element for

20
sustainable ecotourism is the stakeholders' marketing and promotion of

ecotourism spots. This is rooted in the fact that setbacks or failure in

ecotourism growth and management largely stem from limited

knowledge, lack of awareness, and lack of innovation among participants

and the local community regarding product promotion, variety, and

marketing tactics. The prowess of any destination in drawing tourists is

intrinsically tied to its marketing and promotional efficacy. Besides,

implementing a marketing or promotional approach is essential to

disseminate information and experiences related to ecotourism.

Consequently, it allows visitors to relish their time, understand and

appreciate nature, all while ensuring their actions don't adversely impact

the local natural and cultural settings. This supports the sustainable

growth of the ecotourism location.

In addition, the findings from the Proprofs Project, (2023)

emphasize the need of setting project goals and objectives in the initial

planning stages. This gives clear guidance and a path for future actions.

Project managers controlling a tourism site can potentially postpone or

prevent potential issues by methodically prioritizing these goals based on

their significance and urgency. Moreover, Wang et al., (2020) highlighted

that the organization of ecotourism stakeholders and their individual

tasks should be in line with their degree and relevance in areas with

environmental sensitivity. The stakeholder interests serve as the

foundation for the important factors. As a result, the harmony of

21
stakeholder interactions directly reflects how effective ecotourism is.

Haynes, (2022) also mentioned that structuring stakeholders' roles in

accordance with their areas of expertise will result in more successful

outcomes for ecotourism, taking into account the unique differences

amongst stakeholders. It also showed a trend in which many

stakeholders engaged primarily on obtaining information and took part in

the decision-making processes to a lesser extent.

Direction-setting Phase

The direction setting phase on a planning process deals with

clarifying priorities and reduces busy work from the stakeholders. This

phase helps the stakeholders to be accountable collaboratively.

Performing to improve motivation, reduce conflict and strengthen

cohesion between the project and the stakeholders. (Brearly,2020).

Additionally, according to Duncombe, D. (2022), stakeholder marketing

literature and theory as it relates to the strategic planning process'

direction-setting phase. The direction-setting phase involves stakeholder

identification, values analysis, and salience determination. The literature

within stakeholder theory in each of these areas is extensive, but, as this

and other reviews have noted, there remains considerable debate over

the definitions and prescriptions. While stakeholder involvement is critical

in the development of ecotourism, decisions are frequently decided at the

22
"top-down" level, driven by senior authorities or specialists. This strategy

frequently contradicts local viewpoints and fails to convey the

community's thoughts and desired objectives. This misalignment can be

caused by competing interests among the various stakeholders in the

decision-making process. The tension originates from the diverse nature

of ecotourism as well as the stakeholders' various interests, and beliefs.

According to the study conducted by Bagul (2019), it highlighted the

need of disseminating information as a crucial component of creating

awareness and emphasized its significant importance in ecotourism. It

has been stated that the degree to which stakeholders comprehend

ecotourism practices and the fundamentals of conservation directly

affects their participation. This suggests that effective distribution of

information is essential for boosting stakeholder involvement in the

enhancement of ecotourism sites. Furthermore, a strong need for broad

participation from all stakeholder groups when formulating solutions.

However, several stakeholders were noticeably missing during the

decision-making stage of the ecotourism project, with majority influence

lying with central government entities.

A system of joint forest management has been widely implemented

with the aims of both halting forest degradation and reducing poverty. It

was proposed that participation of local communities in resource

management would lead to sustainable resource management as well as

poverty alleviation. While joint forest management has promoted forest

23
cover, it has disadvantaged the poorest who benefit most from non-

timber forest products. (Garnett et. al, 2019). Moreover, Ghosh et. al.

(2020), emphasized that household respondents identified the failure of

these initiatives as owing to a misalignment with their cultural

preferences, as well as because of poor marketing structures and

inequitable benefit sharing mechanisms between and amongst the state

and the locals. Many respondents claimed that these activities were

implemented in a top-down manner, highlighting bureaucratic

intransigence.

Other than by excessive local exploitation and natural hazards, the

main underlying reason threatening the future of any ecotourism site is

inadequate state governance, as evidenced by disconnected

development plans, weak and ineffective enforcement apparatus, poor

coordination between the various government agencies, and an

unwillingness to include local people in management decisions. In

addition Fickert et. al (2020) also states that to employing forest guards

to enforce its policies, there should be established agreements with

forest communities to jointly manage the forest reserves. In 1998, there

was a joint management agreement with villages that surrounds the

ecotourism site. Communities are divided into villages, which are

managed by elected village councils. With the state and potentially other

forest owners, village-level elected councils and environmental council

24
representatives can sign joint management agreements for sharing the

costs and benefits and responsibilities of forest management. Under this

arrangement, village-level elected councils are ‘‘co-managers’’ of forests

otherwise owned by the district or national governments. In theory,

village governments have primary protection and management

responsibility of the forest.

Promotion Phase

The promotion phase is the stage that refers to the marketing

ability of the stakeholder to promote and increase the publicity of an

organization. This is linked with domain expertise to effectively promote a

developing project. This is a good practice to give and raise awareness

on a specific subject and goal of an organization. Promotion phase is

implementing development instead of as a selection. (Xu, 2021) Along

with that, from the linked literature of Pasape, (2022) promoting

ecotourism is critical for the growth and success of any location because

it can aid in economic empowerment, local community development, and

poverty reduction.

It is also indicated in Bakari's study, (2021) that stakeholders'

marketing and promotion of ecotourism areas is an essential factor for

sustainable ecotourism. This emerges from the fact that setbacks or

failures in ecotourism growth and management are often caused by a

lack of knowledge, awareness, and innovation among participants and

25
the local community in terms of product promotion, variety, and

marketing methods. Any destination's ability to attract tourists is directly

related to its marketing and promotional efficacy. Formulating a

marketing or promotional strategy is critical for disseminating ecotourism

information and experiences. As a result, it helps tourists to enjoy their

visit, acknowledge and appreciate nature, and ensure that their actions

have no adverse effects on the local natural and cultural settings. This

contributes to the location's sustainable development.

Despite the potential advantages of ecotourism, Yusuf et. al.,

(2022) finds that it is frequently hindered by a number of problems, one

of which is a lack of funding. This is due to the fact that a variety of

factors, including financial capacity, have an impact on stakeholder

dynamics within the ecotourism industry. Conversely, according to Javier

and Elazigue, (2019) LGUs may receive financial support for planning,

carrying out, and managing their tourism development schemes, which

may include ecotourism destinations, as part of one of the DOT's

financial strategies for the promotion, marketing, and enhancement of

tourism. Given that the majority of the money comes directly from LGUs

and the central government, this implies that local communities and

various stakeholder groups rely on them to a considerable extent for

financial support.

Crucially, Thompson (2019) asserted that the reasons for failed

mangrove rehabilitation go far beyond these ecological factors, which

26
neglect the inter-actor relations and institutional arrangements that

determine how astutely ecological knowledge is used, and how credibly

rehabilitation decisions are made. This requires identification of the

political, financial, and socio-cultural factors that shape relationships

between the actors and institutions involved. Regarding formal

institutions, the mangrove restoration policies and targets as stipulated in

national plans of a developing country like Thailand are difficult to

achieve on the ground because the project managers aren’t afforded the

financial capacity nor manpower to implement the policy autonomously.

These pressures and capacity limitations mean project managers

requires external financial support to fulfil its role within environmental

governance. Historically, money usually came from international donors

and NGOs, with manpower provided by civilian groups and the military,

as elucidated by a Municipal Mayor. Since the government agency is

financially incapacitated to implement mangrove restoration policies,

which underpins the subsequent shift in power, by forming an institution

between the government and corporate financiers.

Implementation Phase

According to Bauld (2020), in implementation phase, implementing

a strategic planning approach on a developing ecotourism area is a way

to sustain the site through monitoring and its evaluation. In the

implementation phase assess if the needs of the industry were able to

27
meet and established. This includes: ensuring that all aspects of the

Ecotourism Development Plan are implemented between state agencies

and stakeholders by making arrangements for collaboration among all

stakeholders; this includes strengthening cooperation between

stakeholders. Both community and non-community stakeholders

expressed concerns about decision-making and their participation in local

ecotourism development discusses and consultations. (Karst and Nepal,

2019). Hence, meetings and discussions are also important, as Blanza

(2020) noted, especially when establishing an ecotourism destination.

The study promoted more internal discussions since they could improve

management, particularly in locations that are having trouble with their

methods of management. Although some studies aimed to include a

larger range of stakeholders, it was found that several significant

stakeholders, in particular local communities, were left out.

In order to address issues encountered during the execution of the

National Ecotourism Strategy, Blanza (2020) argued for enhanced

discussion among tourists, locals, and relevant government organizations

including the DENR and DOT. In addition, Tresiana et al. (2022)

emphasized how important it is for local governments to communicate

well with various stakeholders. Local communities may demonstrate to

the government best methods for enhancing and sustaining their policies.

On the other hand, it was found out that tourism enterprises' strategies

can influence the opinions of other stakeholders. However, there has

28
been a lapse in consideration for future disputes, particularly in

ecologically sensitive areas which emphasized the value of learning more

about these dynamic relationships. Furthermore, Salman et al. (2021)

stated that these stakeholders are crucial to the development of

ecotourism. Ineffective management may cause them to oppose

ecotourism activities.

On the other hand, Salman et al. (2020) point out that ecotourism

may, with the correct involvement, promote cultural appreciation, protect

the environment, and encourage economic growth. Therefore, the

success of ecotourism depends on identifying and resolving

stakeholders' worries or concerns. Different stakeholders have distinct

interests or points of view, and their involvement in promoting ecotourism

can help determine their level of interest, influence, capacity to

contribute, and relationships with other parties. This understanding is

crucial for successfully promoting and implementing ecotourism at the

site. Managing the implementation of an ecotourism project is particularly

difficult due to the conflicting interests and impacts of stakeholders.

Additionally, as stated in the research of Wondirad, Tolkach, and

King (2020), stakeholder collaboration is crucial for the sustainable

growth of tourism, but it is influenced by elements such as power

dynamics, trust, financial capability, outside backing or support, socio-

cultural backgrounds, awareness, and entrepreneurial abilities of the

participants. In order to create a successful stakeholder management

29
strategy, it is essential to consider the influences and interests of

stakeholders. The success of a project depends on identifying which

stakeholders can be helped. Stakeholder management is difficult and

prone to problems, particularly when different stakeholder groups with

different interests and levels of influence must coordinate. Thus, the

same study elaborate on this by explaining that the difficulty is brought on

by competing interests among different stakeholders while decisions are

being made.

Given their various histories, perspectives, and levels of

engagement, stakeholders' diverse nature and the complexity of

ecotourism both contribute to this. Not all stakeholders have the same

level of interest in ecotourism resources, which causes some to be less

involved or completely absent. The main issue is that, despite the fact

that stakeholder involvement is crucial for the expansion of ecotourism;

decisions are frequently made at the command of superiors or experts.

Locals believe that this strategy does not reflect the values and

preferences of their own community (Wondirad, Tolkach, and King,

2020).

However, according to the study by Young, (2021) each potential

stakeholder was given the same importance. Consistencies in decision-

making and stakeholder involvement continued throughout the planning

process of building an ecotourism site, despite the different interests,

influences, and authority in planning concerns. Additionally, it asserts that

30
those with higher educational levels are more likely to be politically active

since they have a better understanding of political events, their historical

background, and possible repercussions on them. This suggests that

persons from local government units (LGUs) or non-governmental

organizations (NGOs), who frequently have higher educational levels,

tend to have greater influence in decision- making and general

involvement, especially in local projects like establishing an ecotourism

site.

