IAH-302

Renewable Energy Sources Development Technology

Dr. Amit Bhosale

HRED
achbhosale@hre.iitr.ac.in
Syllabus:

Small Hydro: Small Hydro Power potential and classification of SHP projects; Basic components of
Civil Works; Selection of Electro-Mechanical Equipment.

Wind Energy: Estimation of wind energy potential and site selection; Types of wind mills, their basic
characteristics and applications; Recent Technologies of wind energy conversion system (WECS), wind farms.

Ocean energy-potential, method of harnessing; Geothermal Energy; New technologies for renewable energy;
Integrated renewable energy systems.
Total energy supply of India
Total energy supply (TES) by source

www.iea.org

4
Coal consumption in the country
Coal consumption

5
Oil consumption in the country

6
CO2 emission

economictimes.indiatimes.com
7
Energy perspective of India
The Hydrologic Cycle
 Basic Components of a Hydro Power Plant

P.E.  K.E.  Mech. Energy  Ele. Energy

Head, H

Discharge, Q

Power = flow rate (Q) x Head (H)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8HmRLCgDAI
Hoover Dam – 2000 MW Three Gorges Dam (22000 MW) Tehri Hydropower- 2,400MW

Koyna Hydropower- 2,000 MW

Advantages:
• renewable source of energy
• clean source of energy
• domestic source of energy
• Possible recreational opportunities
• Hydroelectric power is flexible
• providing flood control, irrigation support, and clean drinking water
• Affordable
• compliments other renewable energy sources (e.g. pumped storage hydropower)

Drawbacks:
• Environmental consequences
• High initial cost
• Limited reserves
Classification hydro power plants
Based on Plant Capacity
• micro (<100 kW)
• mini (101 kW-2 MW)
• small hydro (2-25 MW)
• Large Hydro (>25 MW)

Based on head
• Low head < 30 m
• Medium head 30-300 m
• High head > 300 m

Based on Construction Features

• Run-of-river
• Valley dam
• Diversion canal
• High head diversion
• Pumped storage
 • harnesses energy for electricity
production mainly from the available
flow of the river with only small
amounts of water stored
• Practically no storage to modify the
volume of water withdrawn
• Weir is constructed to measure and
regulate the flow
• Power is proportional to the volume of
water flowing in river
• does not make adverse environment
impact like large hydro power plants.
Cheela Dam, Rishikesh (~144 MW)
In diversion canal types, a new canal is made to divert
water so that the main river is not obstructed. The power
plant is placed in a path parallel to the river, and water is
released to the lower part of the river, as shown. This
design takes advantage of the peculiar topography of the
area; a big drop in head is where the power house is
constructed
4. High head diversion
The high head diversion types are almost always
associated with huge waterfalls. Instead of taking away
from the beauty of a waterfall, a power canal is built from
an intake point on the upper end of the waterfall. This
power canal is then directed to the forebay of the power
plant, as shown in the figure. The forebay distributes to a
penstock, which in turn feeds the turbine impeller and the
generator. The power house is located at the bottom of
the waterfall such that the tail race is returned to the river
below. This strategic design preserves the integrity of a
waterfall, which doubles as a tourist spot in many
instances. The water directed to the power plant must be
controlled so as to not empty the waterfall and render it
useless.
There are numerous high head diversion projects around
the world, the most famous of which are the power plants
developed along the awesome Niagara Falls, straddling
Canada and the United States. In the Philippines, the
beautiful Maria Cristina Falls also feeds a high head
diversion power plant. Through well-designed water
diversion, power is produced at the bottom of these
magnificent tourist spots
Pumped storage hydro power plants
are used in electric power systems
to address peak load problems. In
mega-cities, power demands
skyrocket at the beginning of the
work day. During this time, the
demand for power is at its
maximum, and if there is no excess
power available, brownouts and
outages can occur. A pumped
storage system is built to ensure
that when peak power conditions
are experienced, it can deliver the
needed power. Once the power
requirement goes down, the water
released to generate power is
brought back to storage in
preparation for the next peak power
demand
Battery analogy

Discharging mode Electrical energy

BATTERY
(CHEMICAL ENERGY) Charging mode Surplus electrical energy from other
sources such as PV, wind etc.

Generating mode Electrical energy

WATER
(POTENTIAL ENERGY) Pumping mode Surplus electrical energy from other
sources such as PV, wind etc.
 Kalayaan pumped storage:

The plant has two upper reservoirs—Lumot Lake and Lake

Caliraya. Lumot Lake is a natural lake and has a maximum normal
elevation of 290 m. It contains water with an average volume of
21 × 106 m3. Lake Caliraya is a man-made lake developed by the
National Power Corporation (NPC) of the Philippine government
to address the substantial power requirement of metro Manila.
The maximum normal elevation of this lake is around 288 m, and
it has a storage capacity of roughly 22 × 106 m3. A 6 m diameter
pipe runs from the lake to the power plant some 291 m. This
water drop is responsible for generating the necessary electrical
power during peak hours. Unfortunately, if this is done every day,
water would run out at the facility.

Kalayaan pumped storage hydro power plant located in Kalayaan, Laguna (Philippines).
Determine the power generated from the Kalayaan pumped storage facility if the dynamic head is 290
m and the volumetric flow rate is 280 cubic meters per second. Assume overall efficiency of 80%.

