(Chemistry Revision Questions)

Topic: Equilibrium
1. The following concentrations were obtained for the formation of NH3 form N2 and H2 at equilibrium at
N 2 ]=1 .5×10−2 M . [ H 2 ]=3×10−2 M and[ NH 3 ]=1 . 2×10 M . Calculate equilibrium constant.
−2
500K.[
−3 −3
2. At equilibrium, the concentrations of N 2 =3×10 M , O2 =4 . 2×10 M and NO=2 .8×10 M in a
−3

sealed vessel at 800K. What will be Kc for the reaction

N 2 (g )+O2 ( g ) 2 NO( g )
3. PCl5, PCl3 and Cl2 are at equilibrium at 500 K and having concentration 1.59 M PCl3, 1.59M Cl2 and
1.41 M PCl5. Calculate Kc for the reaction,
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
4. The value of Kc = 4.24 at 800K for the reaction,
CO (g )+ H 2 O( g ) CO 2 ( g)+ H 2 ( g)
Calculate equilibrium concentrations of CO2, H2, CO and H2O at 800 K, is only CO and H2O are present
initially at concentration of 0.10 M each.
5. For the equilibrium,
2 NOCl( g ) 2 NO( g )+ Cl 2 (g )
−6
the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc is3 .75×10 at 1069 K . Calculate the Kp for the reaction at this
temperature?
6. The value of Kp for the reaction,
CO 2 ( g)+C (S ) 2 CO( g )
p == 0 . 48
P =0 bar and pure graphite is present, calculate the
is 3 at 1000 K. If initially CO 2 bar and CO
equilibrium partial pressures of CO and CO2.
7. The value of Kc for the reaction
2A B+C is 2¿ 10−3 . At a given time, the composition of reaction mixture is
−4
[A] = [B] = [C] =3×10 Μ . In which direction the reaction will proceed?
8. 13.8 g of N2O4 was placed in a 1L reaction vessel at 400K and allowed to attain equilibrium
N 2 O 4( g ) 2 NO 2 (g )
The total pressure at equilibrium was found to be 9.15 bar. Calculate Kc, Kp and partial pressure at
equilibrium.
9. 3 mol PCl5 kept in 1L closed reaction vessel was allowed to attain equilibrium at 380K. Calculate
composition of the mixture at equilibrium. Kc = 1.80
Θ
10. The value of ΔG for the phosphopry-lation of glucose in glycolysis is 13.8 kJ/mol. Find the value of Kc
at 298 K.
11. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives,
Sucrose + H2O Glucose + Fructose
13 Θ
Equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction is2×10 at 300K. Calculate ΔG at 300K.

12. What will be the conjugate bases for the following Bronsted acids: HF, H2SO4 and
HCO−3 ?
13. The species: H2O,
HCO− , HSO−
3 4 and NH
3 can act both as Bronsted acids and bases. For each case give
the corresponding conjugate acid and conjugate base.

14. Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how these act as such:
– –
a) HO b) F c) H+ d) BCl3
−3
15. The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is3 . 8×10 Μ . What is its pH?
−8
16. Calculate pH of a1×10 Μ solution of HCl.
−4
17. The ionization constant of HF is3 .2×10 . Calculate the degree of dissociation of HF in its 0.02 M
+
H O
solution. Calculate the concentration of all species present ( 3
, F− and HF) in the solution and its
pH.
18. The pH of 0.1 M monobasic acid is 4.50. Calculate the concentration of species H+, A– and HA at
equilibrium. Also determine the value of Ka and pKa of the monobasic acid.
19. Calculate the pH of 0.08M solution of hypochlorous acid, HOCl. The ionization constant of the acid is
2 .5×10−5 . Determine the percent dissociation of HOCl.
20. The pH of 0.004 M hydrazine solution is 9.7. Calculate its ionization constant Kb and pKb.
21. Calculate the pH of solution formed on mixing 0.2M NH4Cl and 0.1M NH3. The pkb of ammonia
solution of 4.75.
22. Determine the degree of ionization and pH of a 0.05M of ammonia solution. The ionization constant of
ammonia can be taken from Table. Also, calculate the ionic constant of the conjugate acid of ammonia.