While according to the study of Pasape (2022), addressing the

restricted and selective participation in tourist decisions requires more

significant interventions since underlying inequities within communities

have an impact on local decision-making. Numerous studies on tourism

have shown that the presence of influential elites and their connections to

those in authority might limit the ability of the local community to

influence decisions about tourism which emphasized that having the

least control can translate, into having the least involvement. Hence,

local ecotourism planning and oversight may take the form of procedures

that the local community deems appropriate. Within the community, the

dynamics of power and influence can also be important. Therefore, it's

essential to focus on elements like power, handling of disputes,

organizational structures, participation in decision making, and overall

project dedication.

31
Related Studies

As per Yu (2020), ecotourism is a growing industry with the

potential to significantly increase the country's tourism income. If properly

implemented, ecotourism has the potential to become a significant

source of revenue for the Philippines while also helping to preserve the

nation's natural resources and reduce poverty. One way the government

can use local knowledge of mangroves is by implementing regulations

controlling how a mangrove should be managed (conservation, etc.),

while leaving the implementation and strategies to the community. By

doing this, it is possible to prevent irresponsibly reducing the resource

while yet enabling indigenous knowledge to fulfill its crucial role. Other

methods involve the national government taking control of the mangroves

and managing them without the community's input in order to safeguard

them from the community. In order to perform essentially the same role

as the national government, the national government may also contract

with non-governmental organizations to conserve or reforest mangroves.

As per Kissinger, (2020) for the conservation of mangrove forests

and to ensure that they continue offering essential ecosystem services,

especially to local communities reliant on them, sustainable forest

management strategies are essential. The participation of local

community groups in ecotourism activities is an effective strategy for

mangrove preservation. This would encourage the growth of coastal

32
communities economically and increase the general awareness of the

significance of protecting the mangrove ecosystem. Eco-sustainability is

crucial for preserving both present and future generations' means of

subsistence.

Similarly, Buncag, Esquerra & Lingga, (2019) give much emphasis

about Mangrove forest management on the local scale is the national

strategy of the Philippines. For the sake of both the present and future

generations, stakeholders must take a proactive role in the management

and preservation of mangroves. In order to maintain natural resources

like mangrove forests sustainably, local forest management is crucial.

There is no guarantee that any mangrove management strategy will be

sustainable due to a number of issues, including excessive resource

consumption, and mass tourism. Hence, to ensure proper resource

management in these cases of community- based mangrove

management, it is highly recommended that they do a sustainability

analysis of their approaches to management. However, stakeholders

must address their identified shortcomings. Their common shortcomings

include the availability of funds, the community's capability for planning

and management, the lack of a resources industry to support the growth

of the local economy, and the adoption of appropriate sustainable

mangrove management strategies. The government and non-

governmental organizations (NGOs) may assist by, among other things,

offering financial aid, organizing workshops for planning, monitoring, and

33
evaluation, and training in the creation and administration of a successful

forest product sector and market.

According to Daupan, (2020) in terms of national laws and policies,

the People's Organizations (POs) adopted existing forest laws and

regulations in crafting their policies for mangrove management and the

resources within. Following Executive Order No. 192 and the Coastal

Environment Program, the DENR issued Administrative Order No. 30 in

1994, introducing the NGO-Assisted Community- Based Mangrove

Forest Management (NGO-Assisted CBMFM) guidelines. These

guidelines aim to shift all current mangrove forests, which rely on

traditional methods, to community-based management. Practically, they

embraced and refurbished the area per the Order, fostering

environmental awareness, social justice, economic progress, and

sustainable resource handling in coastal areas. Based on the

Presidential Decree 705, known as the "Revised Forestry Code of the

Philippines", the DENR's Administrative Order No. 76 from 1987 outlines

the creation of buffer zones in mangrove areas along coasts and

estuaries. Consequently, this park's buffer zone bolsters the mangroves'

resilience against powerful currents, winds, and waves while also

curtailing siltation and sediment build-up in the region.

Additionally, the same study of Buncag, Esquerra & Lingga, (2019)

stated that it’s essential to consistently monitor and assess the

community-led mangrove management using the appropriate standards

34
and markers. The local community, with the backing and direction of the

local government, DENR, educational institutions, and other

stakeholders, should carry out this monitoring and evaluation. Such a

process is vital in pinpointing and addressing shortcomings in planning

and regular monitoring and evaluation. It's also crucial to kick-start and

promote monitoring and evaluation of the community-driven mangrove

management in other parts of the country to heighten awareness of the

sustainability of these systems. Schools, both local and national

governing bodies, and NGOs can support local communities in

overseeing the mangrove system by offering pertinent training sessions,

workshops, and both technical and financial aid or assistance. Utilizing

legal frameworks and mangrove management plans, a cooperative

strategy can be established. A stronger focus on regional responsibilities

and adaptable management techniques has been recognized as a way to

promote more collaborative management and a higher appreciation for

regional specificities at the level of legislation and policy.

Moreover, Daupan, (2020) also stated that, since the mid-1900s,

the mangrove forest management and control by the Philippine

government has gradually moved beyond non-investment and toward a

stronger emphasis on preservation. Prior to this, major forest policy

priorities included the protection of mangrove habitats and the

improvement of administration and implementation. The government had

little grasp of mangroves' purpose or benefits in the 1940s and saw them

35
as useless wastelands. The involvement of the government in local

issues has been questioned as part of the ongoing controversy regarding

mangrove management. The national government established the

Community Based Forest Management Program in an effort to include

communities in the management of forests. In order to protect and utilize

mangrove forests in line with the principles of sustainable development,

the program still in existence issues Community Based Forest

Management Agreements between communities, local governmental

organizations, and the federal government. Likewise, Zurba et al. (2022),

also highlighted that the participation of all stakeholders is crucial. If

stakeholders participate in tourism management and mangrove forest

preservation, natural tourism initiatives can be successful.

Community-Based Eco-Tourism integrates both environmental

preservation and socio-economic considerations. In the study of Melo et

al., (2019) provided an illustration of this through their research on

mangrove management in the Kwandang sub-district of North Gorontalo.

Here, mangrove care was a collective effort, involving stakeholders

ranging from the central government to the local village entities.

Mangroves offer a plethora of environmental benefits and their

stewardship engages multiple parties. Nevertheless, in the Kwandang

region of North Gorontalo, the existing management framework falls

short due to insufficient cooperation among these parties. This results in

a misalignment between planning and actual mangrove care. Melo

36
emphasized the pivotal role of stakeholders, asserting that they bear

responsibility for the effective oversight of mangrove areas. Furthermore,

the study referred to the observation that the handling of mangroves is a

joint endeavor, with various participants overseeing its planning,

governance, and use. Stakeholders, in this context, refer to those who

have a vested interest or claim in a system – be it an individual, a group,

or an institution.

For a tourism venture to sustain its success, a certain level of

stability is crucial. This stability stems from stakeholder partnerships that

lead to effective policy outcomes and value generation. Put differently,

the success of a travel destination hinges on the efficiency of cooperation

and coordination among stakeholders. Nonetheless, studies have

revealed that stakeholder involvement in the tourism sector is complex

and riddled with challenges in planning. Sometimes, collaborative efforts

may not address all concerns, which can exacerbate issues as

partnerships evolve. Acknowledging these shortcomings, the recent

research delves into the dynamics of stakeholder interactions in the

Perhentian Islands to understand competitive positioning (Nur Shahirah

Mior Shariffuddin, Wan Mohd Adzim, Muaz Azinuddin, 2021). According

to Pasape, (2020) the roles of stakeholders and their degree of

involvement in the planning phase can sometimes amount to mere

tokenism. This involvement was primarily limited to three stages:

informing, consulting, and co-producing. Informing involves a two-way

37
information exchange between stakeholders and the planning group.

Initially, stakeholders are apprised of the planning steps, but they aren't

allowed any feedback. The next engagement level is consultation, aiming

to broaden stakeholder participation by involving significant stakeholders

previously excluded from the primary network. Co- production, the final

tier, is where stakeholders, planners, and decision-makers collaboratively

arrive at suitable solutions.

When devising a Collaborative Ecotourism Planning (CEP)

structure, several key aspects need attention. They include forging and

preserving strong ties among stakeholders through an efficient network,

structuring the process with an agenda that encapsulates the

perspectives of all stakeholders, and having a neutral and seasoned

facilitator crucial for implementing and realizing the primary goals of the

CEP framework. This framework will encompass five intertwined stages,

necessitating continuous and cyclic interactions between them. In

constructing a CEP structure, it's vital to sustain close connections

among stakeholders, maintain constant communication between the

stakeholder groups and their entities, curate the process around an

inclusive agenda, and employ an unbiased and experienced facilitator

pivotal in achieving the CEP framework's core aims.

Synthesis

In the initiation phase of the project life cycle, as highlighted by

Siriram (2022), the planning process begins with the exchange of ideas
38
and concepts between the project and stakeholders. This phase involves

communicating and interlinking the views and knowledge of

stakeholders, setting goals and objectives for developmental projects.

Several studies emphasize the expectation that involving various

stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, and

non-organizational participants, fosters synergistic collaboration with a

focus on community welfare rather than exercising dominance.

In terms of Problem Setting phase, despite the crucial role

of stakeholder involvement in ecotourism development, decision-making

processes often follow a "top-down" approach, led by senior authorities

or specialists. Stakeholders' marketing and promotion efforts are

highlighted by Bakari (2021) as crucial for sustainable ecotourism,

addressing issues of limited knowledge and awareness within the

community. Effective marketing not only draws tourists but also

disseminates information and experiences related to ecotourism,

ensuring visitors appreciate nature while minimizing adverse impacts on

local settings.

In terms of Direction Setting Phase, according to Duncombe, D.

(2022), stakeholder marketing literature and theory as it relates to the

strategic planning process' direction-setting phase. The direction-setting

phase involves stakeholder identification, values analysis, and salience

determination. According to the study conducted by Bagul (2019), that

effective distribution of information is essential for boosting stakeholder

39
involvement in the enhancement of ecotourism sites. Furthermore, a

strong need for broad participation from all stakeholder groups when

formulating solutions.

In the promotion phase of ecotourism development, stakeholders

play a crucial role in marketing and increasing the visibility of an

organization or project. According to Xu (2021), this phase involves

leveraging domain expertise to effectively promote and raise awareness

for a developing project. It is seen as a best practice to inform and create

awareness about specific organizational goals. Despite the potential

benefits of ecotourism, Yusuf et al. (2022) identify challenges, with a lack

of funding being a significant hindrance. On the contrary, Javier and

Elazigue (2019) highlight that Local Government Units (LGUs) may

receive financial support from the Department of Tourism (DOT) for

planning, implementing, and managing tourism development schemes,

including ecotourism destinations. As the majority of the funding comes

from LGUs and the central government, local communities and

stakeholders heavily rely on them for financial support.

In terms of implementation phase, studies highlights the

importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration in the

successful implementation and sustainability of ecotourism initiatives.

Bauld (2020) emphasizes the significance of a strategic planning

approach during the implementation phase, stressing the need for

collaboration among state agencies and stakeholders. Decision-making

40
and participation concerns are raised by both community and non-

community stakeholders, underlining the necessity for meetings and

discussions, as noted by Blanza (2020).

CHAPTER 3

41
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, participants of the

study, the data gathering instruments and procedures and the statistical

treatment of data that were used by the researchers to complete the

study.

Research Design

The main objective of the study was to assess the stakeholders'

engagement with the planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam,

Batangas City as the basis of a proposed enhancement of ecotourism

plan. The researchers used the descriptive type of research. This study

discussed the assessment of the engagement of the stakeholders into

different phases such as the initiation, problem setting phase, direction

setting phase, promotion phase, and implementation phase, through

gathering data. The accumulated interpretations and conclusions were

the groundwork for the researchers' proposed enhanced collaborative

ecotourism plan. Furthermore, the stakeholders of the Mangrove Forest

in Malitam, Batangas City were asked about their engagement with the

planning process of the said ecotourism site as a quantitative approach

to depict how the stakeholders managed their collaboration with the

planning process of the Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City.

