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L12Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Techniques
L12Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Techniques
POWER ELECTRONICS
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I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (1)
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I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (2)
➢ Switching Sequence:
561 (V1) → 612 (V2) → 123 (V3) → 234 (V4)
→ 345 (V5) → 456 (V6) → 561 (V1)
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I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (4)
0.78
(Vab )h (rms) = Vdc
h
where, h = 6n 1 (n = 1, 2, 3,.....)
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I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (6)
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I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
B. Pulse-Width Modulated VSI (1)
➢ Objective of PWM
⬧ Control of inverter output voltage
⬧ Reduction of harmonics
➢ Disadvantages of PWM
⬧ Increase of switching losses due to high PWM frequency
⬧ Reduction of available voltage
⬧ EMI problems due to high-order harmonics
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I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
B. Pulse-Width Modulated VSI (2)
➢ Three-phase inverter
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II. PWM METHODS
A. Sine PWM (2)
➢ Three-phase sine PWM waveforms
vtri vcontrol_A vcontrol_B vcontrol_C
⬧ Frequency of vtri and vcontrol
Frequency of vtri = fs
A0
Frequency of vcontrol = f1
V
where, fs = PWM frequency
B0
V
f1 = Fundamental frequency
C0
V
⬧ Inverter output voltage
AB
V
When vcontrol > vtri, VA0 = Vdc/2
BC
When vcontrol < vtri, VA0 = -Vdc/2
V
where, VAB = VA0 – VB0 CA
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II. PWM METHODS
B. Hysteresis (Bang-bang) PWM (1)
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II. PWM METHODS
B. Hysteresis (Bang-bang) PWM (2)
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II. PWM METHODS
B. Hysteresis (Bang-bang) PWM (3)
⬧ Advantages
⬧ Drawbacks
⬧ S1 through S6 are the six power transistors that shape the ouput voltage
⬧ When an upper switch is turned on (i.e., a, b or c is “1”), the corresponding lower
switch is turned off (i.e., a', b' or c' is “0”)
Eight possible combinations of on and off patterns for the three upper transistors (S 1, S3, S5)
Vab 1 − 1 0 a
Vbc = Vdc 0 1 − 1 b, where switching variable vector [a b c]t
Vca − 1 0 1 c
Van 2 − 1 − 1 a
1
V
3
bn = Vdc − 1 2 − 1 b
Vcn − 1 − 1 2 c
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (3)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (4)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (5)
⬧ The vectors (V1 to V6) divide the plane into six sectors (each sector: 60 degrees)
⬧ Vref is generated by two adjacent non-zero vectors and two zero vectors
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (6)
At origin
No voltage is supplied to the load
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (7)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (8)
Sine PWM
: Locus of the reference vector is the inside of a circle with radius of 1/2 Vdc
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (9)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (10)
➢ Step 1. Determine Vd, Vq, Vref, and angle ()
⬧ Coordinate transformation
Vd = Van − Vbn cos60 − Vcn cos60
: abc to dq 1 1
= Van − Vbn − Vcn
2 2
1 1
1 − − Van
Vd 2 2 2
= Vbn
Vq 3 3 3
0 − Vcn
2 2
V ref = Vd 2 + Vq 2
Vq
α = tan−1 ( ) = ωs t = 2ππs t
Vd
(where, fs = fundamental frequency)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (11)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (12)
V = V dt + V dt + V
0
ref
0
1
T1
2
T1 + T2
0
Tz V ref = (T1 V1 + T2 V 2 )
cos (α) 2 1 2 cos (π / 3)
Tz V ref =
1 T V
dc + T2 V
dc
sin (α) 3 0 3 sin (π / 3)
(where, 0 α 60)
sin ( / 3 − )
T1 = Tz a
sin ( / 3)
sin ( )
T2 = Tz a
sin ( / 3)
1 V ref
T0 = Tz − (T1 + T2 ), where, Tz = and a =
fs 2
Vdc
3
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (13)
3 Tz V ref n −1
T1 = sin − +
Vdc 3 3
3 Tz V ref n
= sin −
Vdc 3
3 Tz V ref n n
= sin cos − cos sin
Vdc 3 3
3 Tz V ref n −1
T2 = sin −
Vdc 3
3 Tz V ref n −1 n −1
= − cos sin + sin cos
Vdc 3 3
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (14)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (15)
➢ Step 3. Determine the switching time of each transistor (S 1 to S6) (2)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (16)
➢ Step 3. Determine the switching time of each transistor (S 1 to S6) (3)
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II. PWM METHODS
C. Space Vector PWM (17)
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