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Protection Relay Coordination

Principles and Application

วีรภัทร เสนวิรัช
กองอุปกรณ์ป้องกันและรีเลย์
การไฟฟ้าส่วนภูมิภาค
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Challenges for Protection Engineering

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PEA Protection Overview

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Transmission Line Protection

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Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

 Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to fault

operates first

 Minimize system disruption due to the fault

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Overcurrent Protection - Fuse

➢ Simple
➢ Can provide very fast fault clearance
<10ms for large current
➢ Limit fault energy
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Overcurrent Protection - Fuse

SIZING = 1.25 x IFL

𝑘𝑉𝐴
= 1.25 ×
3 × 𝑘𝑉

6, 10, 15, 25, 40, 65, 100, 140, 200 แอมป์ แปร์
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Overcurrent Protection - Fuse

Total clearing time of fuse B
x100  75%
Minimum melting time of fuse A

𝑘𝑉𝐴
= 1.25 ×
3 × 𝑘𝑉
t2 t1 < 0.75 t 2
Time in Seconds

t1

Current in Amperes
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Overcurrent Protection - Fuse

𝑘𝑉𝐴
= 1.25 ×
3 × 𝑘𝑉
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Overcurrent Protection - Fuse

SOURCE LOAD
A B

fault

Protecting A Protected Link

Link 6K 10K 25K × 40K
15K = 1.25 𝑘𝑉𝐴 65K 100K 140K 200K
6K 190 510 3 × 𝑘𝑉2,200
840 1,340 3,900 5,800 9,200
10K 300 840 1,340 2,200 3,900 5,800 9,200
15K 430 1,340 2,200 3,900 5,800 9,200
25K 660 2,200 3,900 5,800 9,200
40K 1,100 3,900 5,800 9,200
65K 2,400 5,800 9,200
100K 2,000 9,100
140K 4,000
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Overcurrent Protection - Fuse

Disadvantages
❖ Problematic co-ordination

IFA approx 2 x IFB

❖ Limited sensitivity to earth faults
❖ Phasing
❖ Fixed characteristic
❖ Need replacing following fault clearance
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Overcurrent Protection Principles

 Operating Speed
 Instantaneous
 Time delayed

 Discrimination
 Current setting
 Time setting
 Current and time

 Cost
 Generally cheapest form of protection relay
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Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous

Relays

 Current settings chosen so that relay closest

to fault operates

 Problem
 Relies on there being a difference in fault level between
the two relay locations
 Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2
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Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent)

Time Relays
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Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent)

Time Relays

 Operating time is independent of current

 Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time
 Problem
 Longest operating time is at the source where fault level is highest
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Overcurrent Protection IDMT

▪ Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

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Overcurrent Protection IDMT

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Overcurrent Protection Disc Type O/C Relays

 Current setting via plug bridge

 Time multiplier setting via disc
movement
 Single characteristic
 Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus
additional EF relay
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Overcurrent Protection Static Relay

 Electronic, multi characteristic

 Fine settings, wide range
 Integral instantaneous elements
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Overcurrent Protection Numerical Relay

 Multiple characteristics and stages

 Current settings in primary or secondary values
 Additional protection elements
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Modern Numeric Protection

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Modern Numeric Protection CB Timing

Evolving Fault

Input Status
- EF/AR Cut Off
- CB Status
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Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

Principle
 Relay closest to fault
must operate first

 Other relays must have

adequate additional
operating time to prevent
them operating

 Current setting chosen to

allow FLC

 Consider worst case

conditions, operating
modes and current flows
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Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

Example
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Overcurrent Protection IEC Characteristics

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Overcurrent Protection Operating Time

Setting - Terms Used
 Relay operating times can be calculated
using relay characteristic charts

 Published characteristics are drawn

against a multiple of current setting or
Plug Setting Multiplier

 Therefore characteristics can be used

for any application regardless of actual
relay current setting

 e.g at 10x setting (or PSM of 10) SI

curve op time is 3s
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Overcurrent Protection Current Setting

 Set just above full load current

 allow 10% tolerance

 Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by downstream

device
 consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio)
 relay must fully reset with full load current flowing

⚫ PU/DO for static/numerical = 95%

⚫ PU/DO for EM relay = 90%

 e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95

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Overcurrent Protection Current Setting

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Overcurrent Protection Current Setting

 Current grading
 ensure that if upstream relay has started downstream
relay has also started

 Set upstream device current setting greater than

downstream relay

 e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2

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Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin

 Operating time difference between two devices to ensure that

downstream device will clear fault before upstream device trips

 Must include
 breaker opening time
 allowance for errors
 relay overshoot time
 safety margin
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Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin -

between relays
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Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin -

between relays
 Formula
 t’ = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts
⚫ Er = relay timing error
⚫ Ect = CT measurement error
⚫ t = op time of downstream relay
⚫ tcb = CB interupting time
⚫ to = relay overshoot time
⚫ ts = safety margin

 Op time of Downstream Relay t = 0.5s

 0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB
 0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB
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Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin -

relay with fuse

 Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic

 Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s

 Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse

 Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to ensure

co-ordination
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Overcurrent Protection Time Multiplier

