BDwbU

†hŠw³K wefvM
(Logical Division)
2
f~wgKv
†hŠw³K wefvM hyw³we`¨vi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡cY~ © I †gŠwjK welq| GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bxwZi wfwˇZ GKwU RvwZ‡K Gi
AšÍM©Z DcRvwZi g‡a¨ wef³ Kiv‡KB ejv nq †hŠw³K wefvM| A_©vr wefvRb cÖwµqv hLb ˆeÁvwbK I c×wZMZ
nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq †hŠw³K wefvM| †hŠw³K wefv†Mi h_vh_ Av‡jvPbv Ges Gi e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡gB
Avgiv cÖK…wZ‡Z Aew¯’Z wewfbœ RvwZ ev †kÖwY I G‡`i AšÍMZ
© wewfbœ DcRvwZ ev Dc‡kÖwY m¤ú‡K© my¯úó Ávb ev
mwVK aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvwi| †hŠw³K wefvM GKw`‡K ‡hgb c‡`i A_©MZ, cwigvYMZ I ˆewkó¨MZ w`KwU cÖKvk
K‡i, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb Abygvb, hyw³ MVb, hyw³ cÖYqb, RvwZ-DcRvwZi wefvRb, †kÖwYKiY cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ I
c‡ivÿfv‡e Ae`vb iv‡L| ZvB hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvPbvq †hŠw³K wefvM GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖvmw½K I ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welq|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq : m‡e©v”P 04 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-2.1: †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi msÁv, cÖK…wZ I cÖvmw½KZv
cvV-2.2: †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqgvewj
cvV-2.3 : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg j•NbRwbZ AbyccwË
cvV-2.4: w؇KvwUK wefvM Ges Gi myweav-Amyweav
cvV-2.5: †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡
cvV-2.6: †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi mxgve×Zv
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.1 †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi msÁv, cÖK…wZ I cÖvmw½KZv

(Definition, Nature and Relevance of Logical Division)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖvmw½KZv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi msÁv

(Definition of Logical Division)
†Kv‡bv c‡`i e¨³¨‡_©i we‡kølYB n‡”Q †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi g~j welq| G Kvi‡YB wefvM cÖwµqvq mKj †ÿ‡ÎB
†Kv‡bv †kÖwY‡K Zvi AšÍf©z³ Dc‡kÖwYmg~‡n fvM Kiv nq| †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ wewfbœ hyw³we`
†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi bvbvwea msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb-
hyw³we` †R. Gb. Kxbm (J. N. Keynes) Zvui Formal Logic MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, ÒhLb GKwU RvwZ‡K Gi AšÍf©z³
DcRvwZmg~‡n c„_KxKiY Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq †hŠw³K wefvM|Ó (1900, p.441)
hyw³we` GBP. WweøD. we. †hv‡md (H.W.B. Joseph) Zvui An Introduction to Logic MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, ÒGKwU RvwZ‡K
wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z, †h DcRvwZ¸‡jv H RvwZi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i, Avjv`v Kiv ev c„_K Kivi cÖwµqv‡K †hŠw³K
wefvM e‡j|Ó(ÒThe process of distinguishing or breaking up a genus into the species that belong to it is
called logical division.Ó (1916, P.115)
hyw³we` Gj. Gm. †÷wes (L.S. Stebbing) Zvui A Modern Introduction to Logic eB‡q e‡jb, ÒGKwU †kÖwY‡K
Gi MVbKvix Dcv`vb Ask wn‡m‡e Dc‡kÖYx‡Z fvM Kivi cÖwµqvB n‡jv †hŠw³K wefvMÓ (ÒThe process of
splitting a class into its constituent sub-classes is known as logical division.Ó (1942, P. 434)
cwi‡k‡l hyw³we`MY KZ…©K cÖ`Ë msÁvmg~‡ni wfwˇZ †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi msÁvq ejv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv GKwU
g~jm~‡Îi Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU RvwZ ev D”PZi †kÖwY‡K Gi AšÍMZ © DcRvwZ ev wb¤œZi Dc‡kÖYxmg~‡n
gvbwmKfv‡e wef³ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq †hŠw³K wefvM|
wb‡¤œv³ D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi msÁvwU AviI ¯úó Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, ÔmZZvÕ bxwZi wfwˇZ
ÔgvbylÕ †kÖwY‡K Ômr gvbylÕ I ÔAmr gvbylÕ- G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| Avevi ÔwkÿvÕ ¸YwUi wfwˇZ ÔgvbylÕ †kÖwY‡K
ÔwkwÿZ gvbylÕ I ÔAwkwÿZ gvbylÕ- G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| A_©vr ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó RvwZ ev †kÖwY‡K ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
mg‡q GKwU gvÎ wbqg ev ¸Y Abymv‡i †hŠw³K wefvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖK…wZ
(Nature of Logical Division)
hyw³we`MY KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Dchy©³ msÁvmg~‡ni wfwˇZ †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖK…wZ‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq-
1| †hŠw³K wefvM †KejgvÎ †kÖwYevPK ev RvwZevPK c‡`i †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e, †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î
m¤¢e bq| †hgb, eY© Abymv‡i ÔgvbylÕ †kÖwYevPK c`wU‡K Ô‡k^ZKvqÕ I ÔA‡k^ZKvqÕ G `yÕfv‡M wef³ Kiv
n‡j Zv n‡e †hŠw³K wefvM|

24 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

2| †hŠw³K wefvM n‡jv GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv| ‰ewPΨgq G we‡k^i hveZxq welq GKB mv‡_ Rvbv ev g‡b ivLv
†Kv‡bv gvby‡li c‡ÿB m¤¢e bq| G‡ÿ‡Î †hŠw³K wefvM GKwU Acwinvh© mnvqK welq| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †kÖwY
ev RvwZ‡K fvM Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K cÖ_‡g †Kvb& ¸Y ev m~‡Îi wfwˇZ fvM Ki‡ev, Zv gvbwmKfv‡e wVK
K‡i wb‡Z nq| myZivs †hŠw³K wefvM cÖwµqvwU n‡jv GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv|
3| †hŠw³K wefvM A½MZ wefvM I ¸YMZ wefvM †_‡K m¤ú~Yi© ƒ‡c GKwU c„_K cÖwµqv| †Kbbv †hŠw³K wefv‡M
wefvR¨ †kÖwYwU Dc‡kÖwY¸‡jvi cÖwZwUi †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI A½MZ wefvM I ¸YMZ wefv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
4| †hŠw³K wefvR‡bi †ÿ‡Î me mgq GKwU gvÎ bxwZ ev m~Î AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Gi A_© GB bq †h,
†Kv‡bv GKwU †kÖwYevPK ev RvwZevPK c`‡K me mgq GKB bxwZ ev m~‡Îi wfwˇZ wefvRb Ki‡Z n‡e|
eis Gi A_© n‡jv, GKB mv‡_ GKwUi AwaK bxwZ AbymiY Kiv bv †M‡jI wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q wfbœ wfbœ bxwZ
AbymiY Kiv hv‡e| †hgb, Ômf¨ZvÕ bxwZi wfwˇZ ÔgvbylÕ †kÖwY‡K Ômf¨ gvbylÕ I ÔAmf¨ gvbylÕ- G `yÕfv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq| Avevi Ô‰bwZKZvÕ ¸YwUi wfwˇZ ÔgvbylÕ †kÖwY‡K Ô‰bwZK gvbylÕ I ÔA‰bwZK gvbylÕ- G
`yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó RvwZ ev †kÖwY‡K ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU gvÎ wbqg ev ¸Y
Abymv‡i †hŠw³K wefvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
5| †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î me mgq GKwU we‡kl c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq e‡j GwU GKwU ‰eÁvwbK cÖwµqv|
6| †hŠw³K wefvM Kivi mgq Ggb GKwU ¸Y AbymiY Ki‡Z nq hv GKwU RvwZ ev †kÖwYi wKQz As‡k we`¨gvb
Ges wKQz As‡k we`¨gvb bq, A_ev Ggb GKwU bxwZ ev m~Î AbymiY Ki‡Z nq hv GKwU RvwZ ev †kÖwYi
wKQz As‡k cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges wKQz As‡k cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
7| †hŠw³K wefv‡M wef³g~j, wefvRK Dc‡kÖwY I mn-wefvM G wZbwU welq we`¨gvb| †hŠw³K wefv‡M †h
†kÖwYevPK c`wU‡K fvM Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq Ôwef³g~jÕ (totum division)| Avevi wef³g~j‡K ‡h wewfbœ
Dc‡kÖwY ev DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq ÔwefvRK Dc‡kÖwYÕ (dividing members)| Avi †hŠw³K
wefv‡M hLb GKB †kÖwY‡K wewfbœ g~jm~Î Abymv‡i wewfbœ Dc‡kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq Ômn-
wefvMÕ (co-division)|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖvmw½KZv