Base Kb
Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH 5 . 4×10−4
Triethylamine, (C2H5)3N 6 . 45×10−5
Ammonia, NH3 or NH4OH 1 .77×10−5
Quinine, (A plant product) 1 .10×10−6
Pyridine, C5H5N 1 .77×10−9
Aniline, C6H5NH2 4 .27×10−10
Urea, CO (NH2)2 1 .3×10−14

23. Calculate the pH of a 0.10M ammonia solution. Calculate the pH after 50 mL of this solution is treated

with 25 mL of 0.10 M HCl. The dissociation constant of ammonia, b

K =1 .77×10−5
24. The pKa of a acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide are 4.76 and 4.75 respectively. Calculate the
pH of ammonium acetate solution. Calculate the solubility of A2X3 in pure water, assuming that neither
−23
kind of ion reacts with water. The solubility product of A2X3, Ksp=1 .1×10 .
−15 −17
25. The values of Ksp of two sparingly soluble salts Ni(OH)2 and AgCN are2×10 and6×0 respectively.
Which salt is more soluble? Explain.
−15
26. Calculate the molar solubility of Ni(OH)2 in 0.10 M NaOH. The ionic product of Ni(OH)2 is2×10 .
27. What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium concentration of each substance is:
[ SO2 ]=0 . 60 M , [ O2]=0. 82 M and[ SO3 ]=1 . 90 M ?
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
28. At a certain temperature and total pressure of 105Pa, iodine vapour contains 40% by volume of I atoms
I2(g) 2I(g)
Calculate Kp of the equilibrium.
29. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following reactions:
(i) 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
(ii) 2Cu(NO3)2(s) 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(iii) CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)
–
(iv) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH (aq) Fe(OH)3(s)
(v) I2(s) + 5F2 2IF5
30. Find out the value of Kc for each of the following equilibria from the value of Kp:

(i) 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g);

K p =1 . 8×10−2 at 500 K

(ii) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g);

K p =167 at 1073 K

31. For the following equilibrium, c

K =6 . 3×1014
at 1000K
NO(g) + O3(g) NO2(g) + O2(g)
Both the forward and reverse reaction in the equilibrium are elementary bimolecular reactions. What is
K c , for the reverse reaction?
32. Reaction between N2 and O2, takes place as follows:
2N2(g) + O2(g) 2N2O(g)
If a mixture of 0.482 mol N2 and 0.933 mol of O2 is placed in a 10L reaction vessel and allowed to form
−37
N2O at a temperature for which Kc =2×10 , determine the composition of equilibrium mixture.
33. Nitric oxide reacts with Br2 and gives nitrosyl bromide as per reaction given below:
2NO(g) + Br2(g) 2NOBr(g)
When 0.087 mol of NO and 0.0437 mol of Br2 are mixed in a closed container at constant temperature,
0.0518 mol of NOBr is obtained at equilibrium. Calculate equilibrium amount of NO and Br 2.
10
34. At 450K, Kp =2×10 /¿ ¿bar for the given reaction at equilibrium.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
What is Kc at this temperature?
35. A sample of HI(g) is placed in flask at a pressure of 0.2 atm. At equilibrium the partial pressure of HI(g)
is 0.04 atm. What is Kp for the given equilibrium?
2HI(g) H2(g) +I2(g)
36. A mixture of 1.57 mol of N2, 1.92 mol of H2 and 8.13 mol of NH3 is introduced into a 20L reaction vessel
at 500K. At this temperature, the equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction
2
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) is1 .7×10 . Is the reaction mixture at equilibrium? If not, what is the
direction of the net reaction?
37. The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction is,

