Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5 FM PM
5 FM PM
5 FM PM
Analog Communications
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Angle Modulation
1 d (t ) f (t ) : Instantaneous Frequency
f (t )
2 dt
1 d (t )
A typical carrier signal: (t ) 2 fct (t ), f (t ) f c
2 dt
• Phase Modulation (PM):
(t ) s(t ) sPM (t ) A cos(2 fct s(t ))
FM Signal
s(t)
sFM(t)
7
A False Start
FM Sinusoidal Signal
Jn() is called the Bessel Function of the first kind and of order n, which
is defined by
1
j ( sin x nx )
J n ( ) e dx
2
n
For small values of : J n ( )
2n n !
2 n
For large values of : J n ( ) cos
4 2
J ( ) n even
Symmetry property: J n ( ) n J n ( ) J n ( )
J n ( ) n odd
13
n
2 n 2 n
A A
S FM ( f )
2 n
J n ( ) ( f f c nf m ) J n ( ) ( f fc nfm )
2 n
4 n 4 n
2
A2 2 A2 A
n1 J n2 ( ) n J n2 ( ) 2
1
Pt J 0 ( )
2 2
J 02 ( ) 2 n1 J n2 ( ) 1
Power at carrier Power at sidebands
A2
sFM (t ) A cos[2 fct sin(2 f mt )] Pt
2
16
98% power
2(1+fm
Larger :
• Bandwidth Efficiency of FM signals:
Lower bandwidth efficiency
Bs 1
FM 50% Better fidelity performance
2(1 ) Bs 2(1 )
Direct FM
The carrier signal used in a direct FM system can be generated by
a sinusoidal oscillator circuit where the oscillator frequency is
controllable.
Indirect FM
In practice, it is very difficult to construct highly stable oscillators
that can be voltage-controlled accurately. Therefore, direct FM is
not commonly used in FM broadcast transmitters. It is only used in
applications where low equipment cost is more important than
frequency stability, e.g. radio control.
t
sFM (t ) A cos(2 f ct ) A sin(2 f ct ) 2 k s( )d
25
Armstrong FM Modulator
A cos(2 fct )
sFM (t ) A cos(2 f ct )
t
A sin(2 f ct ) 2 k s ( )d
t
A sin(2 fct )
2 k s( )d
s(t)
26
Frequency Multiplier
The main advantage of Armstrong FM modulator is its high
frequency stability. While the Armstrong modulator is only suitable
for FM with a small . For large , a frequency multiplier can be
used at the output of the Armstrong modulator.
In particular, let us consider a frequency doubler defined as:
eo(t) = ei2(t).
If ei(t) is an FM signal, e.g., ei(t) = cos(2fct + sin2fmt), we have
eo(t) = cos2 (2fct + sin2fmt) = 0.5[1+cos (22fct + 2 sin2fmt)]
Both and carrier frequency have been doubled.
A frequency multiplier can be formed by cascading several doublers.
27
dsFM (t )
dt
t
2 f c 2 ks(t ) A sin 2 f ct k s( )d
The envelope of this signal is:
A 2 fc 2 ks(t )
We can then recover s(t) from this envelope signal by removing
its DC component.
28
Summary of FM and AM
DSB-SC high
50% ~ Pt
AM DSB-C low
SSB high 100% (DSB-C has a lower SNR)
Bs
VSB high 50% 100%
Bs
Bs
FM moderate 50% ~ Pt ~ 2
2(1 ) Bs