Previous Year Questions BSO-325 International Relations - Concepts and Issues-II

Previous Year Questions
Political Science BSO-325

6th semester Paper-XX
International Relations: Concepts and Issues-II
By Akhilesh Singh
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UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 1

2 Marks Questions
1. UNESCO
Ans - (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) aims to build
peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences, and Culture. It
promotes world heritage conservation, global literacy, scientific collaboration, and
cultural diversity.
2. Non-traditional security
Ans - Refers to challenges to the survival and well-being of peoples and states that
arise primarily out of non-military sources, such as climate change, resource scarcity,
infectious diseases, natural disasters, irregular migration, food shortages, people
trafficking, and transnational crime.
3. Maastricht Treaty
Ans - The Treaty on European Union, signed in Maastricht in 1992, established the
European Union and introduced new forms of cooperation between the
governments of member states, including the creation of the euro and the Common
Foreign and Security Policy.
4. Panchsheel
Ans - The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, known as Panchsheel, are mutual
respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-
interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful
coexistence.
5. SAFTA
Ans - The South Asian Free Trade Area is an agreement among SAARC countries to
reduce customs duties of all traded goods to zero by the year 2016. Its goal is to
promote and sustain mutual trade and economic cooperation within the SAARC
region.
6. ASEAN Regional Forums
Ans - The ASEAN Regional Forum is a multilateral dialogue in Asia-Pacific region,

consisting of 27 members, that seeks to promote peace and stability through
dialogue and cooperation on political and security issues.

7. ASEAN Regional Forums
Ans - The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a key forum for security dialogue in Asia,
which contributes to the development of a more predictable and constructive
pattern of relations in the Asia-Pacific region.
8. Nuclear Suppliers Group
Ans - The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries
that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials,
equipment, and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.
9. Narco Terrorism
Ans - Narco Terrorism refers to the practices of narcotics traffickers to influence the
policies of a government or society through violence and intimidation, often to
facilitate drug trafficking activities.
10. Hague Peace Conference 1899
Ans - The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 was the first international conference
focused on disarmament and the peaceful resolution of disputes, leading to the
adoption of several important international agreements.
11. Syria Crisis
Ans - The Syria Crisis refers to the ongoing conflict in Syria, which began with
protests during the Arab Spring in 2011 and has since evolved into a complex civil
war with multiple factions and international involvement.
12. European Commission
Ans - The European Commission is the executive branch of the European Union,
responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, and overseeing the
day-to-day operations of the EU.
13. UNESCO
Ans - (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) aims to build
peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences, and Culture.
14. Disarmament

Ans - Disarmament refers to the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and
weapons, with the goal of achieving greater global peace and security.
15. Democratization of foreign policy
Ans - This concept involves making foreign policy decisions more transparent and
inclusive, allowing for greater public participation and scrutiny.
16. South China Sea Conflict
Ans - This refers to the ongoing territorial disputes over islands and waters in the
South China Sea, involving several countries and raising concerns about regional
security and international law.
17. Look East Policy
Ans - India’s policy aimed at strengthening economic and strategic relations with
Southeast Asian nations to bolster its regional influence and counterbalance China’s
strategic presence.
18. Parliament of the European Union
Ans - Also known as the European Parliament, it is the legislative branch of the EU,
representing EU citizens and directly elected by them.
19. Operation Maitri
Ans - A humanitarian mission by the Indian Armed Forces to provide relief after the
April 2015 Nepal earthquake.
20. Mode 4
Ans - Refers to the cross-border movement of persons for the purpose of providing
services within the framework of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
21. South Asian Development Fund
Ans - Aims to promote the welfare of people in the SAARC region, improve quality
of life, and support economic growth, social progress, and poverty alleviation.
22. ASEAN+6
Ans - ASEAN+6 refers to the ten member states of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations plus six other countries: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia,
and New Zealand. This grouping represents a significant collaboration for economic
and strategic partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region.
23. Global War on Terrorism
Ans - Initiated by the United States, the Global War on Terrorism is an international
campaign that includes military, political, and legal actions to counter terrorism. It
emphasizes on dismantling terrorist organizations and ending state sponsorship of
terrorism.
24. The India-China Border
Ans-The India-China Border Dispute is a long-standing territorial disagreement

between India and China. The main points of contention are two large areas along
their 3,440km-long border. The first is Aksai Chin, located at the junction of Kashmir,
Tibet, and Xinjiang, administered by China but claimed by India. The second is south
of the McMahon Line in Arunachal Pradesh, administered by India but claimed by
China.
Post Cold War Politics: Threats andresistance,terrorism

1. **Discuss the important international incidents during Post Cold
War period.(15)
Ans- The Post-Cold War era, a transformative period in international relations, is

marked by significant geopolitical, economic, and social shifts. This period,
beginning with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, has witnessed a range of events
from the rise of globalization and deepening of economic interdependence to major
conflicts like the Gulf War and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War.
1. Dissolution of USSR: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the
end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era in international relations.
The collapse led to the birth of many countries in the Baltic, Eastern Europe,
and Central Asian regions.
2. Fall of Berlin Wall and Unification of Germany: The fall of the Berlin Wall in
1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War and paved the way for the
reunification of Germany.
3. Rise of Globalization and Deepening of Economic Interdependence: The
post-Cold War period witnessed the birth of a new economic order and
international relations were revitalized into international economic relations.
The world has grown more economically interdependence due to advent of

globalization. The countries of the world are more cautious about the
decisions they take because it might effect their economic status.
4. Gulf War: The Gulf War was a significant conflict in the early post-Cold War
period, where a coalition led by the United States expelled Iraqi forces from
Kuwait.
5. First and Second Congo Wars: The First and Second Congo Wars (1996-1997
and 1998-2003, respectively) were two of the deadliest conflicts in recent
history, resulting in millions of deaths in Central Africa.
6. Chechen Wars: The First and Second Chechen Wars were fought between the
Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, in the territory of
Chechnya and the border regions of North Caucasus.
7. Rise of China: After the Tiananmen Square incident, China inherited Japan’s
place as a rapidly growing, export-based economy, one defined by the
continued pre-eminence of the Chinese Communist Party.
8. Emergence of New Economic Order: In 1995, the World Trade Organization
(WTO) was formed to promote a rule-based free trade system.
9. September(9)/11 Attacks: The September 11 attacks in 2001 were a series of
four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda
against the United States.
10. Global War on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq War: The War in Afghanistan
(2001–2021) and the Iraq War were significant conflicts initiated by the United
States and its allies in response to the September 11 attacks.
11. Russo-Georgian War and Russo-Ukrainian War: The Russo-Georgian War
(2008) and the Russo-Ukrainian War (2014) are significant conflicts involving
Russia and its neighboring countries.
12. Ongoing Russia-Ukraine War: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine War, which
started in 2014, has significantly impacted the geopolitical landscape. Despite
Ukraine's efforts to recapture its territory, Russia still occupies a significant
portion of the country. The conflict has seen numerous developments,
including the fall of key eastern towns like Avdiivka and Bakhmut to Russian
forces. The war has also seen the involvement of mercenaries from other
countries.
These events have significantly shaped the post-Cold War international relations
landscape, leading to new alliances, conflicts, and shifts in global power.
2. Discuss the causes and consequences of the emergence of Unipolar

world.
Ans- Causes of the Emergence of Unipolar World

1. Dissolution of USSR: The sudden collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked
the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era in international
relations.
2. Economic Growth in the US: Slower economic growth in Japan and Western
Europe during the 1990s, and America’s outsized military spending have all
enhanced these disparities.
3. Universal Acceptance of Certain Principles: The universal acceptance of the
principles of democracy, decentralization, market economy, globalization,
denuclearization, demilitarization and development gave rise to ideological
unipolarity in the world.
Consequences of the Emergence of Unipolar World
1. Dominance of a Single State(United States): A unipolar world is when the

majority of the world is dominated by a single state or nation’s military and
economic power, and social and cultural influence.
2. Global Debate on the dominance of USA: This extraordinary imbalance has
triggered global debate. Governments, including that of the United States, are
struggling to respond to this peculiar international environment.
3. Absolute Power Projection by USA: Questions have been asked in the
context of a global debate over the projection of power by the former George
W. Bush administration.
4. Containment Policy of USA: Supporting the cause of Tibet- Tibet Policy
Act,2002. Taiwan relations Act.
5. Breeding grouod for Multilateral World Order: The post-Cold War era saw
new perspectives on international cooperation, with concepts like
multilateralism and a revitalized approach towards international organizations.
These causes and consequences have significantly shaped the post-Cold War
international relations landscape, leading to new alliances, conflicts, and shifts in
global power.
3. What is terrorism ? Why do terrorists use violence to achieve their

goals. Explain it.
Ans- Terrorism is generally defined as the calculated use of violence or threat of