𝑃 = 𝑄 × 𝐻 = 9.81 ⁄ × 280 ⁄ × 1000 × 290 𝑚 × 0.8 = 637257 𝑘𝑊 =

637.25 𝑀𝑊 (power output from turbine)

For pump,

𝑃 = 637257000 746 = 854 ℎ𝑝

total maximum time (in hrs and days) for the water from the Caliraya Lake to be emptied when power is
generated continuously at the facility

tim𝑒 (ℎ) = 22 × 10 (280 × 3600) = 22 ℎ

a. Francis Turbine (reaction t/b)
The majority of large hydroelectric power plants use
Francis turbines. Typical head ranges for this turbine type
are 300 to 500 m. Specific speeds for these turbines
range from 60 to 400 rpm.
b. Kaplan Runner (reaction t/b)
The Kaplan runner is a propeller-type turbine, similar to
those found in axial flow fans or rotors for pump boats.
The dynamic head for Kaplan runners ranges from 2 to 70
m. Its specific speeds range from 300 to 1,100 rpm.
c. Pelton Runner (impulse t/b)
This is an example of an impulse turbine with blades that
look like cups. The water jet is impinged, moving the
blades in the opposite direction and turning the shafting
where the blades are attached. Head ranges from 50 to
1300 m, sp. Speed ranges from 4 to 70 rpm.
Pelton turbine:
• Available head is converted into velocity
head (PE to KE) using nozzles
• Free and compact jet causes wheel to
rotate
• Shape of buckets and location determine
the efficiency of t/b
• Buckets: double hemispherical cup shaped
• Spear: flow regulatory arrangement
• Nozzle: Pressure energy is totally converted
into kinetic energy; helps in rotating the
runner
• Pelton wheel: runner on which buckets are
spaced equally.
• Casing: to prevent splashing of water and
helps in discharging the water in tailrace.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbyL--6q7_4
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCpZ737mOWE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCpZ737mOWE&ab_chan
nel=FLOW-3D
 Bucket without notch Bucket with notch

Water jet

Buckets
Buckets
Francis turbine:
• Water enters radially and leaves axially (better than radial discharge)
• Rotation of runner causes outward centrifugal pressure which will
oppose the inward flow of water, thus reducing the flow and output
power. Therefore, automatically prevent racing.
• Cross section of guide vanes is aerofoil which reduces eddies in flow.
• Each guide vane can rotate about its pivot regulated by a mechanism.
• By opening the guide vanes, discharge can be controlled and hence
the output power.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BCiFeykRzo&ab_channel=Lesics
Draft tube:
Diverging c/s
Increases pressure and decreases velocity
Helps in setting t/b at higher altitude
Kaplan turbine:
Axial flow of water (in and out)
Both wicket gates and runner
blades can change angle on
demand hence provides maximum
efficiency over load range
Used for low head and high
discharge
Runner blades to be operated
using a servo motor placed inside
the hub

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU&ab_chann
el=Lesics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU&ab_chann
el=Lesics
Characteristics of turbines:

1. Specific speed:
• Speed in r.p.m. of a homogeneous turbine of a size which would develop unit horse power under unit head.

𝑁 𝑃
𝑁 =
𝐻
H = net head (m)
P = Horse power at full gate opening
Ns = specific speed (rpm)

2. Runaway speed:
• Turbine is coupled with the generator which when connected with the electric load, provides hindrance to running of turbine. Sudden
putting off of the load with wicket gates supplying water to the runner are fully open, then turbine will rotate with very high speed.
• highest speed at maximum head with wicket gates fully open, and the turbine is designed safe for this speed.
• Exceeding this speed may attract complete shattering of turbine parts due to centrifugal force.
• Ratio of runaway to normal speed varies from 1.8-2.8 depending upon the type of turbine.

3. Unit speed:
• Speed under 1 m head with 1 m diameter of turbine

4. efficiency:
• Output of generator to the input (i.e. discharge and net head)
• Independent of type, size, head load and gate opening
Specific speed ranges (rpm):
Pelton t/b: 12-80
Francis t/b: 80-400
Kaplan t/b: 340-1000
Examples:
Head = 40 m, discharge = 0.5 m3/s turbine efficiency = 80% select the
turbine.
N = 120f/P = 120*50/4 = 1500 rpm

Power = g*H*Q*eff

= 9.81(m/s2)*40(m)*0.5(m3/s)*0.8

= 156.96 kW

Therefore, Francis turbine would be suitable.

Example:
Head = 5 m, discharge = 5 m3/s t/b efficiency = 0.8 select the turbine.

Ans:
Power = 9.81xQxH (kW) = 9.81x5x5x0.8 = 196.2 kW

N = 120f/p = 120x50/4 = 1500 rpm

.
rpm

Since 2810> 1000 rpm (maximum value), turbine installation is not possible
here.
Turbine selection chart based on head and flow rate
Turbine type Discharge (m3/s) Head (m) Sp speed Comments
Pelton 0.2-2 50-1300 12-80 High head, low discharge
Francis 0.5-20 300-500 80-400 Medium head, medium
discharge
Kaplan 0.1-50 2-70 340-10000 Low head, high discharge