42
Respondents of the Study

A purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents

in this study. This technique was employed as the study focuses only on

certain stakeholders of the Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City

namely: local community, local government unit (LGU), and non-

government organizations (NGO).

The respondents of the study are the stakeholders of the Mangrove

Forest in Malitam, Batangas City, specifically the local government unit,

non-government organizations, and the local community of the Purok 3,

of the said barangay. According to the Barangay Secretary, the

population size of Purok 3 per household as of 2023 is

201. Moreover, the local government unit, and the non-government

organization responsible for the Mangrove Forest has a total population

of 22, respectively. Hence, with the aforementioned population sizes, the

researchers came up with a total sample size of 150 with 5% margin of

error.

Data Gathering Instrument

The data for this study were gathered through a survey

questionnaire self-developed and adapted from the practical framework

of Collaborative Ecotourism Planning in the study entitled “Developing a

More Effective Regional Planning Framework in Egypt: The Case of

43
Ecotourism” of Kenawy and Shaw, (2014).

The data for this study were gathered through a survey

questionnaire self-developed and adapted from the practical framework

of Collaborative Ecotourism Planning in the study entitled “Developing a

More Effective Regional Planning Framework in Egypt: The Case of

Ecotourism” of Kenawy and Shaw, (2014). The survey instrument was

divided into two sections, with the first encompassing the profile of the

respondents, which comprises the age, sex, educational attainment, and

involvement. The second part consisted of questions aimed at assessing

the stakeholder’s engagement with the planning process of an

ecotourism site focusing on the initiation phase, problem setting phase,

direction setting phase, promotion phase, and implementation phase.

The questionnaire used in this study is adapted, and self-

developed, and as such, it necessitate validation procedures. The

validation of the questionnaire for data collected was conducted by the

thesis adviser, together with the three (3) experts from the industry and a

statistician. As soon as the questionnaire was approved, the researchers

personally distributed the questionnaire for pilot testing to the

stakeholders of the mangrove forest in Barangay Malitam, particularly the

local community of the Purok 3 of Barangay Malitam, Batangas City,

local government unit, and non-government organization. The study's

objectives and the importance of participating in an unbiased and truthful

manner were communicated to the participants. Anonymity and

44
confidentiality were maintained throughout the research process. The

reliability testing was conducted by the statistician upon reaching the

desired number of respondents which yielded a Cronbach's Alpha of

78%.

Data Gathering Procedure

Using both primary and secondary data, the researchers came up

with research objectives, a comprehensive related literature review,

studies, framework and paradigm. These were then reviewed and

revised accordingly. Similarly, the subject, goals, and procedures were

presented for approval and suggestions.

For the completion of the research, a systematic data collection

procedure was used to gather data. The survey questionnaire was

subjected to validation and approval by the three professionals who are

in line with the industry of the study, and statistician.

As soon as the questionnaire was approved, it was sent to

respondents in order to collect the necessary information needed for the

research. When all surveys have been completed, the collected data

were tallied, categorized, and tabulated. The scoring range is from 4 to 1,

four as great extent and one as least extent in verbal interpretation. The

gathered data was handled and evaluated in line with the study's goals

and requirements.

45
Response Scale Mean Range Verbal Interpretation

4 4.00 – 3.25 Great Extent

3 3.24 – 2.50 Moderate Extent

2 2.49 – 1.75 Slight Extent

1 1.74 – 1.00 Least Extent

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following are the treatment that were used to determine the

significant difference on assessments of the stakeholders when grouped

according to profile variables:

Frequency and Percentage Distribution. In this study, the frequency

and percentage distribution can be used to determine the profile of the

respondents including their age, gender, educational attainment, as well

as their involvement as a stakeholder.

Rank. In this study, rank will be used in sorting the computed mean

of the responses of the respondents in the survey from highest to lowest.

Weighted Mean. In this study, weighted means can be used to

determine the average value of the answers of the respondents for their

engagement with the planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam,

Batangas City.

F-test. In this study, F-Test can be used to determine whether

46
there is a significant difference between the assessment of the

stakeholders and their profiles.

Ethical Consideration

During the creation of the evaluation plan, ethical concerns are

taken into account. All the information that the Republic Act 10173- Data

Privacy Act of 2012, guides the researchers gathered. This is to ensure

the fundamental human right to privacy and communication while also

maintaining the free flow of knowledge necessary for innovation and

development. Researchers understand the critical role of information and

communications technology in nation-building, as well as the inherent

responsibility to ensure that the personal information of the respondents

is kept confidential. For the participants’ privacy, researchers ensure that

such identifying information is not used in any analyses or written

documents.

47
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis, and

interpretation of data. It contains the textual and tabular presentation of

data, quantitative, and qualitative data analysis, and interpretation of data

in the light of relevant literature.

1. Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Age. Table 1 represents the frequency distribution and

corresponding percentage of the stakeholders’ profile in terms of

Age.

Table 1

Profile of the respondents in terms of Age

Age Frequency Percent

18-25 31 20.7
26-30 26 17.3
31-35 24 16.0
36-40 28 18.7
41-45 11 7.3
46-50 15 10.0
51-55 5 3.3
56-60 8 5.3
48
 61 and above 2 1.3
Total 150 100.0

Table 1 displays the profile of the respondents in terms of age,

showing that most of the respondents are mostly aged 18-25 years old

with a frequency of 31 or 20.7% However, the aged 61 and above with a

frequency of 2 (1.3%) got the lowest response.

This suggests that stakeholders are mostly the young generations

because they believed they were capable of undertaking actions that

might advance the project. Consequently, a possible reason might be

that the younger generation, as opposed to those over 60, are more

interested in and have profited from ecotourism. There is a possibility that

people 60 years of age and older have diminished physical and mental

abilities due to aging.

To support this, Sangpikul, (2020) found that younger generations

held favorable views on ecotourism. Proper education and information for

young individuals experiencing ecotourism for the first time can enhance

their travel experiences and foster environmental conservation

awareness. However, irrespective of age, community engagement and

active participation in ecotourism-related initiatives are essential for its

long-term viability and triumph.

49
 1.2 Sex. Table 2 represents the frequency distribution and

corresponding percentage of the stakeholders’ profile in terms of Sex.

Table 2

Profile of the respondents in terms of Sex

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 71 47.3
Female 79 52.7
Total 150 100.0

Table 2 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of sex. Most

of the respondents are females, which garnered a total number of 79 out

of 150 respondents, or 52.7%. Followed by males, which comprises 71

respondents or 47.3%.

This data suggested that women have a crucial role in promoting

cooperation in resource conservation initiatives since they are often more

involved with the environment. Additionally, empowered women are more

likely to take initiative, contribute innovative ideas, and actively

participate in conservation efforts to protect their communities and

natural surroundings.
50
 Generally, Nurhaeni et. al., (2021) stated that in actuality, women

tend to be more environmentally conscious than men. Yet, when it comes

to service provision, monitoring, and evaluation, men's situation varies

from women's. During the phases of planning, execution, oversight, and

assessment of sustainable tourism development, women typically

participate less than men.

1.3 Educational Attainment. Table 3 represents the frequency

distribution and corresponding percentage of the stakeholders’ profile

in terms of Educational Attainment.

Table 3

Profile of the respondents in terms of Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percent

High school 34 22.7
Undergraduate
High school Graduate or 68 45.3
Equivalent
Vocational Course 27 18.0
Associate Degree 5 3.3
Bachelor’s Degree 15 10.0
Post-graduate 1 0.7
Total 150 100.0

As shown in table 3, most of the respondents are High School

Graduate or Equivalent with a frequency of 68 or 45.3%. However, the

lowest response post-graduates which only got a frequency of 1 or 0.7%.

51
 This suggests that while some of the parties involved in Mangrove

Forest Management in Malitam, Batangas City may or may not have a

college degree, others may be high school graduates. Since Malitam,

Batangas City, is known as a squatter community, the majority of its

residents are poor learners, having graduated primarily from high school.

According Sryzhak (2020), a strong relationship is observed

between income and education. Individuals with higher incomes tend to

pursue advanced education, whereas those with lower incomes face

greater challenges in contemplating further educational pursuits. Thus,

the socioeconomic status of an individual affects their social

relationships.

1.4 Involvement. Table 4 represents the frequency distribution and

corresponding percentage of the stakeholders’ profile in terms of

Involvement.

Table 4

Profile of the respondents in terms of Involvement

Involvement Frequency Percent

Local Community 108 72.0
Local Government Unit 21 14.0
Non-Government
21 14.0
Organization
Total 150 100.0

52
 Table 4 indicates the profile of the respondents according to their

involvement in the study. The Local Community involved the most to

result in 108 frequency or 72% of the respondents. Meanwhile, The Local

Government Unit and Non - Government Organization both had the least

involvement to result in a frequency of 21 respondents or 14%

respectively.

This data suggested that the local community have the most

engagement in the planning process of an ecotourism site. On the other

hand, having the local government unit and non-government organization

showed lower presentation of respondents had its significance with the

planning process. This could only indicate that there may have been less

population or stakeholders from the local government unit and non-

government organization rather than the local community in the

ecotourism site.

To support this, Sakata and Prideaux (2023) stated that the

significance of the involvement of the local community in ecotourism is

that the community preserves the natural resources long term and it will

lead to growth and sustainable progress. Active community participation

can mitigate the adverse effects on ecotourism stemming from human

activities. On the other hand, Saidmamatov et.al (2020) stated that the

government is involved in developing nations in terms of tourism planning

by enhancing regional tourism infrastructure, refining related national

laws, rejuvenating cultural, historical, and ecological landmarks, and

53
 cultivating optimal conditions for tourists. Meanwhile, the non-

government organization is also significant as Butalid (2019) stated that

they engage in both formal and informal advocacy, acquiring or binding

land for conservation purposes, and establishing collaborations for

dedicated conservation initiatives.

2. Extent of engagement of the stakeholders in the planning process

of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City

2.1 Initiation Phase. Table 5 represents the extent of engagement of

stakeholders in the planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam,

Batangas City in terms of Initiation Phase.

Table 5

Mean Distribution of the Extent of Engagement of the Stakeholders

in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas
City in terms of Initiation Phase
Weighted
Items SD Verbal Interpretation
Mean
Identifying and splitting of
responsibilities in managing the 3.18 .59 Moderate Extent
mangrove forest.

Defining project justification

and other stakeholder needs for 3.08 .57 Moderate Extent
the project.

Defining the project manager’s

role and authority. 3.02 .63 Moderate Extent

Getting written approval from

54
 stakeholders. 3.06 .75 Moderate Extent

Setting the foundation for a

project plan. 3.03 Moderate Extent
.70

Composite Mean 3.07 Moderate Extent

Cumulative Standard Deviation .47
Legend: 2.50-3.24 Moderate Extent

Table 5 indicates that, the stakeholders are more engaged with

“Identifying and splitting of responsibilities in managing the mangrove

forest.” with a weighted mean of 3.18 that results to a moderate extent.

On the other hand, the stakeholders are less engaged with “Defining the

project manager’s role and authority.” with a weighted mean of 3,07 that

results to a moderate extent.

This data suggests that the stakeholders of Batangas Mangrove

Conservation forest recognize the importance of duties and

responsibilities of their involvement to the mangrove forest. Their active

involvement could be driven by a clearer understanding of the task, its

importance, or their stake in the outcome. On the other hand, the data

where the stakeholders are less engaged with an understanding of the

roles and authority of managerial roles on stakeholders. This suggests

that a struggle and challenges in managing and involvement are present

in the planning process.