Setting

 Used to adjust the operating time

of an inverse characteristic

 Not a time setting but a multiplier

 Calculate TMS to give desired

operating time in accordance with
the grading margin
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Overcurrent Protection Time Multiplier

Setting - Calculation

 Calculate relay operating time required, Treq

 consider grading margin

 fault level

 Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with

TMS = 1, T1

 TMS = Treq /T1

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Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination -

Procedure
 Calculate fault current
 Calculate required operating current
 Calculate required grading margin
 Calculate required operating time
 Select characteristic
 Calculate required TMS
 Draw characteristic, check grading over whole curve

Grading curves should be drawn to a common

voltage base to aid comparison
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Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

Example

 Grade relay B with relay A

 Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both relays = 1400A
 Assume grading margin of 0.4s
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Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

Example
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Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

Example
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System Grading

Downstream protection must

grade with the utility incomer at
the maximum fault level
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Blocking Schemes - Principles

- Blocking schemes eliminates grading

time and will trip the CB after 100ms
has elapsed, scheme will remove
blocking signal should the CB fail to
trip
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Delta/Star Transformers

 A phase-phase fault
on one side of transformer
produces 2-1-1 distribution
on other side

 Use an overcurrent
element in each
phase (cover the 2x phase)
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Overcurrent Protection
Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current
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Overcurrent Protection
Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current
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Review of faults through delta–wye

transformer banks
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Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous

Protection

 Fast clearance of faults

 ensure good operation factor, If >> Is

 Current setting must be co-ordinated to prevent overtripping

 Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of transformers

 Used on feeders with Auto Reclose, prevents transient faults

becoming permanent
AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energized
 Consider operation due to DC offset - transient overreach
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Overcurrent Protection
Instantaneous OC on Transformer Feeders

 Set HV inst 130% IfLV

 Stable for inrush
 No operation for LV fault
 Fast operation for HV fault
 Reduces op times required of
upstream relays
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Overcurrent Protection : Earth Fault Protection

 Earth fault current may be limited

 Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by

overcurrent relays
 Use dedicated EF protection relays

 Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current

 Can be set to values less than full load current

 Co-ordinate as for OC elements

 May not be possible to provide co-ordination with fuses
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Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire System

 Combined with OC relays  Economize using 2x OC relays

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Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Relays Current Setting

 Solid earth  Resistance earth

 setting w.r.t earth fault level
 30% Ifull load
adequate
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PEA Overcurrent Criteria (Dyn1)

Overcurrent relay setting criteria
Protection Function Pick up Curve TMS
High side Phase Time OC 150 % of Power Transformer rating current SI 1.5 second at max. 3ph fault current at MV bus
Phase Ins. OC 120 % of Max. 3 Phase fault current at MV bus DT 0.2 second
Ground Tme OC 10 % of CT Rated SI 0.1
Ground Ins. OC - Block -
Ground back up Ground Tme OC 35 % of Power Transformer rating current SI 1.5 second at max. SLG fault current at MV bus
Incoming Phase Time OC 125 % of Power Transformer rating current SI Grading magin between downstream relay
Phase Ins. OC - Block - and upstream relay is 0.4 s
Ground Tme OC 30 % of Power Transformer rating current SI
Ground Ins. OC - Block -
Bus section Phase Time OC 100 % of Power Transformer rating current SI Grading magin between downstream relay
Phase Ins. OC - Block - and upstream
and upstream
relayrelay
is 0.4iss 0.4 s
Ground Tme OC 25 % of Power Transformer rating current SI
Ground Ins. OC - Block -
Outgoing Phase Time OC 120 % of Power cable rating current (500 A) VI Grading magin between downstream relay
Phase Ins. OC 100 % of Max. 3 Phase fault current at MV bus DT and upstream
and upstream
relayrelay
is 0.4iss 0.4 s
Ground Tme OC 30 % of Phase pick-up current setting VI
Ground Ins. OC 100 % of Max. SLG fault current at MV bus DT
Capacitor Phase Time OC 130 % of Capacitor rating current SI
Phase Ins. OC 50 % of Max. 3 Phase fault current at MV bus DT 0 second
Ground Tme OC 25 % of Capacitor rating current VI
Ground Ins. OC 50 % of Max. SLG fault current at MV bus DT 0 second
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PEA Overcurrent Criteria (Dyn1)

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Directional Overcurrent Protection

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90° Connection - 30° R.C.A.

RELAY CURRENT VOLTAGE

A IA VBC
B IB VCA
C IC VAB
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Directional Earth Fault

• Requirements are similar to directional overcurrent

– Need operating signal and polarizing signal

• Operating Signal
– Iop = 3I0

• Polarizing Signal
– Vpol = -3V0
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Directional Earth Fault

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Directional Overcurrent Protection

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Directional Overcurrent Protection –

Micom P127

9/1/2022
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Simultaneous Faults
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Simultaneous Faults
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Example: Simultaneous Faults

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Example: Ynd Transformer

NGR 12.7 Ohm

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Example: Dropoff Ratio

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Example: Broken Conductor & HIF

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Example: Broken Conductor

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Example: High Impedance Fault

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Example: Ynd Transformer

R1 R2

I1

R1 R2 R2 Disturbance Record

I2

I0 I0
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Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-

ordination
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Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-

ordination
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INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM

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THANK YOU
9/1/2022