violence to instill fear, typically aimed at coercing or intimidating governments or
societies in the pursuit of goals that are political, religious, or ideological. Here’s a
detailed explanation:
What is Terrorism?
 Definition: Terrorism involves the unlawful use of force against non-
combatants to achieve a psychological impact beyond the immediate victims.
The terrorism can be understood as follows:
 An Asymmetrical War
 Weapon of the weak- Guerrilla war against greater enemy
 War of attribution i.e. Proracted struggle(Gradual Struggle)
Distinguishing features
 Propaganda by deeds
 Promoting Polarization
 Clandestine
 Highly publicized violence
Terrorism as a contested concept
a) Conventional Interpretation
 Attack on civilized or humanitarian values
 Threat to Humanity
b) Radical Interpretation
 An attempt to advance justice
 An attempt to counter bigger violence
Purpose
The primary goal is to create a climate of fear and uncertainty, forcing

governments or individuals to change their behavior or policies.
Targets
Terrorists often target civilians or symbolic sites to maximize the psychological

impact of their actions.
Why Do Terrorists Use Violence?
1. To ensure their Visibility: Violent acts ensure media coverage, bringing

attention to the terrorists’ cause.
2. To create Intimidation among people: By creating fear, terrorists aim to
influence policy decisions and public opinion.
3. For Provocation to state: Terrorist attacks often provoke a strong response,
which can lead to further grievances and support for the terrorists’ cause.
4. To Mobilize Political Support: They do it for the prupose of popular support
as people with same ideology might notice and support them.
5. Regional Destabilization: Violence is used to undermine the authority and
stability of a state or region, challenging the status quo.
6. Symbolism: Attacks often have symbolic significance, targeting specific entities
to demonstrate power or highlight vulnerabilities.
Terrorists use violence as a strategy to achieve their objectives when they believe
that no other means will effect the change they desire. It’s a method to gain
leverage over more powerful entities and to amplify their message to a broader
audience. Understanding the motivations and methods of terrorism is crucial for
developing effective counterterrorism strategies and ensuring national and
international security.
4. ***Discuss the anatomy of terrorism. Evaluate also the problems of

terrorism in South Asian context.(15)
Ans- Anatomy of Terrorism
1. Ideological Foundation: At its core, terrorism is driven by an ideology that

justifies the use of violence to achieve certain goals, which may be political,
religious, or social.
2. Organizational Structure: Terrorist organizations typically have a structured

hierarchy or network that includes leaders, operatives, and supporters, each
with specific roles.
3. Tactics and Strategies: Terrorists employ asymmetric warfare tactics like

bombings, kidnappings, and cyber-attacks to challenge stronger adversaries.
4. Psychological Warfare: The primary aim is to create fear and uncertainty,

thereby exerting psychological influence over governments and the public.
The problems of terrorism in South Asia
The problems of terrorism in South Asia are multifaceted and deeply rooted in the
region’s complex socio-political landscape. Here are some of the key issues:
1. Interstate Conflicts: Historical and ongoing tensions between countries,

notably between India and Pakistan, have often been intertwined with
terrorism, complicating peace efforts and regional stability.

2. Ethnic and Religious Tensions: The region’s diverse ethnic and religious
composition has led to separatist movements and religious extremism, which
have sometimes escalated into terrorist activities.
3. Socioeconomic Challenges: Issues like poverty, unemployment, and
marginalization of certain communities contribute to the radicalization process,
providing fertile ground for terrorist recruitment.
4. Political Instability: Weak political institutions and governance issues,
including corruption, can hinder effective counter-terrorism measures and
allow terrorist groups to exploit these vulnerabilities.
5. Border Security: Porous borders and difficult terrain make it challenging to
control the movement of terrorists and their resources across countries in the
region.
6. Lack of Regional Cooperation: Despite shared threats, there is often a lack of
effective cooperation among South Asian countries in addressing terrorism,
partly due to mutual distrust and competing interests.
7. Impact on Development: Terrorism has a detrimental impact on economic
development, as it can deter investment, disrupt trade, and drain resources
that could be used for development.
Addressing these problems requires a coordinated approach that includes

strengthening governance, enhancing regional cooperation, and addressing the
underlying socioeconomic factors that contribute to terrorism.
5. Write a note on Intellectual perspective on terrorism.
Ans- The perspectives of different intellectual ideologies on terrorism can be quite

diverse, reflecting the complexity of the phenomenon. Here’s an overview of how
various ideologies interpret terrorism:
1. Realism: Realists view terrorism as a strategic tool used by state and non-state
actors to achieve political objectives, often emphasizing the role of power and
security in international relations. The role of USA in the rise of Taliban in
Afghsnistan is a prime example of it.
2. Liberalism: Liberals may focus on the importance of international cooperation
and institutions in combating terrorism, advocating for policies that promote
democracy and human rights as antidotes to terrorism.
3. Constructivism: Constructivists argue that terrorism is socially constructed,
meaning that it is defined by the social and political contexts in which it occurs.
They emphasize the role of identity, norms, and discourse in understanding
terrorism.

4. Feminism: Feminist perspectives analyze how gender dynamics influence both
the perpetration of terrorism and the responses to it, highlighting the role of
masculinity and power structures in the propagation of terrorism.
5. Post-Colonialism: The postcolonial view of terrorism is a critical perspective
that challenges traditional Western-centric narratives and emphasizes the
historical and geopolitical contexts of violence. Postcolonial theorists argue
that conventional terrorism studies often overlook the role of race, imperialism,
and the legacies of colonialism in shaping both the actions labeled as
terrorism and the responses to them.
6. Critical Theory: The critical theorists are against essentializing terrorism.
According to them terrorism doesn’t have any linkage to any particular
Nationality, Religion and Culture. They view the context of operation of
terrorism in the Historical, political,social and Cultural aspects & causes
associated with it and suggest that these aspects shouldn’t be neglected while
understanding the concept of Terrorism.
Each of these perspectives offers a unique lens through which to view terrorism,
contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of its causes, manifestations,
and the strategies needed to address it.
Regionalism: SAARC, ASEAN, EU

6. Analyse the importance of SAARC in SouthAsia.
Ans- The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) plays a crucial
role in South Asia’s geopolitical and economic landscape. Here’s an analysis of its
importance:
1. Promotion of Regional Stability SAARC fosters political dialogue among its

members, which is vital for maintaining regional stability. By providing a
platform for regular interaction, SAARC helps mitigate tensions and build
mutual trust among neighboring countries.
2. Economic Integration One of SAARC’s key objectives is to accelerate
economic growth in the region. It has taken significant steps towards
economic integration, including the establishment of the South Asian Free
Trade Area (SAFTA) in 2006, which aims to reduce trade barriers and increase
commerce among member states.
3. Cultural Exchange SAARC promotes cultural exchange, which enhances
mutual understanding and respect among the diverse populations of South
Asia. This cultural diplomacy is essential for fostering a sense of community
and shared identity in the region.

4. Cooperation in Key Areas SAARC members collaborate in various areas such
as agriculture, rural development, environment, energy, finance, human
resource development, and technology. This cooperation is crucial for
addressing common challenges and achieving sustainable development.
5. International Representation SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic
relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with
multilateral entities, including the European Union. This international
representation allows SAARC to advocate for the interests of South Asia on a
global stage.
6. Addressing Regional Issues SAARC provides a forum for discussing and
addressing regional issues such as poverty alleviation, environmental concerns,
and natural disasters. Collective action in these areas is more effective than
individual efforts by states.
In conclusion, SAARC’s importance in South Asia lies in its ability to promote

regional cooperation, economic integration, cultural exchange, and collective action
on shared challenges, thereby contributing to the overall development and stability
of the region.
7. Critically examine the problems and prospects of SAARC.

Or
Describe the hurdles in the way of development of SAARC?
Ans- The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) faces several
challenges that have impeded its progress and effectiveness. Here’s a critical
examination of the problems you’ve listed:
Problems of SAARC
. India vs Pakistan Rivalry
 Historical Conflicts: Long-standing political and military conflicts between

India and Pakistan have often spilled over into SAARC, affecting regional
cooperation.
 Summit Disruptions: The rivalry has led to the cancellation or postponement
of SAARC summits, disrupting the organization’s activities.