The study of Hikmah, N., Larasati, E., Purnaweni, H., &

Yuniningsih, T., (2020), supports the interpretation and data gathered,

55
their study entitled, “Identification and Role of Stakeholders in Ecotourism

Development in Indonesia'', it's essential to possess a framework that

outlines the roles undertaken and to ensure strong collaboration between

the government and tourism administration. It's also vital to encourage

local community involvement in creating eco conscious, sustainable

tourism. Above all, measures should be taken to mitigate any potential

adverse effects that might emerge. Additionally, when determining the

roles and responsibilities of ecotourism stakeholders in environmentally

sensitive areas, it is crucial to take their level and scope into

consideration. The stakeholder demands are the essential elements.

Therefore, the harmony of stakeholder relationships directly affects the

success of ecotourism. (Zhang and Sun, 2019)

56
 2.2 Problem Setting Phase. Table 6 represents the extent of

engagement of stakeholders in the planning process of Mangrove

Forest in Malitam, Batangas City in terms of Problem Setting Phase.

Table 6
Mean Distribution of the Extent of Engagement of the Stakeholders
in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas
City in terms of Problem Setting Phase

Weighted Verbal
Items SD
Mean Interpretation
Collecting information to assess
problems and needs. 3.11 .64 Moderate Extent

Developing goals and objectives

to alleviate the problem or needs. 3.19 .64 Moderate Extent

Working with staff and community

leaders to come up with the list of 3.17 .59 Moderate Extent
alternative strategies to achieve
the goals and objectives.

Identifying the activities or tasks

that need to be completed in
3.08
order to reach the desired .63 Moderate Extent
objectives.

57
Building the resource plan, the
communications plan and the 3.09 .73 Moderate Extent
initial project schedule.
Composite Mean
3.13 Moderate Extent
Cumulative Standard Deviation .46
Legend: 2.50-3.24 Moderate Extent

Table 6 indicates that, the stakeholders are more engaged with

“Developing goals and objectives to alleviate the problem or needs.” with

a weighted mean of 3.19. On the other hand, the stakeholders are less

engaged with, “Identifying the activities or tasks that need to be

completed in order to reach the desired objectives.” with a weighted

mean of 3.08.

This data suggests that the stakeholders are most involved and

empowered in identifying all the objectives needed to comply, the goal of

the objective and the needs of the problems. It indicates that in the early

stage, they are confident in identifying the things needed to be done. On

the other hand, there is a gap in the stakeholders' knowledge and

expertise about what activities should be implemented parallel to the

objectives and goals to reach its success. It indicates that they are

having a struggle on how they should properly involve themselves.

This supports the recent study of Weps and Ezaki, (2023) the idea

was presented that by setting clear and measurable goals aligned with

sustainable tourism ideals, project managers are better equipped to

guide their teams and stakeholders towards a shared vision of

58
 sustainability. These goals play a significant role in executing a roadmap

for the project's successful implementation, setting action priorities, and

fostering positive impacts on environmental protection, community

welfare, and local economic expansion. Complementing this, findings

from Proprofs Project, (2023) underscore the importance of developing

project goals and objectives in the preliminary stages. This provides clear

direction and a planned path for future actions. By methodically

prioritizing these goals based on their significance and urgency, project

managers overseeing a tourism site can postpone or altogether prevent

potential challenges.

2.3 Direction Setting Phase. Table 7 represents the extent of

engagement of stakeholders in the planning process of Mangrove

Forest in Malitam, Batangas City in terms of Direction Setting Phase.

Table 7

Mean Distribution of the Extent of Engagement of the Stakeholders

in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas
City in terms of Direction Setting Phase
Weighted
Items SD Verbal Interpretation
Mean
Promoting joint information
searching that can benefit the 3.27 .59 Great Extent
Mangrove Forest.

Organizing the procedures to be

followed in managing and 3.05 .61 Moderate Extent
monitoring Mangrove forest
59
through establishing rules and
agenda setting.

Reaching agreements in their

decision making during the 2.99 .61 Moderate Extent
process.

Advocating the equal distribution

.63
of powers among them. 2.99 Moderate Extent

Organizing the procedures

through established rules. 3.00 Moderate Extent
.59

Composite Mean 3.06 Moderate Extent

Cumulative Standard Deviation .46
Legend: 3.25-4.00 Great Extent; 2.50-3.24 Moderate

Table 7 indicates that, the stakeholders are more engaged with

“Promoting joint information searching that can benefit the Mangrove

Forest” with a weighted mean of 3.27. On the other hand, the

stakeholders are less engaged in “Advocating the equal distribution of

powers among them” with a tie weighted mean of 2.99.

This data suggests that stakeholders prioritize collaborative

efforts to gather and disseminate information that directly benefits the

Mangrove Forest ecosystem. On the other hand, it also suggests that

while stakeholders may readily collaborate in gathering information, there

may be challenges when it comes to ensuring equitable power dynamics

among them.

To support this, in a study by Bagul, (2019) it also emphasized

the importance of spreading information as a fundamental part of raising

60
awareness was underscored, stressing its vital importance in ecotourism.

It was mentioned that stakeholders' understanding of ecotourism

practices and the core of conservation directly impacts their involvement.

This implies that proficiently disseminating information is crucial for

amplifying stakeholder participation in the improvement of ecotourism

sites. Additionally, Diamantis, (2019) stated that while stakeholder

involvement is crucial in the development of ecotourism, decisions are

often made in a "top-down" manner, led by senior authorities or

specialists. This method often doesn't align with local views and doesn't

capture the feelings and priorities of the community. This misalignment

can result from conflicting interests inherent among the varied

stakeholders in the decision-making process. The origin of this conflict

lies in ecotourism's varied nature and the differing backgrounds,

perspectives, and priorities of the stakeholders.

2.4 Promotion Phase. Table 8 represents the extent of

engagement of stakeholders in the planning process of Mangrove Forest

in Malitam, Batangas City in terms of Promotion Phase.

Table 8

Mean Distribution of the Extent of Engagement of the Stakeholders

in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas
City in terms of Promotion Phase
Weighted
Items SD Verbal Interpretation
Mean

61
Evaluating the initial outcomes of
3.26 .61 Great Extent
the project.

Assigning financial resources for

implementation. 3.12 .66 Moderate Extent

Marketing the Mangrove

Forest. 3.59 .53 Great Extent

Ensuring that there are adequate

products for the ecotourism 3.40 .65 Great Extent
market.

Promoting the Mangrove Forest

using different methods like word 3.47 .61 Great Extent
of mouth and social media.

Composite Mean 3.37 Great Extent

Cumulative Standard Deviation .40
Legend: 3.25-4.00 Great Extent; 2.50-3.24 Moderate Extent

Table 8 shows that among the areas of engagement in the

Promotion Phase, the stakeholders are most involved in "Marketing the

Mangrove Forest" with a weighted mean of 3.59. However, the area

where the respondents seem to show the least engagement is in

"Assigning financial resources for implementation", with a weighted mean

of 3.12.

This suggests that despite acknowledging the value of promoting

the mangrove forest, the stakeholders have difficulty allocating sufficient

funding to carry out the programs that are intended for it. Additionally, it is

also due to financial limitations, doubts about the project's return on

62
 investment, and dependency on external financing.

According to the study of Yusuf et.al, (2022) despite the potential

benefits of ecotourism, its success is often hindered by several factors,

one being the scarcity of financial resources. This can be attributed to the

reality that stakeholder dynamics within the ecotourism sector are

affected by multiple elements, including financial capacity.

2.5 Implementation Phase. Table 9 represents the extent of

engagement of stakeholders in the planning process of Mangrove

Forest in Malitam, Batangas City in terms of Implementation Phase.

Table 9
Mean Distribution of the Extent of Engagement of the Stakeholders
in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas
City in terms of Implementation Phase
Weighted
Items SD Verbal Interpretation
Mean
Dividing the tasks and
responsibilities for the Mangrove 3.09 .56 Moderate Extent

63
forest.

Monitoring the implementation

process. 3.11 .57 Moderate Extent

Selecting the suitable structure for

institutionalizing the 2.99 .51 Moderate Extent
implementation process.

Conducting regular consultations

or meetings to ensure that there
is up-to- date information needed 3.15 .62 Moderate Extent
for improvements.

Harmonizing the conflict between

public agencies. 3.10 .53 Moderate Extent

Composite Mean 3.09 Moderate Extent

Cumulative Standard Deviation .41
Legend: 2.50-3.24 Moderate Extent

Table 9 shows that among the areas of engagement in the

Implementation Phase, the stakeholders are most involved in

"Conducting regular consultations or meetings to ensure that there is up-

to-date information needed for improvements" with a weighted mean of

3.15. On the contrary, the area where the respondents seem to show the

least engagement is in "Selecting the suitable structure for

institutionalizing the implementation process", with a weighted mean of

2.99.

In line with this interpretation, stakeholders often face challenges

when selecting a suitable structure for institutionalizing the

implementation process due to varying organizational goals, conflicting

64
interests among stakeholders, and the dynamic nature of business

environments. The complexity of balancing short-term gains with long-

term sustainability adds another layer of difficulty, as stakeholders must

navigate trade-offs between immediate results and enduring success.

To support this, in a study of Salman et al. (2021) conveyed that

these stakeholders play a significant role in the success of ecotourism.

Improper management of the implementation process could lead them to

resist ecotourism initiatives. However, with the right engagement,

ecotourism can stimulate economic growth, safeguard nature, and foster

cultural appreciation. Therefore, recognizing and addressing

stakeholders' apprehensions or concerns is fundamental to ecotourism's

prosperity.

65
 3. Significant Difference in the Stakeholders’ Engagement

and their profiles

Table 10
Stakeholders' F- or t- p-
Profile Decision Interpretation
Engagement value value

Initiation Phase Age 1.086 0.376 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant

Sex 0.765 0.446 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Education 0.775 0.569 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Involvement 22.212 0.000 Reject Ho Significant

Problem Setting Age 0.604 0.773 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant

Phase Sex 0.708 0.480 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Education 2.774 0.020 Reject Ho Significant
Involvement 8.508 0.000 Reject Ho Significant

Direction Setting Age 1.137 0.343 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant

Phase Sex 0.054 0.957 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Education 2.847 0.018 Reject Ho Significant
Involvement 14.383 0.000 Reject Ho Significant

Promotion Age 0.992 0.445 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant

Phase Sex 1.118 0.265 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Education 1.768 0.123 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Involvement 3.870 0.023 Reject Ho Significant

Implementation Age 1.702 0.103 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant

Phase Sex 1.336 0.184 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Education 1.331 0.255 Failed to Reject Ho Not Significant
Involvement 3.757 0.026 Reject Ho Significant

Table 10 summarizes the hypothesis testing on the association

between the assessment of the stakeholders’ engagement and their

profiles. The findings revealed that some of the profile of the

stakeholder’s indicators cannot be attributed to their overall engagement

on the planning process of the mangrove forest in Malitam, Batangas

66
City. On the other hand, the findings revealed that there are also some of

the profile indicators of the stakeholders that have an effect on their

overall engagement on the planning process of the said mangrove forest

in Malitam, Batangas City. Therefore, in terms of Initiation Phase, the

study was found to reject the null hypothesis in terms of the involvement

which means that there is a significant difference between the

involvement of the stakeholders and their engagement in the initiation

phase. For the Direction Setting Phase, there is a significant difference

between their education and their involvement with the planning process

of the Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City. Furthermore, their

involvement rejected the null hypothesis as well. This just means that

there is also a significant difference between their involvement and their

engagement in the direction setting phase. Subsequently, in terms of the

Promotion Phase, the findings revealed that the involvement of the

respondents has rejected the null hypothesis. This means that there is a

significant difference between their involvement and engagement in the

promotion phase. Lastly, in terms of the Implementation Phase, the

profile of the respondents in terms of involvement has rejected the null

hypothesis. This means that there is a significant difference between

their involvement and engagement in the implementation phase of the

planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City.