Kc=
[ NH 3 ]4 [ O2 ]5
[ NO ] 4 [ H 2 O ]6
Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this expression.
38. One mole of H2O and one mole of CO are taken in 10L vessel and heated to 725 K. At equilibrium 40%
of water (by mass) reacts with CO according to the equation,
H2O(g) + CO(g) H2(g) + CO2(g)
 Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
39. At 700 K, equilibrium constant for the reaction:
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
–1
is 54.8. If 0.5 mol L of HI(g) is present at equilibrium at 700K, what are the concentration of H 2(g)
and I2(g) assuming that we initially started with HI(g) and allowed it to reach equilibrium at 700K?
40. What is the equilibrium concentration of each of the substances in the equilibrium when the initial
concentration of ICl was 0.78 M?
2ICl(g) I2(g) + Cl2(g); Kc = 0.14
41. Kp = 0.04 atm at 899 K for the equilibrium shown below. What is the equilibrium concentration of C 2H6
when it is placed in a flask at 4 atm pressure and allowed to come to equilibrium?
C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g)
42. Ethyl acetate is formed by the reaction between ethanol and acetic acid and the equilibrium is
represented as:
CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)
(i) Write the concentration ratio (reaction quotient), Qc, for this reaction (note: water is not in
excess and is not a solvent in this reaction).
(ii) At 293K, if one starts with 1 mol of acetic acid and 0.18 mol of ethanol, there is 0.171 mol of ethyl
acetate in the final equilibrium mixture. Calculate the equilibrium constant.
(iii) Starting with 0.5 mol of ethanol and 1 mol of acetic acid and maintaining it at 293K, 0.214 mol
of ethyl acetate is found after sometime. Has equilibrium reached?
43. A sample of pure PCl5 was introduced into an evacuated vessel at 473 K. After equilibrium was attained,
−1 −1 −8
concentration of PCl5 was found to be0.5×10 mol L . If value of Kc is8.3×10 , what are the
concentration of PCl5 and Cl2 at equilibrium?
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
44. One of the reaction that takes place in producing steel from iron ore is the reduction of iron(II) oxide by
carbon monoxide to give iron metal and CO2.
FeO(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g); Kp = 0.265 atm at 1050 K
What are the equilibrium partial pressures of CO and CO2 at 1050 K if the initial partial pressures are:
pCO = 1.4 atm and pCO 2 = 0.80 atm?
45. Equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) at 500 K is 0.061.
–1
At a particular time, the analysis shows that composition of the reaction mixture is 3 mol L N2,
–1 –1
2 mol L H2 and 0.5 mol L NH3. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not in which direction does the
reaction tend to proceed to reach equilibrium?
46. Bromine monochloride , BrCl decomposes into bromine and chlorine and reaches the equilibrium:
2BrCl(g) Br2(g) + Cl2(g)
−3 −1
for which Kc = 32 at 500 K. If initially pure BrCl is present at a concentration of3.3×10 mol L , what
is its molar concentration in the mixture at equilibrium?
47. At 1127 K and 1 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of CO and CO2 in equilibrium with solid carbon has
90.55% CO by mass
C(s) + CO2(g) 2CO(g)
Calculate Kc for this reaction at the above temperature.
48. Calculate;
 ∘
a) ΔG and
b) the equilibrium constant for the formation of NO2 form NO and O2 at 298 K
NO(g) +1/2 O2(g) NO2(g)
Where,
Δ f G∘ [ NO 2 ]=52 kJ /mol
Δ f G∘ [ NO ] =87 kJ /mol
Δ f G∘ [O 2 ]=0 kJ /mol
49. Which of the following reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure? Also, mention whether
change will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward direction.
(i) COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g)
(ii) CH4(g) + 2S2(g) CS2(g) + 2H2S(g)
(iii) CO2(g) +C(S) 2CO(g)
(iv) 2H2(g) +CO(g) CH3OH(g)
(v) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(vi) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H3O(g)
50. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per following
endothermic reaction:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
(a) Write as expression for Kp for the above reaction.
(b) How will the values of Kp and composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by
(i) increasing the pressure
(ii) increasing the temperature
(iii) using a catalyst?
51. Describe the effect of:
a) addition of H2 b) addition of CH3OH
c) removal of CO d) removal of CH3OH
on the equilibrium of the reaction:
2H2(g) + CO(g) CH3OH(g)
52. Predict which of the following reaction will have appreciable concentration of reactants and products:

a) Cl3(g) 2Cl(g)
K c =5×10−39

b) Cl2(g) + 2NO(g) 2NOCl(g)

K c =3 .7×108

c) Cl2(g) + 2NO2(g) 2NO2Cl(g) c

K =1. 8
53. What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for the following species:
– – – CO 2−
3 ,
HNO2, CN , HClO4F , OH , and S2–

