𝒅𝒏𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟐 𝒚

An equation of the form + 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝒑𝒏 𝒚 = 𝑿 Where X is function of 𝒙 only is

𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝒏−𝟐
called linear differential equation .

THEOREM 1

If we have linear differential equation (𝑫𝒏 + 𝑷𝟏 𝑫𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑫𝒏−𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 𝑫𝒏−𝟑 . . . . . . . . 𝑷𝒏 )𝒚 = 𝟎

Suppose by solving the equation 𝑫𝒏 + 𝑷𝟏 𝑫𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑫𝒏−𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 𝑫𝒏−𝟑 . . . . . . . . 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎 (𝑨𝑼𝑿𝑰𝑳𝑳𝑨𝑹𝒀 𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵), we get
the distinct roots of the equation as 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝑚𝑛 then

Complementary function → 𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆𝒎𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟒 𝒆𝒎𝟒 𝒙 . . . . . . . . 𝑪𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒏 𝒙

THEOREM 2

If the auxiliary equation given above has repeated roots say 𝑚1 repeating twice then the general solution
becomes

𝒚 = (𝒄𝟏 + 𝒙𝒄𝟐 )𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒆𝒎𝟑 𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒏 𝒆𝒎𝒏 𝒙

If this root 𝒎𝟏 is repeated 𝒓 times then the corresponding part of the solution is

𝒚 = (𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒓 𝒙𝒓−𝟏 )𝒆𝒎𝟏 𝒙

THEOREM 3

If the equation has a pair of imaginary roots 𝜶 + 𝒊𝜷 and 𝜶 − 𝒊𝜷 then the corresponding part of the solution is

𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆(𝜶+𝒊𝜷)𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆(𝜶−𝒊𝜷)𝒙

The compact form is as follows 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒙 + 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷𝒙)

If a pair of imaginary roots is repeated twice the corresponding part of the solution can be written as

𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 [(𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷𝒙 + (𝑨𝟑 + 𝑨𝟒 𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷𝒙]

THEOREM 4

If the equation has one root real and irrational of the form 𝜶 + √𝜷 and the other root is 𝜶 − √𝜷 (Pair of
irrational roots) then the corresponding part of the solution is

𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 √𝜷. 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 √𝜷. 𝒙)

THEOREM 5

Solution of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑿 where 𝑿 is a Function of 𝒙

𝟏
𝑿 = ∫ 𝑿𝒅𝒙
𝑫

𝟏
Also 𝑿 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 ∫ 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 . 𝑿 𝒅𝒙
𝑫−𝒂

THEOREM 6

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙

𝟏 𝒂𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒙
𝒆 = 𝒆
𝒇(𝑫) 𝒇(𝒂)

Also,
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝒙 = . 𝒂𝒙
𝒇(𝑫) 𝒇 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂)
(

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THEOREM 7

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 and 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝒆𝒂𝒙 = 𝒙. . 𝒆𝒂𝒙
𝒇(𝑫) 𝒇′(𝒂)

THEOREM 8

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙 = . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙
𝝓(𝑫 ) 𝝓(−𝒂𝟐 )

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙 = . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙
𝝓(𝑫𝟐 ) 𝝓(−𝒂𝟐 )

THEOREM 9

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙 and 𝝓(−𝒂𝟐 ) = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒙. . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙
𝝓(𝑫 ) 𝝓′(𝑫𝟐 )

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙 and 𝝓(−𝒂𝟐 ) = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒙. . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒙
𝝓(𝑫 ) 𝝓′ 𝑫𝟐 )
(

THEOREM 10

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒙𝒎 where 𝒎 is a Positive Integer

P.I. = [𝟏 + 𝝓(𝑫)]−𝟏 𝒙𝒎

THEOREM 11

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑽 where 𝑽 is a function of 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑽 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 . .𝑽
𝒇 (𝑫 ) 𝒇(𝑫 + 𝒂)

THEOREM 12

Particular Integral when 𝑿 = 𝒙𝑽 where 𝑽 is a function of 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝑽 = {𝒙 − . 𝒇′ (𝑫)} . .𝑽
𝒇(𝑫) 𝒇(𝑫) 𝒇(𝑫)

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𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙.
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠

𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2

𝑊𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦1 & 𝑦2 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑢𝑦1 + 𝑣𝑦2

𝑢 & 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 & 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 & 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑦2 𝑋 𝑦1 𝑋 𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑢 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑊 = |𝑦′ |
𝑊 𝑊 1 𝑦′2

𝑖𝑓 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠

𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 + 𝑐3 𝑦3

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑢𝑦1 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑤𝑦3

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 , 𝑣 & 𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦

(𝑦2 𝑦′3 − 𝑦3𝑦′2)𝑋 (𝑦 𝑦′ − 𝑦 𝑦′ )𝑋 (𝑦 𝑦′ − 𝑦 𝑦′ )𝑋

𝑢 = ∫ 𝑊
𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = ∫ 3 1 𝑊 1 3 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤 = ∫ 1 2 𝑊 2 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑊 = | 𝑦′1 𝑦′2 𝑦′3 |
𝑦′′1 𝑦′′2 𝑦′′3

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