According to of Wondirad, Tolkach, & King, (2020), local

ecotourism planning and oversight might be shaped by processes

67
deemed suitable from the local community's perspective. The dynamics

of power and influence within the community can also play a role. Thus,

it's crucial to concentrate on aspects like authority, conflict resolution,

organizational setups, and involvement in decisions and overall project

commitment. Such focus also aids in evaluating which sector among the

public, private, or NGO wields the most influence. Additionally,

stakeholder collaboration is essential for the sustainable growth of

tourism, but it's influenced by factors like power dynamics, educational

background, financial capabilities, socio-cultural backgrounds, and,

awareness of the participants. This suggests that how stakeholders

contribute to managing the ecotourism site is largely influenced by their

education and involvement. The local government typically holds the

most power in launching the project, setting rules, and managing key

aspects, while non-government organizations play a similar role but

require a process and consultation before implementation. Despite

lacking formal authority, the local community is crucial as key

stakeholders. The local government should empower the community to

enforce rules and procedures, preserving resources responsibly and

maintaining the significance of indigenous knowledge.

68
4. Proposed Enhancement of Ecotourism Plan

Table 11

Areas of Key Action Program Person Time Success

Objectives
Concern Strategy Components Involved Frame Indicator

I. Initiation Monthly To establish Providing creative Local 2024- At least 3

Phase seminars, and open channels information communit 2025 meetings,
co-creation of materials ( e.g. ies, local seminars, and
Least workshops are communication brochures, posters) governme co-creation
engagemen provided for and raise and communication nt unit workshops are
t in terms of the awareness platforms through attended by
defining the stakeholders about project community the
project manager's role meetings, and stakeholders
manager’s and authority interactive sessions every year
role and with the involving project because of
authority ecotourism managers, and their enhanced
project community sense of
representative to ownership and
define the project enthusiasm
manager’s role and towards the
authority ecotourism
project.

69
II. Problem- Stakeholder To establish a Establish Local 2024- An annual
Setting mapping, collaborative stakeholder communit 2025 stakeholder
Phase forums for process to mapping sessions, ies, local mapping of
ongoing ensure that and forums, governme their tasks is
Lack of dialogue, and stakeholders allowing nt unit implemented
engagement organize contribute community and at least 3
in identifying workshops insights and members to brainstorming
the activities where local express their views workshop
or tasks that community knowledge in on the proposed sessions to
need to be members determining activities as well as identify the
completed in actively tasks aligned engage skilled tasks and
order to participate in with project facilitators to lead potential
reach the brainstorming objectives. workshops and ecotourism
desired sessions to forums, ensuring a activities to be
objectives identify structured and done are
potential inclusive approach. attended by
ecotourism the
activities stakeholders
per year.

70
III. Direction- Develop To enhance Implement open Local 2024- The nominated
Setting incentives that channels to nomination communiti 2025 representative
Phase encourage ensure processes to allow es, local of every
collaboration equitable stakeholders to governme involved
Lack of among distribution of self-nominate or nt unit stakeholder
engagement stakeholders power among be nominated by consists of
in terms of and strive for a stakeholders, their co- broader
advocating diverse foster inclusive stakeholders representation
equal representation governance, promoting across
distributions of and inclusivity. demographics,
of powers stakeholders stakeholder Providing and at least
among the through participation incentives to the 25% of the
stakeholders implementing stakeholders population of
open through forging the Purok 3 of
nomination partnerships with Malitam,
processes to local businesses to Batangas City
capture varied provide the has offered job
perspectives stakeholders opportunities
among them. especially the local because of
community job their active
opportunities participation on
because of their the ecotourism
active activities and
71
 participation. planning.

IV. Promotion
Phase Proper To properly Implement Local 2024- An online
allocation of allocate funds participatory communiti 2025 website of
funds for the with the goal of budgeting es, local financial
Lack of training, maximizing processes that governme resources and
engagement implementatio returns while involve community nt unit expenditures is
in terms of n of projects of managing risk members in implemented at
assigning the that will help deciding how a the end of the
financial stakeholders the portion of the year 2025 as
resources for and to practice stakeholders to budget is well as
implementati financial be financially allocated, financial
on transparency updated with promoting reports
within the the reports transparency and including
stakeholders engagement. funding and
expenditures
are
administered
monthly for
transparency.

72
73
V. Implement To implement Awareness and Local 2024- At least 3
Implementation educational educational educational communiti 2025 awareness and
Phase programs to programs for programs about es, local education
raise the the significance of governme programs and at
Lack of awareness stakeholders to the mangrove nt unit least 5 training
engagement about the be aware of ecosystems and programs or
in terms of importance of the training ground for workshops are
selecting the mangrove significance of the stakeholders to attended by the
suitable ecosystems, the mangrove enhance their stakeholders
structure for and provide ecosystems ecotourism annually.
institutionaliz training ensuring their management
ing the programs for consistent skills, guiding, and
implementati local residents participation hospitality at the
on process to develop due to time, ensuring the
skills related to awareness, sustainability of the
ecotourism while mangrove
management, establishing su ecosystem
guiding, and stainability of because of their
hospitality to the mangrove active
ensure their over time. participation.
participation in
the
implementatio
n process.

74
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In this chapter, findings coming from the tabular results will

have a summary of findings, conclusions coming from the researchers,

and recommendations depending on the sources mentioned in the

previous chapters of this research.

Summary

The primary objective of this research was to assess the

Stakeholders' Engagement with the planning process of Mangrove Forest

in Malitam, Batangas City, making it as a basis for an Enhanced

Ecotourism Plan. The following questions were explicitly sought to be

answered: First, the profile of the respondents in terms of their age, sex,

educational attainment, and involvement. Secondly, the assessment of the

stakeholders’ engagement in terms of the initiation phase, problem setting

phase, direction setting phase, promotion phase, and implementation

phase. Moreover, the significant difference between the assessment of

stakeholders’ engagement and their profiles was also sought. Lastly, the

collaborative ecotourism plan which could be proposed or recommended

for the stakeholders of the Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City.

The study’s objectives and research questions were addressed

using the method of quantitative analysis. Additionally, the study involved

75
 150 respondents, comprising 108 of the local community of Purok 3,

Malitam, Batangas City, and 22 from Local Government Units, and Non-

Government Organizations respectively. In this study, a questionnaire

adapted from the study of Kenawy and Shaw entitled “Developing a More

Effective Planning Framework in Egypt: The case of Eco Tourism” was

utilized to collect data. The questionnaire underwent reliability testing and

resulted in a Cronbach Alpha of 78% through pilot testing to ensure its

reliability. This research also used a purposive sampling technique to

select the respondents.

The results were computed using statistical procedures such as

frequency and percentage distribution, rank, weighted mean, and F-test as

the statistical treatment. Furthermore, after gathering the results, the data

were tallied, tabulated, and interpreted further by the researchers to

achieve the study’s objective of providing more validated information to the

readers. The findings motivated the researchers to develop the proposed

plan.

Findings

After careful treatment of data gathered, the analysis and

interpretation yielded the following significant findings.

1. Profile of the Respondents where described in terms of age, sex,

76
educational attainment, and involvement.

1.1 Age. Young adults aged 18-25 (20.7%) with a total number of 31

responses made up the majority of the stakeholders of the Mangrove

Forest in Malitam, Batangas City while the lowest were ages 61 years old

and above with 2 responses (1.3%).

1.2 Sex. The majority of the respondents are female with a frequency of

79 or 52.7% of the total population while male represents 71 or 47.3% of

the respondents.

1.3 Educational Attainment. The vast majority of the stakeholders are High

School Graduate or Equivalent with 68 respondents or 45.3% of the total

population while the lowest response rate of 0.7% or 1 respondent only

has a Post-graduate Degree.

1.4 Involvement. The majority of the respondents are from the local

community of Purok 3, Maliam, Batangas City with a total of 108

responses or 72% of the total population while the local government unit

and the non-government organization got the lowest response with a 21

participant or 14% of the total population respectively.

77
2. Extent of Engagement of the Stakeholders with the Planning Process of

Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City

2.1 Initiation Phase. The Initiation Phase was subdivided into five (5)

indicators. Based on the results obtained, the stakeholders of the

Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City are mostly engaged in

“Identifying and splitting of responsibilities in managing the Mangrove

Forest”, with a weighted mean of 3.18. On the contrary, the area where

the stakeholders seem to show the least engagement is in "Defining the

project manager's role and authority" with a weighted mean of 3.02.

2.2 Problem Setting Phase. The Problem Setting Phase was subdivided

into five (5) indicators. It was found out that in “Developing goals and

objectives to alleviate the problem or needs of the Mangrove Forest”, the

stakeholders are predominantly active with a weighted mean of 3.19,

slightly higher than the composite mean of 3.13. On the other hand, the

area where the respondents seem to show the least engagement is in

"Identifying the activities or tasks that need to be completed in order to

reach the desired objectives" with a weighted mean 3.08.

2.3 Direction Setting Phase. The Direction Setting Phase was subdivided

into five (5) indicators. Based on the results, among the indicators of the

direction setting phase, the stakeholders of the Mangrove Forest in

78
 Malitam,

Batangas City are mostly active in “Promoting joint information searching

that can benefit the Mangrove Forest”, with a weighted mean of 3.27.

Moreover, the areas where the respondents seem to show the least

engagement is in “Advocating the equal distribution of powers among

them” with a weighted mean of 2.99.

2.3 Promotion Phase. The Promotion Phase was subdivided into five (5)

indicators. The data shows that the majority of the respondents are

primarily active in “Marketing the Mangrove Forest”, with a weighted mean

of 3.59, the highest weighted mean among all the indicators. Further, the

area where the respondents seem to show the least engagement is in

"Assigning financial resources for implementation", with a weighted mean

of 3.12.

2.4 Implementation Phase. The Implementation Phase was subdivided into

five (5) indicators. Based on the results, the majority of the stakeholders of

the Mangrove Forest are mostly engaged in “Conducting regular

consultations or meetings to ensure that there is up-to-date information

needed for improvements”, with a weighted mean of 3.15. On the contrary,

the area where the respondents seem to show the least engagement is in

"Selecting the suitable structure for institutionalizing the implementation

process", with a weighted mean of 2.99.

79
3 Significant difference on the stakeholders’ engagement in the

planning process of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City

when they are group according to their profile

This study has shown that when it comes to the profile of the

respondents in terms of age, and sex, there is no significant difference in

their engagement on the planning process of mangrove forest. In

accordance with the involvement of the stakeholders, the researchers

have found that it has a significant difference in the five phases of the

planning process, the initiation phase, problem setting phase, direction

setting phase, promotion phase, and implementation phase. Moreover, in

terms of educational attainment, it has a significant difference only in the

problem setting phase, and direction setting phase.

4 Lack of engagement of the stakeholders in the planning process of

Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City

The stakeholders of mangrove forest in Malitam, Batangas City are

less engaged in some aspects of the planning process of the said

ecotourism site, thus, it is crucial to address these challenges to foster

consensus between stakeholders and at the same time, to achieve the

sustainability of the mangrove forest. In terms of the Initiation Phase, a

clear definition of the project manager's role and authority establishes a

80
 foundation for effective leadership and decision-making. In terms of

Problem Setting Phase, identifying specific activities ensures a focused

and organized approach

toward achieving project objectives. While in Direction Setting Phase,

ensuring an equitable distribution of powers fosters collaboration,

mitigates power struggles, and promotes a harmonious decision-making

process. In terms of Promotion Phase, adequate financial resources and

appropriate assignments of financial resources are essential for successful

project implementation, transparency, covering costs such as providing a

training ground and workshops for the local community. Lastly, in terms of

Implementation Phase, choosing an appropriate implementation structure

ensures efficient coordination, communication, and accountability during

the implementation phase.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study the following conclusions have been

drawn:

1. Most of the respondents are the young generation ages 18-25 years old.

The majority are female, high school graduate, and are from the local

community of Purok 3, Malitam Batangas City.