54. The species: H2O,

HCO− , HSO−
3 4 and NH3 can act both as Bronsted acids and bases. For each case give
the corresponding conjugate acid and base.
55. The pH of 0.1M solution of cyanic acid (HCNO) is 2.34. Calculate the ionization constant of the acid and
its degree of ionization in the solution.
 Topic: THERMODYNAMICS
1. When 430 J of work was done on a system, it lost 120 J of energy as heat. Calculate the value of change
in internal energy( ΔU ) .
2. Give two examples of state functions.
3. Name the state variables which remain constant in
(i) isobaric process
(ii) isothermal process
4. Define:
(1) Intensive property
(2) Extensive property
(3) Adiabatic process
(4) Closed system
(5) Molar enthalpy of fusion
(6) Standard enthalpy of formation
(7) Standard enthalpy of combustion
5. Write thermo-chemical equation for the formation of CO(g).
6. State a chemical reaction in which ΔH and ΔU .
7. Under what conditions ΔH and ΔU are equal?
8. H 2 (g )+Cl 2 ( g )→2 HCl(g )+185 kJ. State whether this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
9. One mole of acetone requires less heat to vaporize than 1 mole of water. Which of the two liquids has
higher enthalpy of vaporization.
–1
10. The standard enthalpy of formation of ammonia is –45.9 kJ mol . Calculate the enthalpy change for

the following reaction:2 NH 3 ( g )→ N 2 ( g )+3 H 2 ( g).

11. The enthalpy of atomization for the reaction:
CH 4 ( g)→C ( g)+ 4 H ( g) is 1665 kJ mol–1. What is the bond energy of C-H bond?
12. Give reasons: Neither q nor w is a state function but q+w is a state function.
13. Write the mathematical expression for the first law of thermodynamics.
Two Mark Questions
14. Classify the following as extensive and intensive properties: Molar heat capacity, Temperature,
Enthalpy and Volume
15. State Hess’s law of constant heat summation.
16. Derive the relationship between Cp and Cv for an ideal gas
Three Mark Questions
17. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of C2H4(g) from the following:
∘
C 2 H 4 ( g)+3 O2 (g )→2CO 2 ( g )+2 H 2 O( g ); ΔH =−1323 kJ. Given that ΔH f of CO2(g) and H2O(g) as
∘

–393.5 and –249 kJ/mol respectively.

18. Calculate the heat of combustion of glucose form the following data:
 C ( graphite ) + O2( g ) →CO 2 ( g) ; ΔH =−395
kJ
H 2( g ) + 1/2O 2( g)→ H 2 O ( l) ; ΔH =−269
kJ
6 C ( graphite ) + 6 H 2( g )+3 O2( g )→C 6 H 12 O6( s ) ; ΔH =−1169
kJ
19. Benzene burns in oxygen according to the following reaction:
∘
C 6 H 6( l)+71 /2 O2( g )→3 H 2 O( l)+6 CO 2( g ) .
If standard heats of formation
ΔH f ofC 6 H 6 (l), H 2 O(l ) and
CO 2 ( g) are given to be 49, –286 and –394 kJ mol–1 respectively, calculate the amount of heat liberated
by burning 1kg of benzene.
20. Given C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)⃗ 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l), ΔH =−1368 kJ. Calculate the mass of ethanol to be
burnt to produce 4104 kJ of heat.
21. The heat of combustion of carbon, hydrogen and methanol are –393.29 kJ, –286.16 kJ and –726 kJ
respectively. Calculate the heat of formation of methanol.
22. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of glucose, if the enthalpy of combustion of glucose, carbon and
–1
hydrogen are –2850, –393.5 and –286 kJ mol respectively.
–1
23. Enthalpy of formation of acetic acid, carbon dioxide and water are –486, –394 and –286 kJ mol
respectively. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of acetic acid.
24. The standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide, water and ethylene are –393.5, –286.2 and
–1
+52 kJ mol respectively. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethylene.
25. The heat of formation of methane, carbon dioxide and water (liquid) are –17.9, –94 and –68.4 kcal
respectively. Calculate the heat of combustion of methane.
26. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, CH2 = CH2(g) + H2(g)→ C2H6(g),
Given the bond energies of H-H, C=C, C-C, C-H are 433, 615, 347 and 413 kJ/mol respectively.
27. Calculate the bond energy of H-Br, given that enthalpy of formation of HBr is –36.2 kJ/mol. The bond
enthalpies of H-H and Br-Br bonds are 431 and 188 kJ/mol respectively.
28. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of water, given that the bond energies of H-H, O=O and O-H bond
are 433 kJ/mol, 492 kJ/mol and 464 kJ/mol respectively.
29. 1g of graphite is burnt in a bomb calorimeter in excess of oxygen at 298 K and 1 atmospheric pressure
according to the equation: C (graphite) + O2(g)→ CO2(g). During the reaction, temperature rises from
298 K to 299 K. If the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter is 20.7 kJ/K, then what is the enthalpy
change for the above reaction at 298K and 1 atm?
30. A swimmer coming out from a pool is covered with a film of water weighing about 18g. How much heat
must be supplied to evaporate this water at 298K? Calculate the internal energy of vaporization at
Δ H ∘ for water at 373K = 40.66 kJ mol–1
100˚C. vap
31. Calculate the number of kJ of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 60g of aluminium from 35˚C to
–1 –1
55˚C. Molar heat capacity of Al is 24JK mol .
32. Calculate the temperature above which the reduction of lead oxide in the following reaction becomes
−1 −1
spontaneous: PbO(s)+C (s)→ Pb( s)+CO( g ). Given: ΔH =108 . 4 kJ mol ; ΔS−190 J K mol
–1