2. Protectionist Policies: Member states’ protectionist policies have hindered the
free flow of goods and services, limiting the potential for regional economic
integration.
3. Asymmetrical Size of Members: The significant size and economic disparity

among member states, particularly with India’s dominance, raise concerns about
equitable representation and decision-making.
4. Pending Disputes: Territorial and resource disputes among member countries

remain unresolved, creating an atmosphere of mistrust and hampering
collaboration.
5. No Push Factor: There is a lack of compelling incentives for member states to

prioritize SAARC over their national interests or bilateral relations.
6. Politics Overwhelms Economics: Political issues often take precedence over

economic cooperation, leading to missed opportunities for regional development.
7. Presence of China: China’s growing influence in South Asia has led to reduced
dependency on SAARC, as member states seek bilateral relations with China for
economic and strategic benefits.
8. Lack of Political Will: A lack of political will among member states to advance
SAARC’s agenda has resulted in slow progress and unimplemented agreements.
9. Immature Nationalism: Many SAARC members are relatively new states where
nationalism is still developing, which can lead to inward-looking policies and
reluctance to cede sovereignty for regional goals.
Prospects of SAARC
The prospects of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in
South Asia are multifaceted, with potential for both advancement and challenges.
Here’s an analysis based on the current context and historical performance:
 Trade Potential and Economic development: With the South Asian Free
Trade Area (SAFTA), there is significant potential for increasing intra-regional
trade and investment.
 Counterterrorism: SAARC provides a platform for member states to

collaborate on counterterrorism efforts and address security concerns.
 Conflict Resolution: It can serve as a forum for dialogue and peaceful
resolution of regional disputes.
 Cultural Exchange: The shared cultural heritage of South Asia can be

leveraged to promote understanding and unity.
 Social Development: Cooperation in areas like education, healthcare, and
poverty alleviation can lead to improved social indicators.
 Disaster Management: The region can benefit from a coordinated approach

to natural disaster management and relief efforts.
 Balancing China: SAARC could be a platform to negotiate better terms for

development and trade, balancing the influence of external powers like China.
In conclusion, while SAARC has the potential to significantly impact South Asia’s
future positively, much depends on the member states’ ability to navigate through
the complex political dynamics and commit to the organization’s objectives. If
SAARC can effectively address these challenges, it can harness the region’s full
potential for economic growth, regional stability, and global influence.
8. *Discuss the role of India is SAARC.
Ans- India’s role in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
is central and multifaceted, given its position as the largest member state in terms of
economy, population, and military strength. Here’s an analysis of India’s role in
SAARC:
1. Founding Member: India was instrumental in the establishment of SAARC and

has consistently played a leading role in its initiatives.
2. Promotes Trade among member state: India advocates for increased
regional trade and has been a driving force behind the South Asian Free Trade
Area (SAFTA).
3. Investments in developmental projects: It contributes significantly to
SAARC’s budget and invests in regional projects.
4. Infrastructure Development: India focuses on regional infrastructure
development to enhance connectivity.
5. Role in Poverty Alleviation: It has initiated several programs aimed at poverty
reduction within SAARC member states.
6. Contributes in Education and Security: It supports various initiatives focused
on connectivity, agriculture, energy, tourism, and more.

7. Promotes Regional Stability: India’s approach includes maintaining regional
stability and addressing common security challenges.
Challenges
Perceived Dominance: India’s predominant position sometimes leads to

perceptions of imbalance among smaller member states. They consider India as a
“Big Bully Brother”.
In conclusion, India’s role in SAARC is crucial for the organization’s functioning and
success. India’s initiatives and contributions are key to fostering regional
cooperation, economic growth, and cultural integration in South Asia.
9. What is “Agreement of South Asian Free Trade Area”? Discuss.(15)
Ans- The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) is an agreement reached by the
member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to
create a free-trade area among themselves. Established in 2004 and operational
since 2006, SAFTA aims to promote and sustain mutual trade and economic
cooperation within the SAARC region through the exchange of concessions.
The key objectives of SAFTA include:
1. Reduction of Trade Barriers: To progressively reduce and eventually

eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade among member states.
2. Economic Integration: To promote conditions of fair competition in the
region and ensure equitable benefits to all member states, contributing to
their economic and social development.
3. Trade Facilitation: To facilitate the cross-border movement of goods between
the territories of the member states and improve transparency in trade
regulations.
4. Differential Treatment to LDCs: To provide special and differential treatment
to Least Developed Countries (LDCs) within the SAARC region, helping in
capacity building and allowing them more time to comply with the
agreement’s provisions.
5. Sensitive List: To establish a ‘Sensitive List’ which allows member states to
protect specific industries from competition by not reducing tariffs on listed
items.
6. Dispute Settlement Body: To set up a dispute settlement mechanism to
resolve any disagreements that may arise regarding the interpretation or
implementation of the agreement.

The member states of SAFTA are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The agreement reflects the region’s
commitment to enhancing economic ties and improving the standard of living for its
1.6 billion people.
10. **Describe the role of ASEAN in South East Asia.(15)
Ans- The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has played a significant
role in shaping the region of Southeast Asia through various initiatives and
commitments:
1. Long-Term Qualitative Changes Among Member Countries : ASEAN is at

the forefront of driving sustainable development and tackling climate change.
It facilitates dialogue and activities across sectors like agriculture, energy, and
disaster management, involving key partners to effect long-term qualitative
changes.
2. ASEAN as a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone: Through the Bangkok Treaty and
the establishment of SEANWFZ, ASEAN affirms its commitment to keeping
Southeast Asia free from nuclear weapons, reinforcing the NPT and
contributing to global peace and security.
3. Economic Diversity in Southeast Asia: Southeast Asia’s economic diversity,
with a mix of developed and rapidly growing economies, is a strength that
ASEAN capitalizes on to attract international investments and promote
inclusive economic growth.
4. Commitment to Protecting Human Rights: ASEAN’s diverse economies,
from advanced to emerging, create a dynamic region that attracts global
investment and fosters inclusive growth.
5. Promoting Peace and Security: One of ASEAN’s key mandates is to promote
peace and security in Southeast Asia, which it does through diplomatic
engagement and conflict resolution mechanisms
6. As an uniting force against China: ASEAN navigates a delicate balance with
China, upholding regional unity and legal frameworks like UNCLOS for dispute
resolution, while engaging China diplomatically. It seeks strategic autonomy
amidst US-China rivalry, aiming for a multipolar order without alienating China,
despite varying national interests among its members.
These roles highlight ASEAN’s multifaceted approach to enhancing the well-being of

its member states and their citizens, contributing to the region’s stability, prosperity,
and international standing.

11. *Discuss the vision of ASEAN 2020.
Ans- The vision of ASEAN 2020, adopted in Kuala Lumpur in 1997, aimed to
transform the region into a ‘Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality’. Key
components included:
1. Peaceful and Stable Southeast Asia: ASEAN aims to be a Zone of Peace,

Freedom, and Neutrality, with nations at peace with themselves and others,
resolving disputes peacefully, and free from nuclear weapons and other
weapons of mass destruction.
2. Economic Integration: The goal is to create a cohesive and integrated ASEAN
Economic Region with a free flow of goods, services, investments, and capital,
along with equitable economic development and reduced socio-economic
disparities.
3. Dynamic Development: ASEAN plans to maintain economic performance,
enhance cooperation, and achieve global competitiveness, with strategies like
implementing the ASEAN Free Trade Area, realizing the ASEAN Investment
Area, and promoting SMEs.
4. Caring Societies: The vision includes a community conscious of its history and
identity, where social justice and the rule of law prevail, and issues like poverty,
malnutrition, and drug trafficking are addressed effectively.
5. Equitable Access and Inclusivity: ASEAN aimed to provide equitable access
to opportunities for all people in the region, without discrimination based on
gender, race, religion, language, or cultural background.
6. ASEAN Regional Forum: The ASEAN Regional Forum was envisioned as a key
platform for confidence-building, preventive diplomacy, and promoting
conflict resolution in the region.
This comprehensive vision was designed to guide ASEAN towards a future of peace,
stability, and shared prosperity by the year 2020.
12. What is AFTA? Discuss.
Ans- AFTA - ASEAN Free Trade Area
Purpose: AFTA aims to increase ASEAN’s competitive edge as a production base in

the world market. It focuses on the liberalization of trade in the region through the
elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers.
Key Elements:
The key provisions of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) include:
1. Tariff Liberalization: AFTA aims to increase ASEAN’s competitive edge as a
production base in the world market by eliminating tariffs and non-tariff
barriers within ASEAN.
2. Economic Integration: The agreement seeks to attract more foreign direct

investment to ASEAN and establish a single market and production base with
free flow of goods by 2015 for the ASEAN Economic Community.
3. Rules of Origin: AFTA includes rules that determine the country of origin of a
product for the purpose of international trade.
4. Trade Facilitation: The agreement emphasizes measures to facilitate trade

among member countries, including harmonizing procedures and standards.
Impact: AFTA has facilitated more robust economic integration among member
states, leading to increased intra-regional trade and investment.
Challenges: While AFTA has brought benefits, it also poses challenges such as the
need to balance economic growth with equitable development and to address
disparities among member countries.
The conclusion of a document, such as the ASEAN Vision 2020, is typically presented
in a paragraph format to succinctly summarize the main points and restate the
document’s goals or intentions. It serves as the final impression and provides closure
to the readers, emphasizing the key takeaways and reinforcing the document’s
purpose.
13. Write a note on European Union. (15)