(Relevance of Logical Division)
hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welqmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h mKj mnvqK cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q †hŠw³K wefvM †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welq wn‡m‡e †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖvmw½KZv KZUzKz ¸iæZ¡cY~ © wb‡¤œ Zv ms‡ÿ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1| hyw³we`¨vi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv hyw³| Avi hyw³ c×wZ h_v_© nIqvi Rb¨ †hŠw³K wefvM m¤úwK©Z Ávb
Acwinvh©| KviY wek^cÖK…wZi ˆewPΨgqZv I wekvjZvi Rb¨ Gi me wKQz m¤ú‡K© h_v_© Ávb AR©b Kiv
Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| GgZve¯’vq ‡hŠw³K wefvR‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ ¸Y ev ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K G¸‡jv‡K
¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í K‡i Lye mn‡RB G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó aviYv jvf Kiv hvq hv h_v_© hyw³ MV‡b mnvqZv
K‡i| ZvB hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvPbvq †hŠw³K wefvM AZ¨šÍ cÖvmw½K|
2| †hŠw³K wefvM me mgq wefvwRZ DcRvwZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i aviYv‡K my¯úó I mywbw`©ó K‡i GKwU
RvwZi Aax‡b KZ¸‡jv DcRvwZ i‡q‡Q Zv wba©viY K‡i Ges wewfbœ DcRvwZi g‡a¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I
cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i|
3| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB GKwU RvwZi ev †kÖwYi AšÍfz©³ me wKQz g‡b ivLv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ hLb GKwU RvwZ ev
†kÖwY‡K wewfbœ ¸Y ev ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ Gi AšÍMZ
© wewfbœ DcRvwZ ev Dc‡kÖwYmg~‡n wef³ Kiv nq ZLb Zv
mn‡RB g‡b ivLv hvq| myZivs †hŠw³K wefvM Avgv‡`i ¯§„wZkw³i mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

†hŠw³K wefvM 25
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4| †hŠw³K wefvM GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv e‡j GwU Avgv‡`i gbbkxj kw³ e„w× K‡i| Avevi GwU GKwU we‡kl
bxwZ ev m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wefvRb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i e‡j Zv hyw³we`¨vi †h†Kv‡bv RwUj welq mn‡R we‡kølY
Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
5| †hŠw³K wefvM cÖwµqvwU †h ïaygvÎ hyw³we`¨vi ‡ÿ‡ÎB cÖvmw½K Zv wKš‘ bq, GwU ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜvb ev
M‡elYvi †ÿ‡ÎI GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq I cÖvmw½K welq| KviY cÖwZwU weÁvbB †hŠw³K wefvM cÖwµqvwU
AbymiY K‡i Gi Abym‡Üq ev M‡elYvi welqwU cÖK…wZi Ab¨vb¨ welq †_‡K c„_K K‡i| Gi d‡j ˆeÁvwbK
M‡elYv Kvh© A‡bK mnR nq|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, cÖK…wZi wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i G m¤ú‡K© my¯úó, h_v_© I
mnR-mij aviYv cÖ`vb KivB †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi g~j KvR| GQvovI G cÖwµqvwU Avgv‡`i ev¯ÍegyLx cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Avgiv wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡R‡`i ARv‡šÍB †hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvi
Avkªq wb‡q cÖwZwbqZ Avgv‡`i Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _vwK| ZvB hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welq wn‡m‡e †hŠw³K wefvM
LyeB Zvrch©cY~ © I cÖvmw½K|

wkÿv_©xi KvR : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ msÁv w`b|

mvims‡ÿc
GKwU mywbw`©ó bxwZi wfwˇZ GKwU RvwZ‡K Gi AšÍMZ
© DcRvwZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wef³ KivB n‡jv
†hŠw³K wefvM| GwU †KejgvÎ †kÖwYevPK ev RvwZevPK c‡`i †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e, †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³
ev e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î m¤¢e bq| †hŠw³K wefvR‡bi †ÿ‡Î me mgq GKwU gvÎ bxwZ ev m~Î AbymiY
Ki‡Z nq| G cÖwµqvwU hyw³we`¨vi cvkvcvwk ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜvb ev M‡elYvi †ÿ‡ÎI GKwU
AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq I cÖvmw½K welq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| ÒhLb GKwU RvwZ‡K Gi AšÍfz©³ DcRvwZmg~‡n c„_KxKiY Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq †hŠw³K
wefvM|Ó- †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G msÁvwU †K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb?
(K) †R. Gb. Kxbm (L) GBP. WweøD. we. †hv‡md
(M) Gj. Gm. †÷wes (N) AvB. Gg. Kwc
2| wb‡Pi †Kvb& †ÿ‡Î †hŠw³K wefvM m¤¢e?

(K) e¨w³evPK c‡`i †ÿ‡Î (L) RvwZevPK c‡`i †ÿ‡Î

(M) GKK c‡`i †ÿ‡Î (N) wewkó c‡`i †ÿ‡Î

3| hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welq wn‡m‡e †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖvmw½KZv i‡q‡Q, KviY GwU-
(і) ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb (іі) Avgv‡`i ¯§„wZkw³i mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
(ііі) Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) і I іі (L) іі I ііі (M) і I ііі (N) і, іі, I ііі

26 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

cvV-2.2 †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqgvewj

(Rules of Logical Division)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
• †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqgvewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqgvewj j•NbRwbZ AbyccwËmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi †Kvb wbqg j•N‡b †Kvb AbyccwË N‡U Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqgvewj

(Rules of Logical Division)
mwVKfv‡e †hŠw³K wefvR‡bi Rb¨ hyw³we`MY †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi †gvU QqwU wbq‡gi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ
†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqgvewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
cÖ_g wbqg : †hŠw³K wefv‡M wefvR¨ c`wU‡K me©`v †kÖwYevPK ev RvwZevPK c` n‡Z n‡e, †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev
e¯‘ n‡j Pj‡e bv|
G wbq‡gi g~j Zvrch© n‡jv ‡hŠw³K wefv‡M me mgq †Kv‡bv RvwZ ev †kÖwY‡KB fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, †Kv‡bv we‡kl
e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K bq| ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgwU j•Nb Ki‡j wb‡¤œv³ AbyccwË N‡U :
(K) A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Physical Division) : wefvRb cÖwµqvq hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev
e¯‘‡K Gi wewfbœ As‡k fvM Kiv nq ZLb G‡ÿ‡Î †h AbyccwËi m„wó nq Zv‡K A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy
of physical division) e‡j| †hgb: GKwU nvZx‡K Gi gv_v, ïi, †jR, cv BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
(L) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Metaphysical Division) : wefvRb cÖwµqvq hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³
ev e¯‘‡K Gi wewfbœ ¸‡Yi wfwˇZ fvM Kiv nq ZLb G‡ÿ‡Î †h AbyccwËi m„wó nq Zv‡K ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË
(Fallacy of Metaphysical Division) e‡j| †hgb, GKwU Kgjv †jey‡K Gi wewfbœ is, AvKvi, MÜ, ¯^v` BZ¨vw`
¸‡Y fvM Kiv|
wØZxq wbqg : †hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvq me mgq GKwU gvÎ bxwZ‡K g~jm~Î wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
G wbqg Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv RvwZevPK c`‡K Zvi AšÍMZ© DcRvwZmg~‡n wef³ Ki‡Z n‡j GKev‡i GKwUgvÎ g~jm~Î
MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr GKwU RvwZevPK ev †kÖwYevPK c‡`i AmsL¨ ¸Y ev ˆewkó¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hŠw³K
wefvRb cÖwµqvq H RvwZevPK ev †kÖwYevPK c‡`i AmsL¨ ¸Y ev ˆewkó¨ †_‡K g~jm~Î wn‡m‡e wewfbœ mg‡q wfbœ
wfbœ bxwZ ev ˆewkó¨‡K MªnY Kiv †M‡jI GKB mg‡q GKwUi †ewk ¸Y ev ˆewkó¨‡K MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv| ‡hgb,
cÖvwY RvwZ‡K †giæ`Û g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ ‡giæ`Ûx I A‡giæ`Ûx G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G
wbqgwU j•Nb Ki‡j wb‡¤œv³ AbyccwË N‡U :
msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË
(Fallacy of Cross Division or Fallacy of Overlapping Division )
†hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvi wØZxq wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i GKwUi cwie‡Z© hw` GKB mg‡q GKvwaK g~jbxwZ MÖnY Kiv
nq Zvn‡j G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Cross
Division or Fallacy of Overlapping Division) e‡j| †hgb, hw` ÔgvbylÕ RvwZ‡K fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q Ômf¨ZvÕ,
ÔmZZvÕ, ÔmZ¨ev`xZvÕ G wZbwU bxwZ‡K wefv‡Mi m~Î wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j
G‡ÿ‡Î msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË NU‡e| KviY †h Ômf¨Õ †m ÔmrÕ Ges ÔmZ¨ev`xÕ-I
n‡Z cv‡i, †h ÔmrÕ †m Ômf¨Õ Ges ÔmZ¨ev`xÕ-I n‡Z cv‡i Ges ‡h ÔmZ¨ev`xÕ †m Ômf¨Õ Ges ÔmrÕ -I n‡Z cv‡i|