33. Calculate the amount of work done when one mole of a gas is allowed to expand from a volume of 1 litre
to a volume of 5 litre against the constant external pressure of 1 bar (1 litre bar = 100 J)
34. Calculate w, q and ΔU When 0.75 mol of an ideal gas expands isothermally and reversibly at 27˚C from
a volume of 15 L to 25 L.
35. Predict the change in internal energy for an isolated system at constant volume.
36. Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work.
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.

37. For the process to occur under adiabatic conditions, the correct condition is:
(i) ΔT =0 (ii) Δp=0 (iii)q=0 (iv)w=0
38. The enthalpies of all elements in their standard states are:
(i) unity (ii) zero (iii) < 0 (iv) different for each element
Θ Θ
39. ΔU of combustion of methane is –X kJ mol–1. The value of ΔH is
Θ Θ Θ
(i) = ΔU (ii) ¿ ΔU (iii)¿ ΔU (iv) = 0
–1
40. The enthalpy of combustion of methane, graphite and dihydrogen at 298 K are,−890 . 3 kJ mol
−393.5 kJ mol−1 , and−285 . 8 kJ mol–1 respectively. Enthalpy of formation of CH4(g) will be
(i) −74.8 kJ mol−1 (ii) −52.27 kJ mol−1 (iii)+74.8 kJ mol−1 (iv)52.26 kJ mol−1 .
41. The reaction of cyanamide, NH2CN(s), with dioxygen was carried out in a bomb calorimeter, and ΔU
–1
was found to be−742 .7 kJ mol at 298 K. Calculate enthalpy change for the reaction at 298 K.
3
NH 2 CN ( g )+ O2 ( g )→N 2 ( g )+CO 2 ( g )+ H 2 O(l)
2
42. Calculate the number of kJ of heat necessary to raise necessary to raise the temperature of 60 g of
–1 –1
aluminium from 35˚C to 55˚C. Molar heat capacity of Al is 24 J mol K .
43. Calculate the enthalpy change on freezing of 1 mol of water at 10˚C to ice at –1o˚C.
Δ fus H =6 . 03 kJ mol−1 at 0˚C.
C p [ H 2 O ( l ) ]=75 . 3 J mol−1 K−1
C p [ H 2 O ( s ) ] =36 .8 J mol−1 K −1
–1
44. Enthalpy of combustion of carbon to CO2 is –393.5 kJ mol . Calculate the heat released upon
formation of 35.2 g of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas.
–1
45. Enthalpies of formation of CO(g), CO2(g), N2O(g) and N2O(g) are –110, –393, 81 and 9.7 kJ mol

respectively. Find the value of

Δ r H for the reaction:
N 2 O 4 ( g )+ 3CO ( g )→N 2 O(g )+3 CO 2 (g )
46. Given
N 2 (g )+3 H 2 ( g )→2 NH 3 ( g); Δ r H ∘=−92 . 4 kJ mol−1
What is the standard enthalpy of formation of NH3 gas?
47. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH3OH(l) from the following data:
3
CH 3 OH (l)+ O2 (g )→CO 2 ( g)+2 H 2 O(l); Δr H ∘=−726 kJ mol−1
2
C ( graphite ) +O2 ( g )→CO 2 ( g ); Δc H Θ=−393 kJ mol−1
 1
H 2 (g )+ O2 ( g )→H 2 O ( l ) ; Δ f H Θ =−286 kJ mol−1 .
2
48. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of lithium fluoride from the following data:
Δ f H ∘( LiF )=−594 kJ /mol , Δ sub H ∘( Li ) =+155 . 2 kJ , Δi H ∘( Li) =+ 520 kJ /mol , Δdiss H ∘F =150 kJ /mol
( 2)
Δ eg H ∘( F )=−333 kJ/mol .