Or
**Explain the Origin and Evolution of European Union.
Ans- The European Union was a brainchild of French Foreign Minister- Robert
Schuman and French statesman- Jean Monnet.
Origin
The idea of the EU originated after World War II, with the aim of preventing future
wars by integrating economic activities. The initial step towards this integration was
the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951. This
was followed by the signing of the Treaties of Rome in 1957, which led to the

creation of the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic
Energy Community (EAEC).
Evolution
The EU has undergone several stages of expansion and development since its
inception:
 1958-1972: The EU developed through further economic integration and the

beginnings of international cooperation.
 1973-1993: This period saw the first addition of new members (Denmark,
Ireland, and the United Kingdom), European elections, and a regional policy to
boost poorer areas.
 1993-2004: The Maastricht Treaty created the EU with its pillars system,
including foreign and home affairs alongside the European Communities. This
led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro.
 2004-2007: This period is known as the great enlargement and
consolidation, with 12 new countries joining the EU.
 2008-2016: The EU faced a European crisis during this period.
 2016-2020: This period was marked by Brexit, where the UK voted to leave
the EU.
 2020-Present: The EU has been responding to unprecedented challenges such
as the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, and
fighting climate change.
The EU’s development has been based on a supranational foundation that aimed to
“make war unthinkable and materially impossible” and reinforce democracy amongst
its members. The EU continues to evolve in response to the changing global
landscape.
Theoretical base Behind the formation of EU
1. Economic Interdependence
2. Functionalism
3. Democratic Peace Theory
Principal Institutions of Governance
The European Union (EU) is governed by seven principal institutions. These are:
1. European Parliament: Represents the EU’s citizens and is directly elected by

them.

2. European Council: Consists of the heads of state or government of the EU
member states.
3. Council of the European Union: Comprises one representative from each EU
member state at the ministerial level.
4. European Commission: The EU’s politically independent executive arm,
responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the
EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
5. Court of Justice of the European Union: Ensures EU law is interpreted and
applied the same in every EU country.
6. European Central Bank: Responsible for European monetary policy.
7. European Court of Auditors: Checks the financing of the EU’s activities.
These institutions work together to set the EU’s political agenda, negotiate and
adopt EU laws, coordinate policies, and manage EU budget. They ensure the smooth
functioning of the EU and work to uphold its values and objectives.
Crisis of EU
Internal Factors
1. Europhilic Nations vs Europhobic Nations
2. Old Europe(Prevalent Democratic culture) vs New Europe(Democracy new to

them)
3. Core countries vs PIGS countries- Unwilling to pay taxes
4. Rise of Righ in Europe
 Alternate for Germany
 Brothers of Italy
 Sweden Democrats
External Factors
1. Transnational Terrorism
2. Ukraine Crisis
3. Energy Crisis due to Ukraine Russia War
The European Union, born out of the desire for peace after World War II, has evolved
through stages of expansion and faced various crises. Governed by seven principal
institutions, it continues to navigate challenges, guided by theories of economic
interdependence, functionalism, and democratic peace. Despite internal and external
pressures, the EU remains a testament to the power of supranational cooperation
and integration.

14. Write an essay on European Economic Community.
Ans- Title: The European Economic Community: A Pillar of European

Integration
The European Economic Community (EEC) represents a significant chapter in the

history of European integration. Established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the EEC
aimed to foster economic cooperation among its member states.
Origins of the EEC
The EEC was created in the aftermath of World War II, with the primary goal of
preventing future conflicts in Europe. The founding members of the EEC were
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The idea
was to integrate the economies of these countries so closely that war would become
unthinkable.
Aims and Achievements of the EEC
1. Creating a Common Market: The European Economic Community (EEC) was

designed to create a common market among its member states. This was
achieved through the elimination of most trade barriers and the establishment
of a common external trade policy. The first reduction in EEC internal tariffs
was implemented in January 1959, and by July 1968, all internal tariffs had
been removed. As a result of these measures, trade among the EEC’s members
quadrupled in value between 1958 and 1968.
2. Establishment of a Common Agricultural Policy: In addition to creating a
common market, the EEC also established a common agricultural policy in
1962. This policy was designed to protect EEC farmers from agricultural
imports. Over the years, this policy has played a significant role in the EEC and
continues to be a crucial aspect of the European Union today.
Governance of the EEC
The EEC was governed by several institutions, including the Commission, which
formulated and administered EEC policies; the Council of Ministers, which enacted
legislation; the European Parliament, which was initially a strictly consultative body;
and the European Court of Justice, which interpreted community law and arbitrated
legal disputes.
Transition to the European Union

In 1993, the EEC was integrated into the first pillar of the newly formed European
Union and was subsequently renamed the European Community (EC). The EC, or
Common Market, then became the principal component of the EU. It remained as
such until 2009, when the EU legally replaced the EC as its institutional successor.
Conclusion
The European Economic Community was a significant step towards economic

integration in Europe. It laid the groundwork for the creation of the European Union,
demonstrating the potential of economic cooperation in promoting peace and
stability. Today, the legacy of the EEC continues to influence the policies and
direction of the European Union.
15. Discuss the Indo-EU Relations.(15)
Ans- The relationship between India and the European Union (EU) is based on
shared values and principles such as democracy, rule of law, rules-based
international order, and multilateralism. The ties are multifaceted and cover a broad
spectrum of topics including trade, investment, climate change, science and
technology, digital, connectivity, and agriculture.
Historical Background
India-EU bilateral relations date back to the early 1960s, with India being amongst
the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with the European Economic
Community in 1962. The Joint Political Statement signed in 1993 and the
Cooperation Agreement signed in 1994 opened the way for strengthening the
bilateral ties. The relationship was upgraded to a ‘Strategic Partnership’ during the
5th India-EU Summit held in 2004 in The Hague.
Official status- Strategic Partners since 2004.
Actual Status
Big gap on strategic issues
 Opposed position on Russia Ukraine war

 Kashmir issue
 Conflicting interests at WTO
Partnership based on weak ideas

 On promoting peace, creating jobs, boosting economic growth
 Traditional financial assistance to partnership
 2030 agenda for sustainable development
High-Level Engagements
As of now, 15 Summits have been held between India and the EU. The 15th India-EU
summit was held in virtual mode on 15 July 2020. It saw the adoption of a wide-
ranging joint statement and also an India-EU Strategic Partnership Roadmap for
2025. The first-ever India-EU Leaders’ Meeting was held on 08 May 2021 in hybrid
mode in Porto, Portugal.
Trade Relations
The EU is a significant trade partner for India . Indo-EU bilateral trade (excluding
services trade) stood at US$104.3 billion in the financial year 2018–19. The EU is
India’s largest trading partner with 12.5% of India’s overall trade between 2015 and
2016.
India EU Broad based trade and investment agreement(BTIA)
The two sides have been attempting to negotiate a free trade deal since 2007. But it
ends on a deadlock every time. Because of the matters of dairy, automobile, It sector
and service sector.
Bone of Contentions in India and EU relations
 India’s protectionism
 Termination of Bilateral Investment treaties
 Trade below potential
Conclusion
The Indo-EU relations have evolved over the years, reflecting the changing dynamics
of global diplomacy. The partnership is not just based on trade and investment but
also includes cooperation in areas like climate change, science and technology, and
digital connectivity. Despite challenges, the relationship continues to grow,
underpinned by shared values and mutual interests.

16. Analyse the opportunities and challenges of India-European
Union (EU) relations.(15)
Ans- Opportunities in India-European Union Relations
1. Strategic Partnership: The India-EU Strategic Partnership Roadmap to 2025

provides a common roadmap to guide joint action and further strengthen the
India-EU Strategic Partnership1. This partnership can contribute jointly to a
safer, cleaner, and more stable world.
2. Trade and Investment: The EU is one of India’s largest trading partners,
offering significant trade and investment opportunities 2. There are potential
ways forward for EU-India trade and investment negotiations, such as a
comprehensive agreement similar to that reached between the EU and
Vietnam.
3. Security Cooperation: The roadmap also includes strengthening cooperation
on shared objectives of non-proliferation and disarmament, maritime security,
counter-terrorism, and cyber security.
4. Climate Change: Both India and the EU have a shared interest in combating
climate change. They can jointly contribute to achieving the goals of the Paris
Agreement.
Challenges in India-European Union Relations
1. Trade Agreement: Despite several rounds of negotiations, India and the EU

have not been able to reach a Free Trade Agreement. Differences related to
the level of FDI & market access, manufacture of generic drugs, greenhouse
gas emissions, and other issues have stalled talks.
2. Regulatory Issues: Indian businesses have voiced concerns about regulatory
issues like high technical standards and carbon tax imposed by the European
Union.
3. Political Commitment: Previous summits have failed to address the
differences between India and the EU due to a lack of political commitment
from both sides.
4. Abrogation of Article 370: EU is against India’s move of abrogating the
Article 370, which is a bone of contention between both the countries.
In conclusion, while there are significant opportunities for strengthening India-EU

relations, addressing the challenges will require sustained effort and mutual
understanding from both sides.