†hŠw³K wefvM 27
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Z…Zxq wbqg : †hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvq wefvR¨ c‡`i e¨³¨_© wef³ DcRvwZ¸‡jvi e¨³¨‡_©i †hvMd‡ji mgvb
n‡Z n‡e, Kg ev †ewk n‡j Pj‡e bv|
†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgwUi A_© n‡jv GKwU RvwZ‡K wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z wefvRb Kivi mgq jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb
G †_‡K †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ ev` bv c‡o, Avevi AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ Gi AšÍfy©³ bv nq| †hgb, gvbyl‡K Ômr
gvbylÕ I ÔAmr gvbylÕ G `yBDcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv n‡j Ômr gvbylÕ I ÔAmr gvbylÕ DcRvwZi †hvMd‡ji e¨³¨_©
wefvR¨ ÔgvbylÕ RvwZi e¨³¨‡_©i mgvb n‡e| ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgwU j•Nb Ki‡j `yÕai‡bi AbyccwË N‡U :
Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË
(Fallacy of Too Narrow Division)
†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi Z…Zxq wbqg j•Nb K‡i wefvRb cÖwµqvq wefvR¨ c‡`i †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ hw` ev` †`qv nq Zvn‡j
G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Too Narrow Division) e‡j| †hgb, wÎfzR‡K
fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q hw` G‡K ÔmgevûÕ I ÔwelgevûÕ G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î ÔmgwØevûÕ wÎfzR ev` c‡o
hvq| d‡j G‡Z Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË N‡U|
AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË
(Fallacy of Too Wide Division)
†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi Z…Zxq wbqg j•Nb K‡i wefvRb cÖwµqvq hw` wefvR¨ c‡`i AšÍfy©³ bq Ggb †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ
D‡jøL Kiv nq Zvn‡j G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Too Wide Division)
e‡j| †hgb, wÎfzR‡K fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q hw` G‡K ÔmgevûÕ I ÔwelgevûÕ ÔmgwØevûÕ I ÔwØevûÕ G Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv
nq Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î ÔwØevûÕ wÎfzR AwZwi³ nIqvq AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË N‡U| KviY wØevû wÎfzR ÔwÎfzRÕ
†kÖwYi †Kv‡bv Dc‡kÖwY bq|
PZz_© wbqg : †hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvq wef³ DcRvwZ¸‡jv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ n‡Z n‡e, wKQz‡ZB GKwU Ab¨wUi
mv‡_ wg‡k †h‡Z cvi‡e bv|
G wbqgwU g~jZ †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wØZxq wbq‡gi Abymvix| A_©vr GKB mg‡q GKB wefvM cÖwµqvq GKwU gvÎ
g~jm~Î MÖnY Ki‡j Dc‡kÖwY¸‡jvi GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ wg‡k hv‡e bv| ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgwU j•Nb Ki‡j
wb‡¤œv³ AbyccwË N‡U :
msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË
(Fallacy of Cross Division or Fallacy of Overlapping Division )
†hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvi PZz_© wbqgwU n‡”Q wefvRb cÖwµqvq wef³ DcRvwZ¸‡jv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘
G wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i hw` †Kv‡bv †kÖwYevPK c`‡K Ggb fv‡e fvM Kiv nq †h GKwU Dc‡kÖwY Ab¨wUi mv‡_ wg‡k
hvq, Zn‡j G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Cross
Division or Fallacy of Overlapping Division ) e‡j| †hgb, hw` ÔwÎfzRÕ ‡kÖwY‡K fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q ÔevûÕ, Ô‡KvYÕ
G `yÕwU bxwZ‡K wefv‡Mi m~Î wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j G‡ÿ‡Î msKi wefvM
AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË NU‡e| KviY ‡h wÎfzRwU Ômg‡KvYxÕ Zv ÔwelgevûÕ ev ÔmgevûÕ-I n‡Z
cv‡i| A_©vr GKwU Dc‡kÖwY Ab¨wUi mv‡_ wg‡k ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
cÂg wbqg : wefvR¨ †kÖwY ev RvwZi bvg wef³ Dc‡kÖwY ev DcRvwZ¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi †ÿ‡Î GKB A‡_© cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡Z n‡e|
G wbqgvbymv‡i GKwU †kÖwY ev RvwZ‡K †hŠw³K wefvR‡bi ciI Gi bv‡gi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| †hgb,
wÎfzR‡K hw` ÔmgevûÕ, ÔwelgevûÕ I ÔmgwØevûÕ-G wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j G wZbwUi IciB wefvR¨ c`
ÔwÎfzRÕ K_vwU cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgwU g~jZ Z„Zxq wbqg †_‡K Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| KviY †hŠw³K
wefvR‡bi ci hw` Ggb †Kv‡bv Dc‡kÖwY cvIqv hvq hvi Ici wefvR¨ †kÖwYi bvg cÖ‡hvR¨ bq, Zvn‡j