2. The assessment of stakeholders' engagement in the planning process of

81
 the Mangrove Forest project in Malitam, Batangas City, highlights

strengths and areas for improvement. Based on the findings, the areas

that require improvements are defining the project manager's role and

authority, detailed planning, reaching agreements, advocating equal

distribution of

powers, assigning financial resources, and selecting a suitable structure

for institutionalizing the implementation process.

3. The assessment of stakeholder engagement in the planning process for

the Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City, showed that stakeholders'

age and gender didn't notably impact their engagement. However, the

research revealed that there is a significant difference in terms of

involvement and the engagement of the respondents across the five

phases of planning process. Educational attainment in particular, affected

the engagement of the stakeholders in the problem setting and direction

setting phases only.

4. Based on the findings, the researchers conclude that addressing the

challenges focusing on the key aspects of the planning process is

essential for achieving stakeholder consensus, ensuring successful project

implementation, and ultimately, guaranteeing the sustainability of the

Mangrove Forest ecotourism site in Malitam, Batangas City.

Recommendation

The researchers recommended some useful points that can be

82
used to improve the quality of the findings of the study:

1. Stakeholders may adapt of the proposed enhancement of ecotourism

plan of the Mangrove forest in Malitam, Batangas City to foster consensus

and ensure active participation among them in achieving the sustainability

of the ecotourism site.

2. LGU may establish a targeted educational, empowerment, and

awareness program on the local community of Purok 3, Malitam Batangas

City, to ensure the sustainability of the mangrove forest.

3. The residence may focus on empowering and utilizing the capabilities of

the young generations in the local community of Purok 3 Malitam,

Batangas City focusing on mangrove conservation and integrating them as

active stakeholders on the planning process of Mangrove Forest in

Malitam, Batangas City.

83
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89
APPENDICES

90
APPENDIX A

STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the study entitled, “Proposed Enhancement of

Ecotourism Plan in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in
Malitam, Batangas City” prepared and submitted by Melicent Anne A.
Casalla, Jhil Herlyn F. Angsioco, Jaslyn S. Borbon, Francesca Maxine
Maranan, and Ayra Aliah P. Romero in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management has been statistically
reviewed by the undersigned.

91
 CRONBACH ALPHA’S CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that I have validated the survey instruments of the studies
entitled Risk Management Of Tourism Related Establishments In The
Municipality Of Talisay, Laurel And Tanauan Batangas, Proposed
Enhancement of Ecotourism Plan in the Planning Process of
Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City, Customer Relationship
Management of Travel Agencies in Batangas City, Tourists Satisfaction on
Service Quality of Hotels in Batangas City, Level of Competitiveness of
University of Batangas Tourism Students towards National Skills
Competition, Perception of Residents of Brgy. Don Juan, Cuenca
Batangas on Lumampao as an Eco-Camping Site, and Motivation of
Divers at Anilao Resort in Mabini Batangas.

92
APPENDIX B

GRAMMARIAN’S CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the undersigned has reviewed and went through all
the pages of the proposed research entitled “Proposed Enhancement of
Ecotourism Plan in the Planning Process of Mangrove Forest in
Malitam Batangas City” as against the set of structural rules that govern
the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in the English
language.

CECILIA ALEXANDRIA A. GODOY, MBA

Grammarian

93
APPENDIX C

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondents,

Good day!

We are students of the University of Batangas taking Bachelor of Science

in Tourism Management. Currently, we are working on a study which aims
to assess the stakeholder’s engagement with the planning process of
Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City. Your honest response will be
the basis of determining the success of this study. Rest assured that all
the information gathered from you will be treated with utmost
confidentiality and will be used for research purposes only.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Sincerely,
The Researchers

Noted by:

Mrs. Greslie Gail A. Pepito

Research Adviser

94
Questionnaire
I. Profile of Respondents

Directions: Put a check mark ( ) inside the box that corresponds to your
answer.

Name: (Optional)
Age:
18 - 25 years old 46-50 years old
c c
c 26 - 30 years old c
51-55 years old

c 31 - 35 years old c 56-60 years old

c 36 - 40 years old c above 60 years old
c 41- 45 years old

Sex:
Male (Lalaki) c Female (Babae) c

Educational Attainment:
c High school undergraduate c Associate degree
c High school graduate or equivalent c Bachelor’s degree
c Vocational Course c Post-graduate

Involvement:
c Local Government
c Non-Government Organization
Local Community
c

II. Kindly rate the extent of your engagement on the planning process
of Mangrove Forest in Malitam, Batangas City using the following scale:
(Paki-lagyan ng tsek ang antas ng iyong pagsang-ayon sa pagpaplano ng
Mangrove Forest sa Malitam, Batangas City.)
4 – Great Extent (Lubos na Sumasang-ayon)
3 – Moderate Extent (Bahagyang Sumasang-ayon)
2 – Slight Extent (Sumasang-ayon)
1– Least Extent (Hindi Sumasang-ayon)
95
A. Initiation Phase - is the first phase of a certain project where the
objectives, plans, and platforms of the organization and stakeholders
are discussed and the process of execution is defined.
(Initiation Phase - tumutukoy sa unang yugto ng isang partikular na
proyekto na tumatalakay sa mga layunin, plano, at plataporma ng
organisasyon gayundin ang pamamahala at ang proseso ng
pagsasagawa)

4 3 2 1

No. I participate in … (Great (Moderate (Slight (Least

(Ako ay lumalahok Extent) Extent) Extent) Extent)
sa …)
Identifying and
splitting of
responsibilities in
1 managing the
mangrove forest.

(Pagtuklas at
pagbabahagi ng mga
responsibilidad sa
pamamahala ng
mangrove forest)

Defining project
2 justification and other
stakeholder needs for
the project. (Pagtukoy
sa pangangailangan
ng mga proyekto.)

Defining the project

3 managers role and
authority. (Pagtukoy
sa tungkulin at
awtoridad ng mga
taga-pamamala sa
proyekto.)

Getting written
4 approval from
stakeholders.
96
 (Pagkakaroon ng mga
aprubado na sulat
mula sa mga
namamahala.)

5 Setting the foundation

for a project plan.
(Pagbuo ng mga
plano para sa
proyekto.)

B. Problem Setting - seeks to identify, understand, and then

crystallize the issue after face-to-face dialogue.
(Problem Setting- naglalayong tukuyin, unawain, at gawing mas malinaw
ang isyu pagkatapos ng harapang pag-uusap.)

4 3 2 1
No. I participate in …
(Ako ay lumalahok sa (Great (Moderate (Slight (Least
…) Extent) Extent) Extent) Extent)

Collecting information
1 to assess problems and
needs. (Pagkalap ng
impormasyon upang
tayahin ang mga
problema at
pangangailangan ng
proyekto.)

Developing goals and

2 objectives to alleviate
the problem or needs.
(Pagbuo ng mga
layunin upang matukoy
ang problema at mga
pangangailangan ng
proyekto.)

Working with staff and

97
3 community leaders to
come up with the list of
alternative strategies to
achieve the goals and
objectives.
(Pakikipagtulungan sa
mga tauhan at lider ng
komunidad upang
magkaroon ng mga
alternatibong
estratehiya upang
maabot ang layunin ng
proyekto.)

Identifying the activities

4 or tasks that need to be
completed in order to
reach the desired
objectives. (Pagtukoy
sa mga gawaing
kinakailangan upang
mabuo ang inaasahang
layunin ng proyekto.)

Building the resource

plan, the
5 communications plan
and the initial project
schedule. (Pagbuo ng
plano para sa mga
pangangailangan,
pakikipag- ugnayan sa
mga tagapamahala
gayundin sa inisyal na
iskedyul ng proyekto.)

98
C. Direction Setting - seeks to advance a shared direction for the
future.
(Direction Setting - naglalayong mapalinaw at maipaunawa ang mga
istratehiya, proseso, at alituntunin para sa hinaharap.)

4 3 2 1
I participate in … (Ako
No ay lumalahok sa …) (Great (Moderate (Slight (Least
. Extent) Extent) Extent) Extent)

Promoting joint
information searching that
1 can benefit the Mangrove
Forest. (Pagtataguyod ng
pagtutulungan sa
pangangalap ng
impormasyon na
maaaring
mapakinabangan ng
mangrove forest.)

Organizing the procedures

to be followed in
managing and monitoring
Mangrove forest through
2 establishing rules and
agenda setting. (Pag-
aayos ng mga
pamamaraan na dapat
sundin sa pamamahala at
pagsubaybay sa
Mangrove forest sa
pamamagitan ng
pagtatatag ng mga
patakaran at pagkakaroon
ng mga pagpupulong.)

Reaching agreements in
3 their decision making
during the process.
99
 (Pagbuo ng mga desisyon
sa paggawa ng desisyon
para sa proyekto.)

Advocating the
equal distribution
of powers among
4 them.
(Pagtataguyod ng
pantay na

pagbabahagi ng mga
gawain sa bawat
indibidwal.)

Organizing the procedures

through established rules.
5 (Pagsasaayos ng mga
tungkulin o gawain sa
pamamagitan ng pagbuo
ng mga panuntunan.)

D. Promotion Phase - attempts need to be made to mitigate

potential implementation challenges such as lock of financial
resources, inadequate or products for the ecotourism market and
reconciling conflicting responsibilities between stakeholders.
( Promotion Phase - tumutukoy sa pagsisikap na pagaanin o padaliin ang
maaaring maging problema sa pagpapatupad ng proyekto tulad ng
kakulangang pinansyal, kakulangan ng produkto para sa eko-tourismong
merkado, at maging iskedyul at responsibilidad na hindi naka-ayon sa
mga stakeholders. )

4 3 2 1
I participate in … (Ako
No ay lumalahok sa …) (Great (Moderate (Slight (Least
. Extent) Extent) Extent) Extent)

Evaluating the initial

1 outcomes of the project.
(Pagsusuri sa mga inisyal

100
 na resulta ng proyekto.)

Assigning financial
resources for
2 implementation.
(Pagtatalaga ng mga
pinansyal na
pangangailangan para sa
implementasyon ng
produkto.)

Marketing the Mangrove

3 Forest. (Pagpapakilala ng
Mangrove Forest sa mga
turista o lokal.)
Ensuring that there
4 are adequate
products for the
ecotourism market.
(Pagtiyak na
mayroong sapat
na produkto para
sa merkado.)

Promoting the Mangrove

Forest using different
methods like word of
5 mouth and social media.
(Pagtaguyod ng
Mangrove Forest gamit
ang iba’t ibang paraan
katulad ng pakikipag-
usap/pulong, at pag post
social media.)

101
E. Implementation Phase - to put the shared planning agreements
into practical actions.
( Implementation Phase - tumutukoy sa pagbabahagi ng mga plano ayon
sa napagkasunduan sa pagpaplano sa mga praktikal na aksyon.)

4 3 2 1
I participate in … (Ako
No. ay lumalahok sa …) (Great (Moderate (Slight (Least
Extent) Extent) Extent) Extent)

Dividing the tasks and

responsibilities for the
1 Mangrove forest.
(Pagbibigay ng wastong
pagkakahati-hati ng
gawain at responsibilidad
para sa Mangrove
Forest.)