Foreign Policy: Objectives and Determinants: Foreign
Policies of USA, USSR and Russia, China and India after
the Second World War
17. What are the major determinants of Foreignpolicy of any
country ? Discuss.(15)
Ans- The foreign policy of any country is influenced by a variety of factors. These
determinants can be broadly classified into internal and external factors. Here are
some of the major determinants:
1. Geography: The geographical location, climate, and natural resources of a

country significantly influence its foreign policy.
2. Domestic Politics and Social Structures: The political climate, societal norms,
and internal dynamics of a country can shape its foreign policy.
3. International Environment: The global political climate, international relations,
and global trends can impact a country’s foreign policy.
4. Economic Development: The economic strength and development level of a
country can determine its foreign policy priorities.
5. Role of Military: The military strength and strategic considerations of a
country can influence its foreign policy.
6. Role of History and Culture: Historical experiences and cultural factors can
shape a country’s foreign policy.
7. Size of State Territories: The size and geographical spread of a country can
influence its foreign policy.
8. Leadership: The personality, beliefs, and values of a country’s leadership can
significantly impact its foreign policy.
9. Political Accountability: The level of democracy and political accountability in
a country can shape its foreign policy.
10. Ideology: The ideological orientation of a country’s leadership can
significantly impact its foreign policy.
11. Diplomacy: The effectiveness of a country’s diplomatic machinery can
influence its foreign policy.
12. Public Opinion: The views and opinions of the public can influence a
country’s foreign policy.
13. Technology: Technological capabilities of a country can influence its foreign
policy, especially in areas like defense, communication, and space exploration.
14. Alliances and International Treaties: The alliances a country is part of and
the international treaties it has signed can shape its foreign policy.

These factors are interrelated and can change over time, leading to shifts in a
country’s foreign policy.
18. **Discuss the main features of the U.S. foreign Policy.(15)
Ans- The foreign policy of the United States is shaped by a variety of factors and
has several key features:
1. Protection of U.S. and Its Citizens: The primary goal of U.S. foreign policy is
to ensure the safety and security of the United States and its citizens.
2. Maintenance of Access to Key Resources and Markets: The U.S. aims to
maintain access to essential resources and markets. This includes ensuring the
free flow of trade and protecting economic interests abroad.
3. Preservation of a Balance of Power in the World: The U.S. seeks to maintain
a balance of power in the world, preventing any one country or group of
countries from dominating others.
4. Protection of Human Rights and Democracy: The U.S. is committed to
promoting human rights and democratic values globally.
5. Military Predominance: The U.S. maintains military predominance and builds
an extensive network of allies.
6. Integration of States into U.S.-Designed International Institutions: The U.S.
works to integrate other states into international institutions that it has helped
design, such as the IMF, WTO/GATT, and World Bank.
7. Limiting the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: The U.S. aims to limit the spread
of nuclear weapons.
8. Promotion of Free Trade: The U.S. has traditionally been a strong advocate for
free trade and has entered into numerous trade agreements with countries
around the world to promote economic growth and prosperity.
9. Global Peacekeeping: The U.S. often plays a significant role in global
peacekeeping efforts, contributing troops and resources to United Nations
peacekeeping missions.
10. Counterterrorism: In response to global terrorism, the U.S. has developed
policies and strategies to counteract terrorist activities, often working in
cooperation with other nations.
11. Climate Change and Environmental Issues: The U.S. participates in
international efforts to address climate change and other environmental issues.
This includes participation in international agreements such as the Paris
Agreement.

12. Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The U.S. works with other countries and
international organizations to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.
These features are guided by the officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the
United States, which are "to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and
prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international
community".
19. Discuss the foreign policy of Britain.
Ans- The foreign policy of Britain, also known as UK’s foreign policy, is shaped by a
variety of factors and has several key features:
1. Seeking Global Role: The UK seeks to pursue an active and activist foreign
policy, working with other countries and strengthening the rules-based
international system in support of its values.
2. Historical Legacy: The UK’s historical experiences, including its colonial past
and its role in world wars, have significantly influenced its foreign policy.
3. Promoting Economic Interests: The UK’s foreign policy is often driven by its
economic interests, including the protection of trade routes and access to
markets.
4. Security Concerns: The UK’s foreign policy also focuses on national security
concerns, including counter-terrorism and defense cooperation.
5. Human Rights and Democracy: The UK has a strong commitment to
promoting human rights, democracy, and the rule of law internationally.
6. Multilateralism: The UK is committed to multilateralism and plays an active
role in international institutions such as the United Nations and NATO.
7. Role in combating Climate Change: The UK is actively involved in
international efforts to combat climate change and is committed to achieving
the goals of the Paris Agreement.
8. Post-Brexit Vision: Following Brexit, the UK government has outlined a vision
for a ‘Global Britain’, which involves playing a more active role in global affairs.
These features are guided by the officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the
UK, which are to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world
for the benefit of the UK and the international community.
20. *Discuss the foreign policy of Russia.(15)
Ans- The foreign policy of Russia is shaped by a variety of factors and has several
key features:
1. Global Role and Great Power Status: Russia seeks to maintain its global
influence and status as a major world power. It sees itself as a unique country-
civilization and a vast Eurasian and Euro-Pacific power.
2. Promoting National Interests: Russia pursues an independent and multi-
vector foreign policy driven by its national interests. These interests include
ensuring national security, preserving and strengthening its sovereignty and
territorial integrity, and achieving strong positions of authority in the world
community.
3. Peaceful Foreign Policy: Despite its assertive stance on many global issues,
Russia describes its foreign policy as peaceful, open, predictable, consistent,
and pragmatic. It is based on respect for universally recognized principles and
norms of international law.
4. Historical Legacy and Continuity: Russia’s foreign policy is heavily influenced
by its historical experiences, including its time as the Soviet Union 2. It sees
itself as the successor of the USSR and takes into account its decisive
contribution to the victory in World War II.
5. Foreign Policy Doctrines: Russia’s official security doctrines detailed in its
 2014 Military Doctrine,

 2015 National Security Strategy,
 2016 Foreign Policy Concept,
 2017 Naval Strategy, and
 2020 Principles of Nuclear Deterrence Strategy
guide its foreign policy. These doctrines reflect Russia’s view of the world and
its place in it.
6. Evolution of Russia’s Foreign Policy: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
Russia’s foreign policy has undergone a process of evolution from exploration
to establishment, which can be divided into six stages, namely Pro-Western
Diplomacy (1991–1995), Multipolar Diplomacy (1996–2000), Great Power
Pragmatism (2001–2004), Neo-Slavism (2005–2008), Stability and Cooperation
Diplomacy (2009–2013), and Great Power Diplomacy (2014–present).
7. New Global Strategy: Recently, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a
new foreign policy strategy aimed at curtailing Western “dominance” while
drawing the country closer to China and India
8. Diplomatic Theories: Three diplomatic theories, i.e., Westernism, Eurasianism,
and Slavism, have also had a significant impact on Russian foreign policy
decisions.

In conclusion, Russia’s foreign policy is complex and multifaceted, reflecting its
unique history, national interests, and global role. It is guided by various doctrines
and theories, and continues to evolve in response to the changing global landscape.
21. *Discuss the foreign policy of Russia after cold war (from 1992 to
2018).(15)
Ans- The foreign policy of Russia has undergone substantial shifts in the post-Cold
War period. From 1991 to 2024, Russia’s foreign policy evolved through several
stages:
1. Pro-Western Diplomacy (1991–1995): Initially, Russia pursued a pro-Western

foreign policy, focusing on cooperative relations with the West.
2. Multipolar Diplomacy (1996–2000): This period saw a shift towards
multipolar diplomacy, reflecting Russia’s desire for a more balanced global
power structure.
3. Great Power Pragmatism (2001–2004): Under President Vladimir Putin,
Russia pursued a pragmatic foreign policy, seeking to balance its relations with
the West while asserting its interests.
4. Neo-Slavism (2005–2008): This period saw a resurgence of Slavic identity in
Russia’s foreign policy, with a focus on closer ties with Slavic and Orthodox
Christian countries.
5. Stability and Cooperation Diplomacy (2009–2013): Russia sought to
promote global stability and cooperation, while also asserting its role as a
great power.
6. Great Power Diplomacy (2014–present): This period was marked by
increased assertiveness in Russia’s foreign policy, including the annexation of
Crimea in 2014.
The milestone policy statement envisions Russia as ‘a vast Eurasian and Euro-
Pacific power’ at the centre of a new global order defined by its opposition to
the West. It describes an aggressive, combative and revanchist policy intended
to increase Russia’s power globally. A core contention of the foreign-policy
concept is that the non-Western world is rising and that the Western world,
declining politically and economically, is weaponising international law and
economic sanctions to thwart Russia and its friends.
These stages reflect a series of factors, including changes in Russia’s domestic

political and economic development, the vagaries of the international landscape,
and the diplomatic philosophy of Russian leaders. Over the past three decades,