28 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

Dc‡kÖwYmg~‡ni e¨³¨‡_©i †hvMdj wefvR¨ †kÖwYi e¨³¨‡_©i †hvMd‡ji mgvb n‡e bv| ZvB †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GKwU
c`‡K wef³ Ki‡Z wM‡q hw` †`Lv hvq †h, wefvR¨ c‡`i bvg wef³ c`mg~‡ni Ici cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv, Zvn‡j
†m‡ÿ‡Î AbyccwË NU‡e| ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgwU j•Nb Ki‡j wb‡¤œv³ AbyccwË N‡U :
(K) A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Physical Division) : wefvRb cÖwµqvq hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev
e¯‘‡K Gi wewfbœ As‡k fvM Kiv nq ZLb G‡ÿ‡Î wefvR¨ c`wUi bvg wefvwRZ Askmg~‡ni †Kv‡bvwUi Ici
cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv| GgZve¯’vq †h AbyccwËi m„wó nq Zv‡K A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of physical division)
e‡j| †hgb, GKwU MvQ‡K Gi g~j, KvÛ, kvLv BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
(L) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Metaphysical Division) : wefvRb cÖwµqvq hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³
ev e¯‘‡K Gi wewfbœ ¸‡Yi wfwˇZ fvM Kiv nq ZLb G‡ÿ‡Î wefvR¨ c`wUi bvg wefvwRZ ¸Ymg~‡ni †Kv‡bvwUi
Ici cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv| GgZve¯’vq †h AbyccwËi m„wó nq Zv‡K ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Metaphysical
Division) e‡j| †hgb, GKwU Av‡cj‡K Gi wewfbœ is, AvKvi, MÜ, ¯^v` BZ¨vw` ¸‡Y fvM Kiv|
lô wbqg : µwgK wefv‡M wefvR¨ †kÖwY ev RvwZ‡K Gi wbKUZg Dc‡kÖwY ev DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Ki‡Z n‡e, ga¨eZx©
†Kv‡bv ¯Íi ev` †`qv hv‡e bv|
e¯‘Z µwgK wefv‡M A‡bK¸‡jv avc ev ¯Íi _v‡K Ges G avc ev ¯Íi¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡KI ev` †`qv hvq bv|
A_©vr ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgvbymv‡i wefvM cÖwµqv‡K cÖwZwU ¯Íi AbymiY K‡iB AMÖmi n‡Z nq| †hgb, ÔcÖvwYÕ
c`wUi µwgK wefvRb Ki‡Z wM‡q hw` cÖ_‡g G‡K ÔgvbylÕ I ÔAb¨vb¨ cÖvwYÕ Gici ÔgvbylÕ c`wU‡K Ômf¨ gvbylÕ I
ÔAmf¨ gvbylÕ c‡` wefvRb Kiv nq Zvn‡j Zv n‡e µwgK wefvRb| ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqgwU j•Nb Ki‡j
wb‡¤œv³ AbyccwË N‡U :
Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË
(Fallacy of Division by Leap)
µwgK wefv‡M wefvR¨ †kÖwY ev RvwZ‡K Gi wbKUZg Dc‡kÖwY ev DcRvwZ‡Z fvM bv K‡i hw` ga¨eZx© †Kv‡bv ¯Íi
ev` †`qv nq Zvn‡j G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Division by Leap) e‡j|
†hgb, ÔcÖvwYÕ c`wUi µwgK wefvRb Ki‡Z wM‡q hw` cÖ_‡gB G‡K Ômf¨ gvbylÕ I ÔAmf¨ gvbylÕ c‡` wefvRb Kiv
nq Zvn‡j Zv n‡e Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î ga¨eZx© ¯Íi ÔgvbylÕ I ÔAb¨vb¨ cÖvwYÕ ev` c‡o‡Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi 6wU wbqg ZvwjKve× Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
cÖwZwU wel‡qi g‡ZvB †hŠw³K wefvM cÖwµqvi wKQz we‡kl wbqg i‡q‡Q| h_vh_fv‡e ‡hŠw³K
wefvR‡bi Rb¨ hyw³we`MY ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi †gvU QqwU wbq‡gi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wefvRb
cÖwµqvwU‡K Zvrch©cY~ © Ges hyw³we`¨vi welqe¯‘ myks„ Lj I my¯úófv‡e e¨vL¨v Kivi †ÿ‡Î G
wbqgmg~n AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

†hŠw³K wefvM 29
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb−2.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †hŠw³K wefv‡M †gvU KqwU wbqg i‡q‡Q?
(K) 4wU (L) 5wU (M) 6wU (N) 7wU
2| †hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvq hw` GKB mg‡q GKvwaK g~jbxwZ MÖnb Kiv nq Zn‡j G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U
Zv‡K e‡j−
(K) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË (L) Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË
(M) msKi wefvM AbyccwË (N) A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË
3| †hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqvq wefvR¨ c‡`i e¨³¨_© wef³ DcRvwZ¸‡jvi e¨³¨‡_©i †hvMd‡ji−
(K) †ewk n‡e (L) Kg n‡e (M) Kg ev †ewk DfqB n‡e (N) mgvb n‡e

30 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

cvV-2.3 †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg j•NbRwbZ AbyccwË

(Fallacies Arising out of the Violations of Rules of Logical
Division)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
• †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg j•NbRwbZ AbyccwËmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• h_vh_fv‡e †hŠw³K wefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg j•NbRwbZ AbyccwË

(Fallacies Arising out of the Violations of Rules of Logical Division)
Avgiv Rvwb †Kv‡bv GKwU bxwZ ev m~‡Îi wfwˇZ hLb GKwU RvwZevPK c`‡K Gi AšÍMZ
© wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z fvM
Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ‡hŠw³K wefvM e‡j| †hŠw³K wefv‡M †gvU QqwU wbqg i‡q‡Q| G QqwU wbqg j•Nb Ki‡j †h
mKj AbyccwË N‡U †m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc :
(K) A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Physical Division)
GKwU MvQ‡K Gi g~j, KvÛ, cvZv, dzj, dj BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
msNwUZ AbyccwË : A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË
AbyccwËi e¨vL¨v : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖ_g wbqg Abyhvqx wefvR¨ c`wU‡K me©`v †kÖwYevPK ev RvwZevPK c` n‡Z
n‡e, †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev e¯‘ n‡j Pj‡e bv| G wbq‡gi g~j Zvrch© n‡jv ‡hŠw³K wefv‡M me mgq †Kv‡bv RvwZ
ev †kÖwY‡KB fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K bq| wKš‘ G wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i wefvRb cÖwµqvq
hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K Gi wewfbœ As‡k fvM Kiv nq ZLb G‡ÿ‡Î †h AbyccwËi m„wó nq Zv‡K A½MZ
wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of physical division) e‡j| Av‡jvP¨ wefvRb cÖwµqvq ‡Kv‡bv †kÖwYevPK c` e¨envi bv
K‡i GKwU we‡kl c` A_©vr GKwU MvQ‡K Gi g~j, KvÛ, cvZv, dzj, dj BZ¨vw` As‡k ev A‡½ fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ZvB GLv‡b A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ A½MZ wefvM AbyccwËi AviI wKQz `„óvšÍ
(Some More Examples of the Fallacy of Physical Division for Practise)
1| GKwU ‡Pqvi‡K Gi cvqv, nvZj, emvi QvDwb BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
2| GKwU MvQ‡K g~j, KvÛ, cvZv, dzj, dj BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
3| GKwU eB‡K Gi c„ôv, gjvU, kã, eY©, BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
4| GKwU ‡`k‡K wefvM, ‡Rjv, Dc‡Rjv, BDwbqb BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
5| GKwU dzj‡K Gi e„š,Í cvcwo, †iYy BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
6| GKwU †Nvov‡K Zvi gv_v, Kvb, †jR, cv BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv|
(L) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Metaphysical Division)
GKwU Av‡cj‡K Gi is, ¯^v` I M‡Ü fvM Kiv|
AbyccwËi e¨vL¨v : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖ_g wbqg Abyhvqx wefvR¨ c`wU‡K me©`v †kÖwYevPK ev RvwZevPK c` n‡Z
n‡e, †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev e¯‘ n‡j Pj‡e bv| wKš‘ G wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i wefvRb cÖwµqvq hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl
e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K Gi wewfbœ ¸‡Yi wfwˇZ fvM Kiv nq ZLb G‡ÿ‡Î †h AbyccwËi m„wó nq Zv‡K ¸YMZ wefvM
AbyccwË (Fallacy of Metaphysical Division) e‡j| Av‡jvP¨ wefvRb cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv †kÖwYevPK c` e¨envi bv