Monitoring the
2 implementation process.
(Pagbantay o
pagsubaybay sa proseso
ng implementasyon.)

Selecting the suitable

structure for
3 institutionalizing the
implementation process.
(Pagpili ng angkop na
istraktura para sa
institusyonalisasyon
nagpapatupad ng
proyekto.)
Conducting regular

102
 consultations or
meetings to ensure
that there is up-to-
date information
4 needed for
improvements.
(Pagsasagawa ng
mga regular na
konsultasyon o
pagpupulong
upang matiyak na
mayroong
napapanahong
impormasyon para
sa pagpapabuti ng
proyekto.)

Harmonizing the conflict

5 between public agencies.
(Pagsasaayos ng
problema sa pagitan ng
mga pampublikong
ahensya.)

103
 APPENDIX D: PROFILE OF THE PROPONENTS

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Melicent Anne A. Casalla

Address: Pulo, Bolbok Batangas City
Contact No.: 0928-890-1556
E-mail: casallamelicent@gmail.com

OBJECTIVES:
To utilize my leadership experience and expertise to the tourism
and hospitality industry. With my set of competencies in leadership and
teamwork, I am opting for a position of responsibility to work with the rest
of the coworkers and pushing boundaries of our current understanding
and contributing valuable insights to the tourism and hospitality
community.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : BS Tourism Management UNIVERSITY OF

BATANGAS
National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2020 – present

SECONDARY : UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS

National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2018 – 2020

BATANGAS NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL

Rizal Avenue, Batangas City
2014 – 2018

PRIMARY : BOLBOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Bolbok, Batangas City
2008 – 2014

104
 ACHIEVEMENTS:

Batangas Tourism Infographics Competition

Batangas Tourism and Cultural Affairs
December 2022

Digital Org Shirt Design Contest

University of Batangas – CTHM Department
March 2022

Philippine Intercollegiate Tourism Olympics – Digital Poster Making

Contest
1st place National Level
May 2021
st
Philippine Intercollegiate Tourism Olympics
Overall Champion
May 2021

Dean’s Lister
University of Batangas
2020-2022

Academic Achiever
University of Batangas
2018-2020

15th National Science Quest Line Tracing Robot – National Level

CHAMPION
Skyrise Hotel, Baguio City
February 9-11, 2018

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS ATTENDED:

Hydrophonic Gardening Training

University of Batangas Patio Hotel April 2023

Hotel Familiarization
Lime Hotel Manila April 2023

105
Flight Attendant for a day – Workshop
PTC Aviation Training Center April 2023

Filipino Brand of Service

Department of Tourism – CALABARZON University of Batangas – Patio
Hotel March 2023

Revitalizing Business and Tourism in the VUCA World through

Research and Innovation
University of Batangas via Online Platform February 2023

Seminars with WSG University of Poland University of Batangas –

Multimedia Center D-Bldg February 2023

Seminar with WSG Poland University of Batangas February 14, 2023

2nd UBIAN Conference 2023 University of Batangas February 16-17,

2023

Online Hospitality and Tourism Skills Olympics: Celebration of

Local Tourism through Digital Experience
Ms. Nanette Moreno March 23, 2022

JOB INTERVIEW ETIQUETTE WEBINAR

University of Batangas January 27, 2022

Utilization of Digital Marketing to Allure Opportunities & Reinforce

Job of the Future
Dr. Detlev Remy October, 2021

COHREP: The Jobs of the Future

University of Batangas October, 2021

JOB INTERVIEW ETIQUETTE WEBINAR

University of Batangas July 2, 2021

Resume Writing, Job Fair Interview Techniques, and Work Ethics

Webinar
University of Batangas May 31, 2021

Philippine Intercollegiate Tourism Olympics: PITO

Lyceum of the Philippines - Cavite May, 2021
106
Innovation, Diversification, and Adaptation: Tourism and Hospitality
Entrepreneurship Amidst the Pandemic
University of Batangas April 13, 2021

Promoting Local Tourism Amidst Adversity

University of Batangas March, 2021

Tourism Planning and Development in the New Normal Setting

Professor Lloyd Diawan - University Batangas December, 2020

Hospitality and Tourism Professionalism and Work Ethics: Shaping

the Industry of Tomorrow Ma'am Nicole Ladesma - University of
Batangas November, 2020

Career Guidance University of Batangas January 10, 2020

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

DATE OF BIRTH : October 23, 2001

PLACE OF BIRTH : Batangas City
AGE : 20 years old
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
CIVIL STATUS : Single
GENDER : Female
RELIGION : Roman Catholic

FATHER’S NAME : Armando A. Casalla

OCCUPATION : Tricycle Driver
MOTHER’S NAME : Joan A. Casalla
OCCUPATION : Housewife
HEIGHT : 159 cm
WEIGHT : 54 kg
PERSON TO CONTACT INCASE OF : Joan A. Casalla
EMERGENCY

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

107
● Flexible
● Customer-oriented
● Able to manifest leadership and teamwork
● Able to multi-task
● Good time-management
● Computer Literate
● Project Management
● Microsoft Office Suite
● Attention to detail
● Digital Editing

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Ms. Sofia April Hernandez Chairperson BSTO/TM, CBAHM University

of Batangas 09752986602

Ms. Shiela C. Posugac Department Head/Professor University of

Batangas (043)723-1446-Loc 527

Ms. Greslie Gail A. Atijon, MIHM, LPT, CTP

Professor
University of Batangas
(043) 723 - 1446 loc 505 / 09153253865

CONFORME: By signing below, I hereby voluntarily waive any and all

rights I may have to privacy and/or confidentiality pertaining to the
above- mentioned purposes insofar as the information is released solely
to the authorized persons in accordance thereto.

MELICENT ANNE A. CASALLA

Signature over Printed Name
October 28, 2023
DATE SIGNED

108
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Jaslyn S. Borbon

Address: Brgy. Bilogo, Taysan Batangas
Contact No.: 09086764543
E-mail Address: borbonjaslyn@gmail.com

OBJECTIVES
Dedicated and safety-conscious individual with a passion for providing exceptional customer service and
satisfaction for the guests in the tourism, hospitality and travel industry. Seeking a flight attendant position to
leverage my interpersonal skills and ensure a comfortable and secure travel experience for passengers.

WORK EXPERIENCE

Dental Assistant
Ebreo Dental Care Dagatan, Taysan Batangas
October 2021-July 2023

OJT Trainee
Starlite Ferries Inc.
July 2022 – September 2022

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS
National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2020 – Present

109
SECONDARY : University of Batangas
Senior High School
Technical Vocational Livelihood Strand – Home
Economics
National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2018-2020

Dagatan National High School

Junior High School
Dagatan Taysan Batangas
2014-2018

PRIMARY : Dagatan Elementary School

Dagatan Taysan Batangas
2014

AFFILIATIONS

Association of Future Tourism Ambassadors (AFTA)

Member
2020 – Present

University of Batangas – Student Government

Student Councilor
AY 2021-2022 & AY 2022-2023

Padayon Philippines Youth Organization

Member
2020 – Present

ACHIEVEMENTS

NCII Passer in Front Office Services

University of Batangas

110
April 2018

Dean Lister
University of Batangas 2020 - 2023

Amadeus Reservations Essential

University of Batangas
2023Community Extension Service Award
University of Batangas A.Y 2022-2023

UBSG Leadership Recognition

University of Batangas Student Government Ches Amis Reception Hall
August 2023

FA Showmanship Competition
OHTSO 2022
University of Batangas November 2022

UBSG Leadership Recognition

University of Batangas Student Government UB Gymnasium
August 2022

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

Hydrophonic Gardening Training University of Batangas Patio Hotel April 2023

Hotel Familiarization Lime Hotel Manila April 2023

Flight Attendant for a day – Workshop

PTC Aviation Training Center April 2023

Filipino Brand of Service

Department of Tourism – CALABARZON University of Batangas – Patio Hotel March 2023

Revitalizing Business and Tourism in the VUCA World through Research and Innovation
University of Batangas via Online Platform February 2023

Seminars with WSG University of Poland

University of Batangas – Multimedia Center D-Bldg February 2023

UB Student Government Leadership Training

111
 University of Batangas via Online Platform February 2022

Career Opportunities in Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The Jobs of the Future
University of Batangas via Online Platform October 2021

Re-Envisioning Hospitality and Tourism Industry Frontier: Challenges, Trends and Updates Amidst Covid-
19 Pandemic
University of Batangas via Online Platform October 2021

Stress Management During Challenging Times

University of Batangas via Online Platform March 2021

Tourism Planning and Development in the New Normal Setting

University of Batangas December 2020

Hospitality and Tourism Professional and Work Ethics: Shaping the Industry of Tomorrow
University of Batangas November 2020

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

● Communication Skills
● Organized
● Team Player
● Leadership Skills
● Customer Service Oriented
● Time-Management Skills
● Optimistic and Passionate
● Technical Skills
● Microsoft Literacy

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Ms. Sofia April Hernandez

Chairperson BSTO/TM, CBAHM
University of Batangas
09752986602

112
Ms. Shiela C. Posugac
Department Head/Professor
University of Batangas
(043)723-1446-Loc 527

Ms. Greslie Gail A. Atijon, MIHM, LPT, CTP

Professor
University of Batangas
(043) 723 - 1446 loc 505 / 09153253865

CONFORME: By signing below, I hereby voluntarily waive any and all rights I may have to privacy and/or
confidentiality pertaining to the above- mentioned purposes insofar as the information is released solely to the
authorized persons in accordance thereto.

JASLYN S. BORBON
Signature over Printed Name
October 28, 2023
DATE SIGNED

113
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: ANGSIOCO, JHIL HERLYN F.

Address: Brgy. Talangan Nasugbu, Batangas
Contact No.: 0995-975-3489
E-mail Address: 2002470@ub.edu.ph

OBJECTIVES
A well-organized and hardworking individual seeking practical
experience in a responsible job. To get a challenging position at a
recognized firm that will allow me to further my knowledge, experience,
and skills.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS
National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2020 – Present

SECONDARY : RBCORDERO ACADEMY

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
(HUMSS)
Nasugbu, Batangas
2018-2020

RBCORDERO ACADEMY JUNIOR SCHOOL

Nasugbu, Batangas
2014-2018

PRIMARY : NASUGBU WEST CENTRAL SCHOOL

Nasugbu, Batangas
2008-2014

ACHIEVEMENTS

Student Council Vice President

RBCORDERO ACADEMY
109
 (2019-2020)
Dean's List
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS
(2020 present)

Hospitality Institute of America-Philippines Inc. - Tourism Track

Completer
(2022)

Amadeus Reservation and Ticketing Certification Passer

(2022)

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

Online Hospitality and Tourism Skills Olympics: Celebration of

Local Tourism through Digital Experience
Ms. Nanette Moreno March 23, 2022

JOB INTERVIEW ETIQUETTE WEBINAR

University of Batangas January 27, 2022

Utilization of Digital Marketing to Allure Opportunities & Reinforce

Job of the Future
Dr. Detlev Remy October, 2021

JOB INTERVIEW ETIQUETTE WEBINAR

University of Batangas July 2, 2021

Resume Writing, Job Fair Interview Techniques, and Work Ethics

Webinar
University of Batangas
May 31, 2021

Innovation, Diversification, and Adaptation: Tourism and Hospitality

Entrepreneurship Amidst the Pandemic
University of Batangas
April 13, 2021

Promoting Local Tourism Amidst Adversity

University of Batangas March 2021

Promoting Local Tourism Amidst Adversity

University of Batangas
110
 March 9, 2021
Lyceum of the Philippines - Cavite May 2021