Russia’s foreign policy has been characterized by continuity in changes and its
continuity is manifested in the pursuit of great power status, the emphasis on
national security, the pursuit of international power, the utilization of international
mechanisms, and the focus on economic diplomacy. For a long time to come, Russia
will continue to pursue the Great Power Diplomacy.
22. **Write an essay on China’s foreign policy.
Ans- China, known officially as the People’s Republic of China (PRC), has
established itself as a key player in global diplomacy, fostering relationships with 180
United Nations member states and various international organizations. Its foreign
policy, rooted in the principles of peace and mutual benefit, aims to safeguard its
sovereignty while promoting global prosperity.
Independent Policy of Peace China’s commitment to an independent foreign

policy of peace is designed to protect its independence and territorial integrity. This
approach is evident in its stance on not engaging with countries that recognize
Taiwan, emphasizing the importance of sovereignty in its diplomatic engagements.
Global Presence and Influence As a permanent member of the United Nations

Security Council, China wields significant influence in international affairs. Its active
participation in the UN and other multilateral organizations reflects its dedication to
maintaining world peace and contributing to common development.
Regional Stability and Cooperation China’s relations with neighboring countries

have evolved into more stable and cooperative partnerships, particularly with ASEAN
members. The establishment of forums like the ASEAN Plus Three meetings and the
East Asia Summit underscores China’s commitment to regional harmony.
Navigating Territorial Disputes Despite its peaceful overtures, China faces

unresolved territorial disputes in the South China Sea and the East China Sea. These
conflicts have impacted its reputation among the involved countries, highlighting
the complexity of balancing national interests with regional stability.
Sino-Indian Relations: A Complex Tapestry The relationship between China and

India has experienced significant fluctuations, marked by border conflicts and trade
imbalances. While economic ties have strengthened, territorial disputes over regions
like Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh continue to strain bilateral relations.
Conclusion

China’s foreign policy reflects a blend of steadfast adherence to its core principles
and a pragmatic approach to international relations. By navigating complex
geopolitical landscapes and fostering cooperative ties, China aspires to create a
favorable environment for its development and contribute to a peaceful and
prosperous world.
23. *Discuss the foreign policy of India.
Ans- India’s foreign policy is a complex framework designed to navigate the

country’s relationships with other nations and international entities. It is based on
several principles and objectives, which are influenced by both domestic and
international factors. Here are some key aspects:
Determinants: India’s foreign policy is influenced by domestic factors like history,

culture, geography, economy, and international factors such as Cold War rivalry, UN
establishment, arms race, anti-colonialism, and anti-imperialism.
Extent of Diplomatic Relations: India maintains full diplomatic relations with 201
states, including Palestine, the Holy See, and Niue. The Ministry of External Affairs
(MEA) is responsible for conducting India’s foreign relations.
Principles and Objectives: India’s foreign policy is guided by principles of national

security, sovereign equality, respect for all races, and opposition to colonialism. It
evolves with changes in domestic and international politics.
Phases of India’s Foreign Policy
 From 1947 to 1990s- Non Aligned with a tilt towards USSR

 After 1990s- A tilt towards West and balancing out the relations with
West and Russia.
Policies Guiding Foreign Policy of India
1.Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: This means "The World Is One Family". It emphasizes

a global perspective, prioritizing the collective well-being over individual or family
interests. It encourages thinking about the welfare of others, fostering global
solidarity and responsibility, especially in addressing crucial issues like climate
change, sustainable development, peace, and tolerance of differences.
2.Panchsheel: The Panchsheel Agreement, also known as the Five Principles of

Coexistence, was first codified during an agreement between India and China in
1954. The principles are as follows:

 Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
 Mutual non-aggression
 Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
 Equality and mutual benefit
 Peaceful co-existence
3.Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum

of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
It was founded with the view to advancing interests of developing countries in the
context of Cold War confrontation. The movement originated in the aftermath of the
Korean War, as an effort by some countries to counterbalance the rapid bi-
polarization of the world during the Cold War.
4.Neighbourhood First Policy: Introduced in 2008, the Neighbourhood First Policy

(NFP) aims to foster stronger ties, enhance regional cooperation, and address
mutual concerns with immediate neighbouring countries4. The principles of
engagement under NFP were 5S (Samman, Samvad, Shanti, Samriddhi, and Sanskriti).
It prioritizes enhancing connectivity, infrastructure, development cooperation,
security, and fostering greater people-to-people contacts.
5.Look East/Act East Policy: The Look East Policy was launched in 1991 to shift
India’s trading focus from the west and its neighbors towards the fast-rising
economy of Southeast Asia. It was succeeded by the Act East Policy in 2014, which
aimed to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the nations of
Southeast Asia. This policy is based on 4 C’s – Culture, Commerce, Connectivity, and
Capacity Building.
6.Aggressive Foreign Policy Post-2014: Since Prime Minister Narendra Modi came
to power in 2014, there has been a noticeable shift in India’s foreign policy. The
traditionally “non-aligned” approach has given way to a more assertive stance in
international relations. This is particularly evident in India’s dealings with its
neighbors and other global powers
7.Shift from NAM to Balanced Alignment between West and Russia: While
India’s foreign policy was heavily determined by the policy of non-alignment during
the Cold War, today, India skillfully maneuvers between China-led or Russia-led
groupings such as the BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO),
along with its involvement in US-led groupings such as the Quadrilateral Security
Dialogue (Quad). This shift from non-alignment to multi-alignment reflects India’s
pragmatic approach to international relations in the contemporary world.

8.The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD): The QUAD, a strategic dialogue
between Australia, India, Japan, and the United States, is seen as a response to
increased Chinese power. The members share a vision for a Free and Open Indo-
Pacific.
In conclusion, India’s foreign policy has evolved over time, reflecting changes in the
global political landscape and India’s own strategic interests. It has moved from a
strict adherence to non-alignment during the Cold War to a more flexible approach
today, engaging with both Russia and Western powers based on its national
interests.
24. Briefly discuss Look East Policy and Act EastPolicy.
Ans- Look East Policy
Launched in 1991 by the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, the Look East Policy
marked a strategic shift in India’s perspective of the world.
Objectives:
1. The objective was to develop political, economic, and security cooperation

with countries in Southeast Asia.
2. This policy was a response to the changing geopolitical scenario due to the
dominance of China in Southeast Asia. Hence aimed to counter China in the
neighbourhood.
3. The policy tends to connect to ASEAN and the East Asian nations with an
asianisation content
Act East Policy
The Act East Policy, announced in 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is an
upgrade of the Look East Policy.
Objectives:
1. It aims to promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, and develop strategic

relationships with countries in the Asia-Pacific region through continuous
engagement at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels.
2. The policy not only focused on developing political cooperation but also a
cultural and strategic relationship between India and the extended
neighbourhood of the Asia Pacific region.

3. Continuous engagement with these countries at regional, bilateral, and
multilateral level
4. Greater impetus on people-to-people contacts, involvement in infrastructure
projects of India, and enhanced cooperation in Maritime security-related
issues.
This policy is based on 4 C’s – Culture, Commerce, Connectivity, and Capacity

Building. It provides enhanced connectivity to the States of North Eastern Region
with other countries in our neighborhood.
In conclusion, both policies represent India’s strategic efforts to strengthen its ties
with Southeast Asia and the broader Asia-Pacific region, reflecting the country’s
evolving geopolitical interests and priorities. While the Look East Policy initiated this
shift, the Act East Policy represents a more proactive and comprehensive approach
towards achieving these objectives.
25. Throw light on relations between India and Central Asian

Republics.(15)
Ans- India’s relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) - Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan - have been growing steadily.
Here are some key aspects:
Historical Ties: India has had relations with Central Asia since ancient times,
facilitated by the Silk Route. During the Soviet period, culture, music, dance, movies,
and literature bound the Soviet Republics closely with India.
Diplomatic Relations: India established diplomatic relations with all the five Central
Asian republics immediately after their independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
The relations have been marked by high-level visits and interactions.
Economic Relations-Chabahar Port and INSTC: India has been trying to enhance
its economic ties with the CARs. However, the lack of direct land connectivity has
been a major impediment. India has registered significant progress recently through
renovation of Chabahar port, the development of the International North-South
Transport Corridor (INSTC), and becoming a member of Ashgabat Agreement.
Security Cooperation: Countering violent extremism has long been the focal point
of India-Central Asia relations. India has attempted to boost its security presence in
the region by renovating military bases in Tajikistan.