†hŠw³K wefvM 31
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

K‡i GKwU Av‡cj‡K Gi we‡kl ¸Y A_©vr is, ¯^v` I M‡Ü fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j GLv‡b ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË
N‡U‡Q|
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwËi AviI wKQz `„óvšÍ (Some More Examples of the Fallacy of
Metaphysical Division for Practise)
1| ‡Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‘‡K Gi is, IRb I g~j¨ Abyhvqx fvM Kiv|
2| KvuP‡K Gi NbZ¡, ¯^”QZv I f½yiZv Abymv‡i fvM Kiv|
msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË
(Fallacy of Cross Division or Fallacy of Overlapping Division )
gvbyl RvwZ‡K Ômf¨ZvÕ, ÔmZZvÕ I ÔgnvbyfeZvÕ G wZbwU bxwZi wfwˇZ wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv|
AbyccwËi e¨vL¨v : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wØZxq wbqg n‡jv wefvRb cÖwµqvq me mgq GKwU gvÎ bxwZ‡K g~jm~Î
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi PZz_© wbqg n‡jv wefvRb cÖwµqvq wef³ DcRvwZ¸‡jv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ n‡Z n‡e,
wKQz‡ZB GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ wg‡k †h‡Z cvi‡e bv| wØZxq wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i GKwUi cwie‡Z© hw` GKB mg‡q
GKvwaK g~jbxwZ MÖnb Kiv nq A_ev PZz_© wbqgwU j•Nb K‡i hw` †Kv‡bv †kÖwYevPK c`‡K Ggb fv‡e fvM Kiv
nq †h GKwU Dc‡kÖwY Ab¨wUi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq, Zn‡j G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev
ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Cross Division or Fallacy of Overlapping Division ) e‡j| Av‡jvP¨
wefvRb cÖwµqvq ÔgvbylÕ RvwZ‡K fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q Ômf¨ZvÕ, ÔmZZvÕ, ÔgnvbyfeZvÕ G wZbwU bxwZ‡K wefv‡Mi m~Î
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j GKwU Dc‡kÖwY Ab¨wUi mv‡_ wg‡k wM‡q‡Q| KviY ‡h
Ômf¨Õ †m ÔmrÕ Ges ÔgnvbyfeÕ-I n‡Z cv‡i, ‡h ÔmrÕ †m Ômf¨Õ Ges ÔgnvbyfeÕ-I n‡Z cv‡i Ges ‡h ÔgnvbyfeÕ †m
Ômf¨Õ Ges ÔmrÕ-I n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs wefvRb cÖwµqvwU h_vh_ bq Ges G‡Z msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev
ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwËi AviI wKQz `„óvšÍ (Some More Examples
of the Fallacy of Cross Division or Fallacy of Overlapping Division for Practise)
1| gvbyl RvwZ‡K wj½, eqm I D”PZvi wfwˇZ fvM Kiv|
2| Ro e¯‘‡K Gi IRb, AvqZb I AvK…wZ Abymv‡i fvM Kiv|
Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Too Narrow Division)

wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ¯‹zj I K‡jR Dc‡kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv|

AbyccwËi e¨vL¨v : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi Z…Zxq wbqg n‡jv wefvRb cÖwµqvq wefvR¨ c‡`i e¨³¨_© wef³
DcRvwZ¸‡jvi e¨³¨‡_©i †hvMd‡ji mgvb n‡Z n‡e, Kg ev †ewk n‡j Pj‡e bv| A_©vr GKwU RvwZ‡K wewfbœ
DcRvwZ‡Z wefvRb Kivi mgq jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb G †_‡K †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ ev` bv c‡o, Avevi AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv
DcRvwZ Gi AšÍf©y³ bv nq| wKš‘ G wbqg j•Nb K‡i wefvRb cÖwµqvq wefvR¨ c‡`i †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ hw` ev`
†`qv nq Zvn‡j G‡Z †h AbyccwË N‡U Zv‡K Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Too Narrow Division) e‡j|
Av‡jvP¨ wefvRb cÖwµqvq wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ¯‹zj I K‡jR Dc‡kÖwY‡Z fvM Kivq Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n
†hgb, gv`ªvmv I wek^we`¨vjq ev` c‡o‡Q| d‡j G‡Z Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Too Wide Division)
g~`ªv‡K †mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, e¨vsK †bvU BZ¨vw`‡Z wef³ Kiv|
AbyccwËi e¨vL¨v: †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi Z…Zxq wbqg n‡jv wefvRb cÖwµqvq wefvR¨ c‡`i e¨³¨_© wef³
DcRvwZ¸‡jvi e¨³¨‡_©i †hvMd‡ji mgvb n‡Z n‡e, Kg ev †ewk n‡j Pj‡e bv| A_©vr GKwU RvwZ‡K wewfbœ
DcRvwZ‡Z wefvRb Kivi mgq jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb G †_‡K †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ ev` bv c‡o, Avevi AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv
DcRvwZ Gi AšÍf©y³ bv nq| wKš‘ G wbqg j•Nb K‡i wefvRb cÖwµqvq hw` wefvR¨ c‡`i AšÍfy©³ bq Ggb

32 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

†Kv‡bv DcRvwZ D‡jøL Kiv nq Zvn‡j DcRvwZ¸‡jvi †gvU e¨³¨_© RvwZi e¨³¨‡_©i Zzjbvq AwaK nq| Gi d‡j
G‡Z AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Too Wide Division) N‡U| Av‡jvP¨ wefvRb cÖwµqvq gy`vª ‡K ‡mvbv,
iƒcv, Zvgv, e¨vsK †bvU BZ¨vw`‡Z wef³ Kivq wef³ DcRvwZ¸‡jvi e¨³¨_© gy`vª i e¨³¨‡_©i Zzjbvq AwaK n‡q‡Q|
A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi Z…Zxq wbqgwU jw•NZ n‡q‡Q Ges G‡Z AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|
Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Division by Leap)
Rxe RvwZ‡K `vk©wbK, mwnwZ¨K I Ab¨vb¨ ‡ckvRxex DcRvwZ‡Z wef³ Kiv|
AbyccwËi e¨vL¨v : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi lô wbqg n‡jv µwgK wefv‡M wefvR¨ †kÖwY ev RvwZ‡K Gi wbKUZg Dc‡kÖwY
ev DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Ki‡Z n‡e, ga¨eZx© †Kv‡bv ¯Íi ev` †`qv hv‡e bv| wKš‘ G wbqg j•Nb K‡i wefvRb cÖwµqvq
hw` wefvR¨ †kÖwY ev RvwZ‡K Gi wbKUZg Dc‡kÖwY ev DcRvwZ‡Z fvM bv K‡i Gi ga¨eZx© †Kv‡bv ¯Íi ev` †`qv
nq Zvn‡j G‡Z Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË (Fallacy of Division by Leap) N‡U| eZ©gvb wefvR‡bi †ÿ‡Î Rxe
RvwZ‡K `vk©wbK, mwnwZ¨K I Ab¨vb¨ †ckvRxex DcRvwZ‡Z wef³ Kivq Rxe I gvby‡li ga¨eZx© †kÖwY ÔAb¨vb¨
cÖvwYÕ ev` c‡o‡Q| A_©vr G‡Z Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË N‡U‡Q|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg j•NbRwbZ AbyccwËmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv

wkÿv_©xi KvR : ˆZwi Kiæb|

mv mvims‡ÿc
†hŠw³K wefv‡M †gvU QqwU wbqg i‡q‡Q| G wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡j wefvM cÖwµqv †hgb
h_v_© nq †Zgwb j•Nb Ki‡j AbyccwË N‡U| ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg j•NbRwbZ
Abyccw˸‡jv n‡jv- A½A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË, ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË, msKi wefvM
AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË, Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË, AwZe¨vcK wefvM
AbyccwË Ges Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| wefvR¨ †kÖwY ev RvwZ‡K Gi wbKUZg Dc‡kÖwY ev DcRvwZ‡Z fvM bv K‡i ga¨eZx© †Kv‡bv ¯Íi ev` †`qv
n‡j †Kvb& ai‡bi AbyccwË N‡U?
(K) ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË (L) Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË
(M) A½A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (N) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË
2| gy`ªv‡K ‡mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, e¨vsK †bvU BZ¨vw`‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU N‡U?
(K) A½A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (L) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË
(M) Ae¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË (N) AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË
3| †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖ_g wbqg j•Nb Ki‡j wefvRb cÖwµqvq ‡h ai‡bi AbyccwËi m„wó nq-
(і) A½A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË (іі) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË
(ііі) msKi wefvM AbyccwË
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) і, іі, I ііі (L) іі I ііі (M) і I ііі (N) і I іі