Innovation, Diversification, and Adaptation: Tourism and Hospitality

Entrepreneurship Amidst the Pandemic
University of Batangas April 13, 2021

Innovation, Diversification, and Adaptation: Tourism and Hospitality

Entrepreneurship Amidst the Pandemic
University of Batangas April 13, 2021

Promoting Local Tourism Amidst Adversity

University of Batangas March, 2021

Tourism Planning and Development in the New Normal Setting

Professor Lloyd Diawan - University Batangas December, 2020

Hospitality and Tourism Professionalism and Work Ethics: Shaping

the Industry of Tomorrow
Ma'am Nicole Ladesma - University of Batangas November, 2020

Career Guidance University of Batangas January 10, 2020

Tourism Planning and Development in the New Normal Setting

Professor Lloyd Diawan - University Batangas December, 2020

Hospitality and Tourism Professionalism and Work Ethics: Shaping

the Industry of Tomorrow
Ma'am Nicole Ladesma - University of Batangas November, 2020

Career Opportunities in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry: THE

JOBS IN THE FUTURE
University of Batangas October, 2021

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

A. Flexible
B. Strong Communication Skills
C. Able to multi-task
D. Good time-management
E. Computer Literate
F. Creativity

111
 PERSONAL INFORMATION:

DATE OF BIRTH : April 06, 2002

PLACE OF BIRTH : Nasugbu, Batangas
AGE : 21 years old
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
CIVIL STATUS : Single
GENDER : Female
RELIGION : Roman Catholic

FATHER’S NAME : Henry S. Angsioco

OCCUPATION : Chef Cook
MOTHER’S NAME : Merly F. Angsioco
OCCUPATION : Business Woman
HEIGHT : 173 cm
WEIGHT : 60 kg
PERSON TO CONTACT INCASE
OF EMERGENCY : Merly F. Angsioco

CHARACTER PREFERENCES

Ms. Greslie Gail A. Atijon

Department Chairperson BSTO/TM, CTHM University of Batangas
(043) 723-1446 Loc 505 / 0915-325-3865

CONFORME: By signing below, I hereby voluntarily waive any

and all rights I may have to privacy and/or confidentiality pertaining to the
above-mentioned purposes insofar as the information is information is
released solely to the authorized persons in accordance thereto

112
 JHIL HERLYN F. ANGSIOCO
Signature over Printed Name
October 27, 2023

113
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Francesca Maxine Maranan

Address: Purok 2, Gulod Itaas Batangas City
Contact No.: 09054255460
Email: 1800841@ub.edu.ph

OBJECTIVES:
To work in a company where I can enhance my abilities and skills,
to work with my colleagues, to gain professional growth and to be part of
your growing team/organization.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : BS Tourism Management

UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS
National Rd. Kumintang Ibaba Batangas City, 4200
2020-Present

SECONDARY : Senior High School

UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS
National Rd. Kumintang Ibaba Batangas City, 4200
2018-2020

Junior High School

Batangas National High School
Rizal Avenue,Poblacion, Batangas 4200 Batangas
2014-2018

PRIMARY : Gulod Elementary School

Gulod Itaas Batangas City
2009-2014

`AFFILIATIONS:

Junior Tourism & Hospitality Management Association of the

Philippines Institutional Member
April 25,2022- September 30,2024
114
Red Cross Volunteer Batangas Chapter Volunteer
March 30, 2022- Present

UB-CTHM Student Government Student Councilor

2022-Present

Youth Advocate Of The Philippines Region IV-A CALABARZON

Mental Health Awareness Advocate
2020-2021

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Reserve Officer Training Corps Component Certificate of

Completion 401st Community Defense Center Batangas City
2022

COHREP Tourism Skills Competition: Tour Guiding Category Silver

Medalist University of Batangas
2021

Dean’s Lister University of Batangas 2020-2021

National Certificate II in Front Office Services University of Batangas

2019

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS ATTENDED:

Entrepreneurship Essential Under New Normal

University of Batangas
June 2022

Overcoming Social Anxiety: Students Social Adjustment on Face-to

Face Modality
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
May 2022

Promoting Local Tourism Amidst Adversity University of Batangas

May 2022

115
Celebrating Women and the Change they Make for our Community
Zoom Session
KMC, Bonifacio Global City,Metro Manila
March 2022

Bureau of Fire Protection:Fire Safety Webinar

University of Batangas
March 2022

Career Opportunities in Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The Jobs

of the Future
University of Batangas
October 2021

Re-Envisioning Hospitality and Tourism Industry Frontier:

Challenges, Trends and Updates Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic
University of Batangas October 2021

Stress Management During Challenging Times

University of Batangas
March 2021

Tourism Planning and Development in the New Normal Setting

University of Batangas
December 2020

Hospitality and Tourism Professional and Work Ethics: Shaping the

Industry of Tomorrow
University of Batangas November 2020

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

DATE OF BIRTH: December 11,2001

PLACE OF BIRTH: Batangas City
AGE: 20 years old
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS: Single
GENDER: Female
RELIGION: Mormonism
116
 FATHER’S NAME: Edward M. Cauyan
OCCUPATION: OFW
MOTHER’S NAME: Vianney I. Maranan
OCCUPATION: Water Refilling Station Secretary
HEIGHT: 157 cm
WEIGHT: 53 kg
PERSON TO CONTACT
INCASE OF EMERGENCY: Vianney Maranan

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

 Has a growth mindset

 Adaptive to changes
 Can work under pressure
 Good Communication skills
 Detail oriented
 Take Accountability
 Can work with team

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Ms. Sofia April Hernandez Department Chairperson University of

Batangas 09752986602

Ms. Shiela C. Posugac Department Head/Professor University of

Batangas (043)723-1446-Loc 527

Ms. Greslie Gail A. Atijon, MIHM, LPT, CTP

Professor
BSTO/TM, CTHM University of Batangas

CONFORME: By signing below, I hereby voluntarily waive any

and all rights I may have to privacy and/or confidentiality pertaining to the
above-mentioned purposes insofar as the information is information is
released solely to the authorized persons in accordance thereto

FRANCESCA MAXINE MARANAN

Signature Over Printed Name
117
 October 26, 2023
Date Signed

118
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: AYRA ALIAH P. ROMERO

Address: Calicanto Crossing Batangas City
Contact No.: 09956188547
E-mail Address: romeroayra14@gmail.com

OBJECTIVES:
To leverage my leadership skills and critical thinking abilities in a
dynamic work environment, while showcasing adaptability and aim to
drive innovation and growth.

WORK EXPERIENCE

OJT Trainee
Create Sweets Batangas
July 2022 - September 2022

Sales Representative
Create Sweets Batangas
May 2021 - March 2022

Sales Representative
JOMASAVE Enterprise
April 2020 - June 2021

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS
National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2020 – Present

SECONDARY : UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL
Technical Vocational Livelihood Track – Home
Economics
National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2018-2020

119
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
National Road, Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2014-2018

PRIMARY : CALICANTO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Calicanto Batangas City
2008-2014

AFFILIATIONS

University of Batangas Student Council

Executive Secretary
2023 - Present

Padayon Philippines
Marketing and Promotion Manager 2021 – Present

Association of Future Tourism Ambassadors (AFTA)

Member
2020 – Present

Association of Future Tourism Ambassadors

3rd Year Representative 2022-2023

University of Batangas Student Government - College of Tourism

and Hospitality Management
Councilor 2021-2022

Basic Cadet Reserve Officers’ Training Corps

Member 2021-2022

University of Batangas - Senior High School

Class Monitor 2019-2020

ACHIEVEMENTS

Amadeus Reservation and Ticketing Certification

Passer
January 2023

Front Office Services - University of Batangas

NCII Passer April 2019

120
 TRAININGS AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

● Hospitality and Tourism Professionalism and Work Ethics: Shaping

the Industry of Tomorrow - University of Batangas via online platform,
November 2020
● Tourism Planning and Development in the New Normal Setting-
University of Batangas via online platform, December 2020
● Innovation, Diversification, and Adaptation: Tourism and Hospitality
Entrepreneurship amidst the Pandemic - University of Batangas via
online platform, April 2021
● Career Opportunities in Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The Jobs
of the Future- University of Batangas via online platform, October 2021
● Re-Envisioning Hospitality and Tourism Industry Frontier:
Challenges, Trends, and Updates amidst of Covid-19 Pandemic -
University of Batangas via online platform, October 2021
● COHREP: The Jobs of the Future - University of Batangas via online
platform, October 2021
● Hotel Services Department at Starlite Ferries Inc. - Internship, August
2022
● Seminar with WSG Poland -University of Batangas – Multimedia Center
D-Bldg February 2023
● 2nd UBIAN Conference 2023, February, 2023
● Hydrophonic Gardening Training - University of Batangas Patio Hotel,
April 2023
● Hotel Familiarization - Lime Hotel Manila, April 2023
● Flight Attendant for a day – Workshop - PTC Aviation Training Center,
April 2023
● Filipino Brand of Service - Department of Tourism – CALABARZON-
University of Batangas – Patio Hotel, March 2023
● Salubong 2023 - Committee - University of Batangas Student
Government, UB Parking Lot A, August 2023
● Welcome Freshmen 2023 - Committee - University of Batangas
Student Government, UB CQQ Gymnasium, September 2023
● National Seminar-Workshop and Training Program on Drug Abuse

121
 Prevention and Education, CROWN LEGACY HOTEL, BAGUIO CITY,
September 2023
● LeaderShape: Student Development Seminar & Student
Organization Assembly - UB Patio, October 2023

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

DATE OF BIRTH: August 14, 2002

PLACE OF BIRTH: Batangas City
AGE: 21 years old
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS: Single
GENDER: Female
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Allan R. Romero
OCCUPATION: Business Owner
MOTHER’S NAME: Feurelia P. Romero
OCCUPATION: Business Owner
HEIGHT: 163 cm
WEIGHT: 67 kg
PERSON TO CONTACT
INCASE OF EMERGENCY: Allyza Elaine Romero

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

 Leadership
 Creative
 Customer Service
 Flexibility
 Keen attention to detail

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Ms. Sofia April Hernandez Department Chairperson University of

Batangas 097529866

Ms. Shiela C. Posugac Department Head/Professor University of

Batangas (043)723-1446-Loc 527

Ms. Greslie Gail A. Atijon, MIHM, LPT, CTP

122
Professor
BSTO/TM, CTHM University of Batangas

CONFORME: By signing below, I hereby voluntarily waive any

and all rights I may have to privacy and/or confidentiality pertaining to the
above-mentioned purposes insofar as the information is information is
released solely to the authorized persons in accordance thereto

AYRA ALIAH P ROMERO

Signature over Printed Name
October 28, 2023
DATE SIGNED

123
 APPENDIX E: DOCUMENTATION

First ocular visit in the Mangrove Forest in Barangay Malitam.

Date: February 23, 2023

124
1 of 3. Held our second ocular visit with Sir Joel, the officer in duty
from the City ENRO.
2 of 3. Held our second ocular visit with Sir Joel, the officer in duty
from the City ENRO.
Date: February 27, 2023

3 of 3. Held our second ocular visit with Sir Joel, the officer in duty
from the City ENRO.
Date: February 27, 2023
125
The researchers conducted an interview with Konsehala Jeany of
Barangay Malitam to assess the current status of the Mangrove
Forest and its stakeholders.
Date: February 27, 2023

1 of 2. The distribution of survey questionnaires to the local

community of Barangay Malitam has commenced.
Date: September 10, 2023

126
2 of 2. The distribution of survey questionnaires to the local
community of Barangay Malitam has commenced.
Date: September 10, 2023

127
1 of 2. Scanned Copy of the Answered Survey Questionnaires.

Page 1 of 3

128
Page 2 of 3

129
Page 3 of 3

130
2 of 2. Scanned Copy of the Answered Survey Questionnaires.

Page 1 of 3

131
Page 2 of 3

132
Page 3 of 3

133