Cultural Exchanges: India uses cultural events, Bollywood films, yoga, literature, and
educational programs to reinforce the historical ties with the region. The Indian
Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program provides technical assistance
and training in areas such as banking, remote sensing, and information technology.
Multilateral Engagements: India has been engaging with the CARs at multilateral
forums. The first India-Central Asia Dialogue was held in 2019 in Samarkand,
Uzbekistan.
In conclusion, India’s relations with the Central Asian Republics are multifaceted,
encompassing political, economic, and cultural aspects. While there are challenges,
the potential for further cooperation is immense, given the shared historical and
cultural linkages and common regional and global concerns.
26. Do you think that there is uniformity in India's decision making

process with regards to the security threats.
Ans- India’s decision-making process with regards to security threats is complex

and multifaceted. It involves various stakeholders, including the National Security
Council, the Ministry of External Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, and intelligence
agencies. Here are some key points to consider:
National Security Strategy: India has started the process of bringing in a National
Security Strategy (NSS). The National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) is in the
process of collating inputs from several Central ministries and departments to stitch
together the draft of the strategy.
Changing Threat Landscape: Adapting the NSS to address evolving security threats,
such as cyber threats, terrorism, and non-traditional security challenges, is a
continuous challenge.
Reactive Approach: Historically, India has often adopted a reactive approach to

national security, addressing security challenges as they arise rather than having a
proactive strategy. However, this has been changing in recent years with the
development of the NSS.
Balancing Relations: India’s security dilemma involves engaging big powers while
retaining strategic autonomy. This includes balancing relations with the West and
Russia, and dealing with the rise of China.

In conclusion, while there is a structure and process in place for decision-making on
security threats, the nature of these threats and India’s geopolitical considerations
can lead to variations in responses. Therefore, it might not be accurate to say there
is complete uniformity in India’s decision-making process with regards to security
threats. However, efforts are being made to bring more coherence and
proactiveness into the process through mechanisms like the NSS.
27. Critically examine India's challenges and threat perceptions to its

security dynamics in contemporary times.(15)
Ans- India’s security dynamics in contemporary times are influenced by a range of

internal and external challenges. Here are some key aspects:
Internal Security Challenges:
 Maoist Insurgency: The Maoist insurgency, also known as the Naxalite

movement, poses a significant internal security challenge. The government has
been implementing both security and development measures to address this
issue.
 Ethnic and Communal Violence: India’s diversity sometimes leads to ethnic
and communal tensions, which can escalate into violence.
 Cybersecurity: With increasing digitization, cybersecurity has become a major
concern. Protecting critical infrastructure from cyber threats is a key challenge.
External Security Challenges:
 Territorial Disputes: India has ongoing territorial disputes with some of its
neighbors, notably Pakistan and China. These disputes have led to several
conflicts in the past and continue to be a source of tension.
 Cross-Border Terrorism: India has been a victim of cross-border terrorism,
primarily from Pakistan. This remains a major security concern.
 Maritime Security: With a long coastline and significant maritime interests,
India faces challenges related to piracy, smuggling, and territorial disputes in
the Indian Ocean.
Changing Global Dynamics:
 Rise of China: The rise of China as a global power has significant implications
for India’s security dynamics. India needs to balance its relations with China
while protecting its own strategic interests.

 US-India Relationship: The evolving relationship with the US also impacts
India’s security dynamics. While the US is a key strategic partner, India needs
to balance this partnership with its relations with other major powers.
In conclusion, India’s security dynamics are influenced by a complex interplay of

internal and external factors. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive
approach that includes diplomatic, military, and socio-economic measures. It also
requires a nuanced understanding of the changing global dynamics and India’s role
in it.
United Nations: Organs and Functioning

28. How and when was the UNO formed?
Ans- Foundations from League of Nations: The League of Nations, established in
1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, was the first intergovernmental organization
aimed at promoting international cooperation and achieving peace and
security. However, it was unable to prevent World War II, leading to its dissolution in
1946. This further gave way to the formation of UN.
Drafting the UN Charter: In the final stages of World War II, representatives of 50
nations gathered at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in
San Francisco, California from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Over the course of two
months, they drafted the UN Charter.
Adoption of the Charter: The UN Charter was adopted on June 25, 1945. It outlined
the main objectives and principles of the organization, including the maintenance of
international peace and security, the development of friendly relations among
nations, and the achievement of international cooperation in solving international
problems.
Establishment of the United Nations: The United Nations officially came into
existence on October 24, 1945. This occurred after the Charter had been ratified by
the five permanent members of the Security Council - China, France, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States - and a majority of the other
signatories.
Members: At its founding, the UN had 51 member states. As of 2023, it has grown
to include 193 member states, encompassing almost all of the world’s sovereign
states.

In conclusion, the formation of the United Nations was a complex process involving
the drafting and adoption of the UN Charter by representatives from 50 nations. The
organization officially came into existence after the Charter was ratified by the
majority of these signatories. The UN was established with the aim of preventing
future world wars, succeeding the League of Nations, which was seen as ineffective.
29. *Explain the Evolution of the UNO.
Ans- Post-War Reconstruction (1945-1950s): In the immediate aftermath of

World War II, the UN played a crucial role in post-war reconstruction. The UN
provided a platform for dialogue and negotiation to rebuild war-torn nations and
establish a new world order.
Decolonization (1960s-1970s): The UN played a significant role in the

decolonization process. Many newly independent nations from Africa, Asia, and the
Middle East joined the UN, significantly increasing its membership.
Cold War Era (1947-1991): During the Cold War, the UN was often paralyzed due
to the veto power exercised by the US and the Soviet Union in the Security Council.
Despite this, the UN managed to carry out peacekeeping missions in various parts of
the world.
Post-Cold War Era (1991-Present): With the end of the Cold War, the UN took on
a more active role in maintaining international peace and security. It expanded its
peacekeeping missions and started addressing issues like human rights, climate
change, and sustainable development.
21st Century: In the 21st century, the UN has taken on new roles not envisioned by
its founders in 1945. It has set sustainable development goals for 2030 and agreed
to climate action to limit global warming. The UN continues to evolve, adapting to
new challenges and working towards a better and more sustainable future for all.
In conclusion, the UN has evolved significantly since its formation, adapting to

changing global dynamics and expanding its roles to address new challenges. From
post-war reconstruction to decolonization, from the Cold War to the present day,
the UN has played a crucial role in shaping the course of world history.

30. *Write an essay on main organ and functions of the United
Nations.(15)
Ans- The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945,

aimed at promoting peace, security, and cooperation among member countries and
advancing global social progress. The UN operates through six main organs, each
playing a crucial role in the functioning of the organization.
1. General Assembly: The General Assembly is the main policy-making and

representative organ of the UN. It is the only body where all 193 UN members are
represented. The General Assembly discusses and makes recommendations on any
question within the scope of the UN Charter. It also supervises the activities of the
other UN organs, from which it receives reports.
Major functions
 Main policy-making organ of the UN.

 Discusses and makes recommendations on a wide array of topics.
 Makes key decisions for the UN.
2. Security Council: The Security Council has primary responsibility for maintaining
international peace and security. It has 15 members, including five permanent
members with veto power (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the
United States) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.
Major functions
 Primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security.

 Establishes peacekeeping operations, enacts international sanctions, and
authorizes military action.
 Investigates any dispute or situation that might lead to international friction.
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): ECOSOC
Major functions
 Coordinates the economic, social, and related work of the 14 UN specialized

agencies, functional commissions, and five regional commissions.
 It serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social
issues and formulating policy recommendations.

4. Trusteeship Council: The Trusteeship Council was established to provide
international supervision for 11 Trust Territories administered by seven Member
States and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-
government or independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-
government or independence, and the Trusteeship Council suspended operation.
5. International Court of Justice (ICJ): The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the
UN.
Major functions
 It settles legal disputes between member states and

 Gives advisory opinions to the UN and its specialized agencies.
6. Secretariat: The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of

thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of
the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization’s other principal
organs.
Major functions
 Carries out the day-to-day work of the UN.

 Provides economic and political analysis.
 Administers operations initiated by UN’s deliberative organs.
 Operates political missions.
 Prepares assessments that precede peacekeeping operations.
 Appoints the heads of peacekeeping operations.
 Conducts surveys and research.
 Communicates with non-state actors.
 Publishes all of the treaties and international agreements.
In conclusion, the United Nations, through its six main organs, plays a vital role in
maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering
social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing
humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.
31. Examine the structure and *functions of the United Nations

General Assembly.
Ans- The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is one of the six principal
organs of the United Nations and plays a crucial role in the functioning of the
organization. Here are the key aspects of its structure and functions:

Structure:
 The UNGA is a principal component of the United Nations and is the most
representative body in the UN.
 All the members of the UN are represented in the UNGA, which is sometimes
referred to as simply the GA.
 It meets annually in its headquarters in New York City, generally in the month
of September.
 The UNGA is headed by its President, who is elected for a term of one year.
Functions:
 The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent

members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general,
receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making
recommendations through resolutions.
 It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad

mandate.
 The Assembly makes recommendations to States on international issues within

its competence.
 It has also taken actions across all pillars of the United Nations, including with
regard to political, economic, humanitarian, social and legal matters.
 According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly may
consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial
assessments of Member States.
 It elects the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the

members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the
recommendation of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary-General.
 The Assembly makes recommendations on the general principles of

cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including
disarmament.