†hŠw³K wefvM 33
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

KvwUK w؇KvwUK wefvM Ges Gi myweav-Amyweav

cvV-2.4
(Division Division by Dichotomy and Its Merits-Demerits)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• w؇KvwUK wefvM m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb|
• w؇KvwUK wefv‡Mi myweav-Amyweav wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• w؇KvwUK wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g KqwU weiæ× DcRvwZ cvIqv hvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
w؇KvwUK wefvM
(Division by Dichotomy)
mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv GKwU RvwZ‡K Gi AšÍf©y³ `yÕwU weiæ× DcRvwZ‡Z wef³ Kiv‡K w؇KvwUK wefvM e‡j| ‡hŠw³K
wefvM cÖwµqvwU c‡`i e¨³¨‡_©i mv‡_ m¤ú„³| ZvB wefvM Ki‡Z †M‡j c‡`i e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© h_v_© Ávb _vK‡Z
nq| wKš‘ Ggb A‡bK welq Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv AR©b Kiv A‡bK mgq m¤¢e nq bv|
GgZve¯’vq e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv bv _vK‡jI hv‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQzB wefvM cÖwµqv †_‡K ev` bv c‡o †mRb¨
cÖL¨vZ hyw³we` †eb_vg (1748-1832) Ôw؇KvwUK wefvMÕ (Division by Dichotomy) bvgK GK ai‡bi wefvRb
cÖwµqv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Ôw؇KvwUKÕ-Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Ô DichotomyÕ kãwU wMÖK kã ÔdichaÕ Ges ÔtemnoÕ ‡_‡K
D™¢~Z| ÔdichaÕ A_© Ô`yÕfv‡MÕ Ges ÔtemnoÕ A_© ÔfvM KivÕ| myZivs Ô DichotomyÕ kãwUi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© n‡jv-
†Kv‡bv wKQz‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv|
w؇KvwUK wefv‡M GKwU RvwZ‡K Ggb `yÕwU DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv nq, hv‡`i GKwU‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡kl ˆewkó¨ Dcw¯’Z
_v‡K Ges Ab¨wU‡Z Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU RvwZ‡K `yÕwU weiæ× DcRvwZ‡Z wef³ Kiv nq| G‡`i
GKwU m`_©K Ges Ab¨wU bT_©K| D`vniY¯^iƒc- `ªe¨‡K Gi AšÍf©y³ `yÕwU Dc‡kÖwY ÔmcÖvYÕ I ÔAcÖvYÕ wn‡m‡e
wef³ Kiv| GLv‡b jÿYxq †h, wef³ DcRvwZ `yÕwU wg‡j RvwZwUi mg¯Í e¨³¨_©‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| ZvB G RvwZi
g‡a¨ DwjøwLZ DcRvwZØq Qvov Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv weKí DcRvwZ †bB| †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G cÖwµqvwU hyw³we`¨vi `yÕwU
†gŠwjK wbqg; h_v- we‡ivaevaK wbqg (Law of Contradiction) Ges wbg©a¨g wbqg (Law of Excluded Middle)
Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB †hŠw³K wefvM GKwU ˆea wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ| wb‡¤œv³ Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ w؇KvwUK wefvM
cÖwµqvwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
cÖvYx

gvbyl Agvbyl

Gwkqvevmx QK
A-Gwkqvevmx

evsjv‡`kx A-evsjv‡`kx

gymwjg Agymwjg

wkwÿZ AwkwÿZ

34 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

w؇KvwUK wefv‡Mi myweav I Amyweav ( Merits and Demerits of Division by Dichotomy)

w؇KvwUK wefv‡Mi DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, Gi †hgb †ek wKQz myweav i‡q‡Q, wVK †Zgwb i‡q‡Q
wKQz Amyweav| wb‡¤œ Gi myweav I Amyweavmg~n ms‡ÿ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
myweavmg~n (Merits)
1| w؇KvwUK wefv‡M Dc‡kÖwY¸‡jvi e¨³¨‡_©i †hvMdj wefvR¨ †kÖwYi e¨³¨‡_©i mgvb nq e‡j GLv‡b Ae¨vcK
wefvM AbyccwË I AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
2| †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G cÖwµqvwU hyw³we`¨vi `yÕwU †gŠwjK wbqg; h_v- we‡ivaevaK wbqg Ges wbg©a¨g wbq‡gi
Dci cÖwZwôZ e‡j G‡Z msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË N‡U bv|
3| w؇KvwUK wefv‡M †Kej m`_©K I bT_©K ¸‡Yi wfwˇZ RvwZevPK c`‡K †KejgvÎ `yÕwU Dc†kÖwY‡Z fvM
Kiv nq e‡j GwU AZ¨šÍ mnR-mij cÖwµqv|
4| w؇KvwUK wefvM GKwU AvKviMZ cÖwµqv e‡j c‡`i e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe Ávb QvovB wefvRb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ
Kiv hvq|
5| w؇KvwUK wefv‡M Dc‡kÖwY¸‡jvi †h †Kv‡bv ch©vq †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q †kl Ki‡jI
wefvM ÎæwUgy³ _v‡K|
6| w؇KvwUK wefvM GKwU wbLuyZ I wbf©yj cÖwµqv|

Amyweavmg~n
(Demerits)

1| w؇KvwUK wefv‡M bT_©K c` Øviv †h DcRvwZ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv A¯úó| †hgb, cÖvYx‡K hLb ÔgvbylÕ I
ÔAgvbylÕ G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq ZLb ÔAgvbylÕ Øviv Avm‡j my¯úó I mywbw`©ó K‡i †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K wb‡`©k
Kiv nq bv|
2| ci¯úi we‡ivax c` e¨envi Kiv nq e‡j w؇KvwUK wefvM GKwU `xN© cÖwµqv| A_©vr G cÖwµqvi †kl †Kv_vq
Zv wbY©q Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb|
3| w؇KvwUK wefv‡M e¨eüZ bT_©K c`wU ev¯Íe NUbv wfwËK bq|
4| ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î w؇KvwUK wefvM †Kv‡bv f~wgKv ivL‡Z mÿg bq|
5| w؇KvwUK wefvM cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv RvwZi AšÍfy³
© mKj DcRvwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq bv e‡j wewfbœ DcRvwZ
m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Ávb Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq|

w؇KvwUK wefv‡Mi myweav I Amyweavmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z

wkÿv_©xi KvR : Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
†Kv‡bv GKwU RvwZ‡K Gi AšÍf©y³ `yÕwU weiæ× DcRvwZ‡Z wef³ KivB n‡jv w؇KvwUK wefvM|
wef³ DcRvwZ¸‡jvi GKwU m`_©K Ges Ab¨wU bT_©K ¸Ywewkó n‡q _v‡K| w؇KvwUK wefvM
we‡ivaevaK wbqg Ges wbg©a¨g wbqg Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB GwU GKwU wbLuZ y I wbf©j
y
wefvRb cÖwµqv|

†hŠw³K wefvM 35
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| Ô DichotomyÕ kãwUi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© n‡jv-

(K) †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv (L) †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv
(M) †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K mgvb `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv (N) †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K mgvb wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv

2| w؇KvwUK wefvM ‡h †gŠwjK wbq‡gi Dci cÖwZwôZ Zv n‡jv-

(і) we‡ivaevaK wbqg (іі) wbg©a¨g wbqg (ііі) Kvh©KviY wbqg

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) і, іі I ііі (L) іі I ііі (M) і I ііі (N) і I іі

3| w؇KvwUK wefvM n‡jv-

(і) AvKviMZ cÖwµqv (іі) GKwU wbLuZ
y I wbf©j
y cÖwµqv (ііі) mnR-mij cÖwµqv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) і, іі I ііі (L) іі I ііі (M) і I ііі (N) і I іі