 It discusses any question relating to international peace and security and,
except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security
Council, makes recommendations on it.
 It discusses, with the same exception, and makes recommendations on any

questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and
functions of any organ of the United Nations.
In conclusion, the UNGA plays a central role in the functioning of the UN, serving as
the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ. It provides a unique
forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered
by the Charter. It also plays a central role in the process of standard-setting and the
codification of international law.
32. Discuss the main features of Security council.
Ans- The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has a range of specific functions
and powers as outlined in the United Nations Charter:
1. Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The UNSC has the primary
responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. It can meet whenever
peace is threatened.
2. Investigation of Disputes: The UNSC has the power to investigate any dispute or
situation which might lead to international friction.
3. Formulation of Plans for Peaceful Settlement: The UNSC can recommend

methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement.
4. Regulation of Armaments: The UNSC can formulate plans for the establishment
of a system to regulate armaments.
5. Determination of Threats to Peace: The UNSC can determine the existence of a

threat to the peace or act of aggression and recommend what action should be
taken.
6. Implementation of Sanctions: The UNSC can call on Members to apply

economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or
stop aggression.

7. Authorization of Military Action: The UNSC has the power to take military
action against an aggressor.
8. Admission of New Members: The UNSC recommends the admission of new

Members to the General Assembly.
9. Trusteeship Functions: The UNSC exercises the trusteeship functions of the

United Nations in "strategic areas".
10. Appointment of the Secretary-General and Judges of the International

Court of Justice: The UNSC recommends to the General Assembly the appointment
of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, elects the Judges of the
International Court of Justice.
In conclusion, the UNSC plays a crucial role in maintaining international peace and
security, and its functions range from peacekeeping and conflict prevention to arms
control, counter-terrorism, human rights protection, and humanitarian assistance.
33. Explain the ‘Security Council’ and ‘Veto Diplomacy’.
Ans- Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the
United Nations (UN). It is charged with ensuring international peace and security,
recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and
approving any changes to the UN Charter1. Its powers as outlined in the United
Nations Charter include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting
international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN
body with authority to issue resolutions that are binding on member states.
The Security Council consists of fifteen members, of which five are permanent: China,
France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These were the great
powers that were the victors of World War II (or their recognized successor states).
Veto Diplomacy
Veto power is the ability to reject or block a proposed decision or action by an

individual or group. In the context of the United Nations Security Council, the right
to use a veto is held by the permanent member States on the Council. If any one of
the five – China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States – casts a
negative vote, the resolution or decision automatically fails.

Unfair use of veto
The permanent countries use veto power unfairly to fulfill their national interests.
This has become a bone of contention among the member states.
The use of veto power has been a subject of debate and reform. For instance, the
representative of France proposed that all five permanent members voluntarily and
collectively suspend the use of the veto in cases of mass atrocities. The United States’
delegate also said his delegation was committed to refraining from the use of the
veto except in rare, extraordinary circumstances.
The veto power dynamics have a significant impact on global diplomacy and the
effectiveness of the United Nations in maintaining international peace and security.
34. **Discuss the Composition, powers & functions of the Economic

and Social Council of the UNO.(15)
Or
**Discuss the role of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of
UN.(15)
Ans- Composition
The Economic and Social Council consists of fifty-four Members of the United
Nations elected by the General Assembly. Each member of the Economic and Social
Council shall have one representative. Eighteen members of the Economic and Social
Council are elected each year for a term of three years. A retiring member is eligible
for immediate re-election.
Powers and Functions
The ECOSOC has a broad mandate under the UN Charter, with responsibility for
coordinating the economic, social, and related work of the United Nations.
Here are some of its key functions and powers:
1. Studies and Reports: The ECOSOC may make or initiate studies and reports
with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and
related matters.
2. Recommendations: It can make recommendations to the General Assembly,
to the Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies

concerned. It also makes recommendations for promoting respect for, and
observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.
3. Draft Conventions: The ECOSOC may prepare draft conventions for
submission to the General Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its
competence.
4. International Conferences: It may call international conferences on matters
falling within its competence.
5. Agreements with Specialized Agencies: The ECOSOC may enter into
agreements with any of the agencies referred to in Article 57, defining the
terms on which the agency concerned shall be brought into relationship with
the United Nations.
6. Coordinating Activities: It may coordinate the activities of the specialized
agencies through consultation with and recommendations to such agencies
and through recommendations to the General Assembly and to the Members
of the United Nations.
7. Obtaining Reports: The ECOSOC may take appropriate steps to obtain regular
reports from the specialized agencies. It may make arrangements with the
Members of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies to obtain
reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own recommendations and to
recommendations on matters falling within its competence made by the
General Assembly.
8. Furnishing Information: The ECOSOC may furnish information to the Security
Council and shall assist the Security Council upon its request.
The ECOSOC plays a leading role in identifying emerging challenges, encouraging

innovation, and attaining a balanced integration of the three pillars of sustainable
development—economic, social, and environmental. It acts as a gateway for UN
partnership & participation by the rest of the world. It is the main arena in the UN
for encouraging debate and innovative thinking, forming consensus on future
courses of action, and coordinating efforts to attain globally agreed goals.
35. *Explain the Institutional evolution of International organization.
Ans- The institutional evolution of international organizations (IOs) can be divided

into three phases:
1. First Phase (1814-15): This phase started with the Congress of Vienna, which
set in motion a series of innovations, inventions, and learning processes,
shaping the core of what we now call IOs.

2. Second Phase (19th Century): This phase is characterized by the building of
permanent institutions. The term “public international union” (PIU) became the
overarching term for the intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) of the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. PIUs have been regarded as “early
IGOs” which later transformed into specialized agencies of the UN system, with
their subdivisions as institutional prototypes for the League of Nations and the
UN.
3. Third Phase (First Half of the 20th Century): This phase is marked by the
continued existence of IOs during the first half of the twentieth century. The
outbreak of World War I can be regarded as an exogenous shock to the
evolutionary development of IOs. During the war, the concept of international
organization was not lost and was even central to the thinking on international
politics in the UK and the US.
In the broadest sense, IOs are a byproduct of the European Westphalian anarchical
interstate system to facilitate interstate international economic, social, or technical
cooperation. They grew exponentially in the second half of the 20th century and
have become a ubiquitous component of the international relations landscape.
The evolution of IOs has been influenced by a mix of realist regime theory and
liberal inter-governmentalism views. In a broad comparative public policy analysis
framework, scholarship continues to evolve on the norm-making, regulatory,
distributive, and redistributive policies emanating from IOs together with their
impact and legitimacy.
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Previous Year Questions

Political Science BSO-325

Number of stars denotes how many times it is repeated in the examination.

15 means it was asked as a long answer type question.

All the best

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 1

6. ASEAN Regional Forums

Ans - The ASEAN Regional Forum is a multilateral dialogue in Asia-Pacific region,

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 2

8. Nuclear Suppliers Group

10. Hague Peace Conference 1899

11. Syria Crisis

12. European Commission

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 3

15. Democratization of foreign policy

16. South China Sea Conflict

17. Look East Policy

18. Parliament of the European Union

19. Operation Maitri

21. South Asian Development Fund

23. Global War on Terrorism

24. The India-China Border

Ans-The India-China Border Dispute is a long-standing territorial disagreement

Post Cold War Politics: Threats andresistance,terrorism

Ans- The Post-Cold War era, a transformative period in international relations, is

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 5

2. Discuss the causes and consequences of the emergence of Unipolar

Ans- Causes of the Emergence of Unipolar World

Consequences of the Emergence of Unipolar World

1. Dominance of a Single State(United States): A unipolar world is when the

3. What is terrorism ? Why do terrorists use violence to achieve their

Ans- Terrorism is generally defined as the calculated use of violence or threat of

The terrorism can be understood as follows:

Terrorism as a contested concept

The primary goal is to create a climate of fear and uncertainty, forcing

Terrorists often target civilians or symbolic sites to maximize the psychological

Why Do Terrorists Use Violence?

1. To ensure their Visibility: Violent acts ensure media coverage, bringing

4. ***Discuss the anatomy of terrorism. Evaluate also the problems of

1. Ideological Foundation: At its core, terrorism is driven by an ideology that

2. Organizational Structure: Terrorist organizations typically have a structured

3. Tactics and Strategies: Terrorists employ asymmetric warfare tactics like

4. Psychological Warfare: The primary aim is to create fear and uncertainty,

The problems of terrorism in South Asia

1. Interstate Conflicts: Historical and ongoing tensions between countries,

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 9

Addressing these problems requires a coordinated approach that includes

5. Write a note on Intellectual perspective on terrorism.

Ans- The perspectives of different intellectual ideologies on terrorism can be quite

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 10

Regionalism: SAARC, ASEAN, EU

1. Promotion of Regional Stability SAARC fosters political dialogue among its

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 11

In conclusion, SAARC’s importance in South Asia lies in its ability to promote

7. Critically examine the problems and prospects of SAARC.

. India vs Pakistan Rivalry

 Historical Conflicts: Long-standing political and military conflicts between

UPSAINIAN AKHILESH PAGE 12