36 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

cvV-2.5 †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡

(Importance of Logical Division)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
• †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi ¸iæ‡Z¡i †ÿÎmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡
(Importance of Logical Division)
hyyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e †h mKj wel‡qi AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi meB †hŠw³K
Av‡jvPbvq we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| †hŠw³K wefvMI †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨nxb cÖwµqv bq| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ Av‡jvP¨
welqe¯‘i b¨vq ‡hŠw³K wefvRbI GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq I ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welq| wb‡¤œ Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi KwZcq w`K
ms‡ÿ‡c Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−
1| c‡`i myôz cÖ‡qv‡M mnvqK : †hŠw³K wefvR‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv †h‡Kv‡bv RvwZevPK c‡`i e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K©
mwVK I my¯úó aviYv jvf Kwi| d‡j Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ c`mg~‡ni myôz cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e nq|
2| c‡`i msÁv wbY©‡q mnvqZv K‡i : †Kv‡bv wKQzi msÁv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi wbKUZg RvwZ I we‡f`K jÿY
D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| Avi wbKUZg RvwZ m¤úwK©Z aviYv Avgiv †KejgvÎ †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi gva¨‡gB †c‡q _vwK|
ZvB ejv hvq †hŠw³K wefvM Avgv‡`i‡K ‡h‡Kv‡bv c‡`i msÁv wbY©‡q mnvqZv K‡i|
3| RvwZ I DcRvwZ wbY©‡q mnvqK : ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv Lye mn‡RB RvwZ I DcRvwZ m¤ú‡K©
mwVK Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvwi| A_v©r GKwU RvwZi Aax‡b KqwU DcRvwZ Av‡Q Ges DcRvwZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ RvwZi
mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨ wbY©q Kivi †ÿ‡Î GwU Avgv‡`i‡K mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| KviY †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi g~j KvRB n‡jv
GKwU RvwZi AšÍf©y³ wewfbœ DcRvwZ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó I mywbw`©ó aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv|
4| ¯§„wZ kw³i mnvqK : GKwU RvwZi AšÍMZ © mKj welq GKB mv‡_ g‡b ivLv A‡bK mgq Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ m¤¢e
nq bv| GgZve¯’vq GKwU RvwZ‡K hw` Gi AšÍMZ © wewfbœ DcRvwZmg~‡n wef³ Kiv nq Zvn‡j Gi mvnv‡h¨
welqe¯‘i ¸Y ev ‰ewk󨸇jv g‡b ivLv Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ mnR n‡q `vuovq| ZvB †hŠw³K wefvM Avgv‡`i ¯§„wZ kw³i
Rb¨ mnvqK|
5| e¨w³ g‡bi e×g~j aviYv `~i K‡i : †h †Kv‡bv c‡`i †hŠw³K wefvRb AwZ mn‡RB e¨w³ g‡bi Kzms¯‹vi `~i
K‡i Ges e×g~j aviYv‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq| A_v©r Ac‡ii g‡bi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI †hŠw³K
wefvM ¸iæZ¡cY~ © f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
6| ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜv‡b mnvqZv K‡i : AvaywbK weÁv‡bi cÖvq cÖwZwU kvLvB wefvRb cÖwµqvi Ici A‡bKvs‡k
wbf©ikxj| ZvB †hŠw³K wefvM ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜv‡b ev ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvqI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| ‡hgb, †Kv‡bv weÁvbx hw` cvwb wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j cÖ_‡gB Zvu‡K wefvRb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Gi
g‡a¨ Kx Kx Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zv †ei Ki‡Z nq|
7| wPšÍv‡K myk„•Lj Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i : †hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqv Avgv‡`i wPšÍv‡K myk•„ Lj Ki‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i| KviY Avgiv Rvwb †h, wefvRb cÖwµqv n‡”Q GKwU myk•„ Lj cÖwµqv| ZvB Gi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv hLb †Kv‡bv

†hŠw³K wefvM 37
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wKQz‡K wewfbœ Dcwefv‡M fvM Kwi, ZLb g~jZ Avgv‡`i myk•„ Lj wPšÍv-‡PZbviB cÖwZdjb NUvB| A_©vr †hŠw³K
wefvRb cÖwµqv Avgv‡`i‡K myk„•Lj wPšÍv-‡PZbv weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i|
myZivs cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, ‡hŠw³K wefvM hyw³we`¨vi GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡cY~ © I †gŠwjK welq| c‡`i msÁv
wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g Gi mwVK cÖ‡qvM, RvwZ I DcRvwZ wbY©‡q mnvqZv Kiv, ¯§„wZ kw³ e„w× Kiv, e¨w³ g‡bi e×g~j
aviYv `~i Kiv Ges ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvmn Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖvq cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb
i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov ‡hŠw³K wefv†Mi h_vh_ Av‡jvPbv Ges Gi e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡gB Avgiv cÖK…wZ‡Z Aew¯’Z
wewfbœ RvwZ ev †kÖwY I G‡`i AšÍM©Z wewfbœ DcRvwZ ev Dc‡kÖwY m¤ú‡K© my¯úó Ávb ev mwVK aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
cvwi| ‡hŠw³K wefvM c‡`i A_©MZ, cwigvYMZ I ˆewkó¨MZ w`KwU cÖKvk K‡i Ges hyw³ MVb, hyw³ cÖYqb,
RvwZ-DcRvwZi wefvRb, †kÖwYKiY cÖf…wZ ‡ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e Ae`vb iv‡L| ZvB hyw³we`¨vi Av‡jvPbvq
†hŠw³K wefvM GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖvmw½K I ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR : †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© 10wU evK¨ wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc
†hŠw³K wefvM †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨nxb cÖwµqv bq| hywy ³we`¨vi Ab¨vb¨ Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‘i b¨vq
‡hŠw³K wefvRbI GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq I ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welq| KviY GwU c‡`i myôz cÖ‡qv‡M,
msÁv wbY©‡q, RvwZ I DcRvwZ wbY©‡q g‡bi e×g~j aviYv `~ixKi‡Y I ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜv‡b
mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb−2.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| †hŠw³K wefvR‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv−

(K) c‡`i e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv jvf Kwi (L) c‡`i RvZ¨_© m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv jvf Kwi
(M) c‡`i e¨³¨_© I RvZ¨_© m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv jvf Kwi (N) Dc‡ii †Kv‡bvwUB bq

2| †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi g~j KvR n‡jv−

(K) GKK e¨w³ ev e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv (L) wewfbœ DcRvwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv
(M) mgwóevPK c` m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv (N) wewkó ¸YevPK c` m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv

3| †hŠw³K wefvM GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq I ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welq, KviY GwU−

(і) c‡`i myôz cÖ‡qv‡M mnvqZv K‡i (іі) msÁv wbY©‡q mnvqZv K‡i
(ііі) g‡bi e×g~j aviYv `~ixKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) і I ііі (L) іі I ііі (M) і, іі I ііі (N) і I іі

38 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

cvV-2.6 †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi mxgve×Zv

(Limitations of Logical Division)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
• †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi mxgve×Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hŠw³K wefvM †Kb GKwU mxwgZ cÖwµqv Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi mxgve×Zv

(Limitations of Logical Division)
†Kv‡bv c‡`i e¨³¨‡_©i cwic~Y© we‡kølY KivB n‡”Q †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi g~j welq| Avi G KvRwU m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î
‡hŠw³K wefvM KZ¸‡jv wewae× wbq‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB †h me †ÿ‡Î †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi G wbqg¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM
Kiv hvq bv †m me wel‡qi †hŠw³K wefvRbI m¤¢e bq| wb‡¤œ †hŠw³K wefvR‡bi mxgve×Zvi †ÿÎmg~n D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv−
1| †hŠw³K wefvM n‡jv g~jZ e¨³¨‡_©i we‡kølY| ZvB †h me c‡`i e¨³¨_© †bB ïaygvÎ RvZ¨_© Av‡Q, Giƒc
c‡`i †hŠw³K wefvRb m¤¢e bq| †hgb- Z~lviïåZv, mZ¨evw`Zv, PZz‡®‹vYZv BZ¨vw` c‡`i ïay RvZ¨_© Av‡Q
wKš‘ e¨³¨_© †bB| myZivs G RvZxq c‡`i †hŠw³K wefvM m¤¢e bq|
2| gvbe g‡bi †gŠwjK Abyf~wZmg~‡ni †hŠw³K wefvM Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr myL-`tL, Avb›`-‡e`bv, Av‡eM-
Abyf~wZ BZ¨vw` †gŠwjK gvbwmK cÖwµqv¸‡jv Abb¨ cÖK…wZi e‡j G¸‡jvi ‡hŠw³K wefvM Kiv hvq bv|
3| wewkó mgwóevPK c` †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm`, XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi MÖš’vMvi BZ¨vw` c`‡K wef³
Ki‡j †Kv‡bv DcRvwZ cvIqv hvq bv eis wewkó e¨w³ ev e¯‘ cvIqv hvq| ZvB G RvZxq wewkó mgwóevPK
c‡`i †hŠw³K wefvM Kiv hvq bv|
4| GKK †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev welq †hgb- iwng, GKwU wbw`©ó Avg BZ¨vw`‡K fvM Ki‡j Zv Avi H e¯‘ ev welq
_v‡K bv e‡j G¸‡jvi †hŠw³K wefvRb Kiv hvq bv|
5| ÿz`ªZg DcRvwZ‡K fvM Ki‡j GKK e¨w³ ev e¯‘ cvIqv hvq e‡j Gi ‡hŠw³K wefvRb Kiv hvq bv|
6| †hŠwMK ev wgkÖ ¸Ym¤úbœ e¯‘mg~‡ni †hŠw³K wefvM Kiv hvq bv|
7| †h me c‡`i e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv jvf Kiv hvq bv †m¸‡jvi ‡hŠw³K wefvRb m¤¢e bq|
8| mij I †gŠwjK c`mg~n‡K Ges †h mKj c`‡K †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqgvbyhvqx we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv †m me
c‡`i †hŠw³K wefvRb Kiv m¤¢e bq|
AZGe, ‡hŠw³K wefv‡Mi mxgve×Zv m¤úwK©Z Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb †h, Ggb A‡bK welq †h
me wel‡q ‡hŠw³K wefvRb cÖwµqwU m¤ú~Yi© ƒ‡c APj| ZvB GK K_vq ejv hvq †h, GwU GKwU mxwgZ
cÖwµqv|

†hŠw³K wefvM 39
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†hŠw³K wefv‡Mi mxgve×Zvi †ÿÎmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z

wkÿv_©xi KvR : Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
†hŠw³K wefvM GKwU mxwgZ cÖwµqv| KviY †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg¸‡jv me †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv
hvq bv| e¨³¨_©nxb c`mg~‡ni, †gŠwjK gvbwmK cÖwµqv¸‡jvi, wewkó mgwóevPK c`mg~‡ni,
GKK e¯‘ ev wel‡qi, ÿz`ªZg DcRvwZi, wgkÖ ¸Ym¤úbœ e¯‘i Ges †h me c‡`i e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K©
¯úó aviYv jvf Kiv hvq bv †m¸‡jvi †hŠw³K wefvRb m¤¢e bq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb−2.6

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| Ôevsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm`Õ c`wUi †hŠw³K wefvRb m¤¢e bq, KviY GwU GKwU-
(K) GKK c` (L) wewkó mgwóevPK c`
(M) wgkÖ ¸Ym¤úbœ c` (N) ¸YevPK c`

2| †hŠw³K wefvM GKwU

(K) mxgvnxb cÖwµqv (L) mxwgZ cÖwµqv
(M) RwUj cÖwµqv (N) mij cÖwµqv

3| GKwU wbw`©ó e¯‘‡K †hŠw³Kfv‡e wefvRb Kiv hvq bv, KviY-

(і) fvM Ki‡j Zv Avi H e¯‘ _v‡K bv (іі) GwU GKwU GKK c`
(ііі) wgkÖ ¸Ym¤úbœ c`

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) і, іі I ііі (L) іі I ііі (M) і I ііі (N) і I іі

40 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ BDwbU 2

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

BDwbU- 2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :

1| GKwU ‡`k‡K wefvM, ‡Rjv, Dc‡Rjv, BDwbqb BZ¨vw` As‡k fvM Kiv n‡j Zv‡Z ‡Kvb ai‡bi AbyccwË
N‡U?

(K) Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË (L) A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË

(M) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË (N) †Kv‡bv AbyccwË N‡Uwb
2| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU msKi wefvM AbyccwË ev ci¯úiv½x wefvM AbyccwË wb‡`©k K‡i ?
(K) KvuP‡K Gi NbZ¡, ¯^”QZv I f½yiZv Abymv‡i fvM Kiv|
(L) gvbyl RvwZ‡K Ômf¨ZvÕ, ÔmZZvÕ I ÔgnvbyfeZvÕ G wZbwU bxwZi wfwˇZ wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv|
(M) wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ¯‹zj I K‡jR Dc‡kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv|
(N) Rxe RvwZ‡K `vk©wbK, mwnwZ¨K I Ab¨vb¨ †ckvRxex DcRvwZ‡Z wef³ Kiv|
3| ÔcÖvwYÕ c`wUi µwgK wefvRb Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖ_‡gB G‡K Ômf¨ gvbylÕ I ÔAmf¨ gvbylÕ c‡` wefvRb Kiv n‡j
Zv‡Z-
(і) Djøçb wefvM AbyccwË N‡U (іі) †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg jw•NZ nq bv
(ііі) †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg jw•NZ nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) і I іі (L) і I ііі M) іі I ііі (N) і, іі I ііі

DÏxcKwU coyb Ges 4 bs I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b :

MwY‡Zi wkÿv_©x Avmv` wÎfzR‡K fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q G‡K ÔmgevûÕ I ÔwelgevûÕ ÔmgwØevûÕ I ÔwØevûÕ G
Pvifv‡M fvM Ki‡jv| Ab¨w`‡K cywóweÁv‡bi wkÿv_©x Rvgvb GKwU Av‡cj‡K Gi wewfbœ is, AvKvi, MÜ,
¯^v` BZ¨vw` ¸‡Y fvM Ki‡jv|
4| DÏxcKwU‡Z MwY‡Zi wkÿv_©x Avmv` wÎfzR‡K fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q -
(K) A½MZ wefvM AbyccwË NwU‡q‡Q (L) AwZe¨vcK wefvM AbyccwË NwU‡q‡Q
(M) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË NwU‡q‡Q (N) †Kv‡bv AbyccwË NUvqwb
5| DÏxc‡K cywóweÁv‡bi wkÿv_©x Rvgvb Gi wefvRb cÖwµqvq -
(і) †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg h_vh_ AbymiY Kiv n‡‡q‡Q
(іі) †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi wbqg h_vh_ AbymiY Kiv n‡qwb
(ііі) ¸YMZ wefvM AbyccwË N‡U‡Q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) і I іі (L) і I ііі M) іі I ііі (N) і, іі I ііі

†hŠw³K wefvM 41
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

iPbvg~jK cÖk:œ
1| `„k¨Kí-1 : ‰ewPΨgq G we‡k^i hveZxq welq GKB mv‡_ Rvbv ev g‡b ivLv †Kv‡bv gvby‡li c‡ÿB m¤¢e
bq| ZvB hyw³we`MY Ggb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqvi cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb hv †KejgvÎ †kÖwYevPK ev RvwZevPK
c‡`i †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e, †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î m¤¢e bq| G cÖwµqvwU me mgq GKwUgvÎ bxwZ ev
m~Î AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z wef³g~j, wefvRK Dc‡kÖwY I mn-wefvM G wZbwU welq we`¨gvb| G
cÖwµqvwU hyw³we`¨vi cvkvcvwk ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi †ÿ‡ÎI AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq welq|
`„k¨Kí-2 : Ggb A‡bK welq Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv AR©b Kiv A‡bK mgq m¤¢e nq
bv| GgZve¯’vq e¨³¨_© m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv bv _vK‡jI hv‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQzB wefvM cÖwµqv †_‡K ev` bv c‡o
†mRb¨ cÖL¨vZ hyw³we` †eb_vg GK we‡kl ai‡bi wefvRb cÖwµqv cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
(K) †hŠw³K wefv‡Mi msÁv w`b 1
(L) Djøçb wefvM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
(M) `„k¨Kí-1 G ‡Kvb& welqwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Q? Avcbvi cvV¨ eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
(N) Ô`„k¨Kí-1 G †h welqwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Q Zv †_‡K `„k¨Kí-2 G GKwU wfbœ gvÎv i‡q‡QÕ- DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K
e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4

2| wkÿK GK wkÿv_©xi wbKU gy`ªvi cÖKvi‡f` Rvb‡Z PvB‡j Rev‡e wkÿv_©x ejj,Ògy`vª cvuP cÖKvi, h_v-
¯^Y©gy`ªv, †iŠc¨gy`ªv, Zvgªgy`ªv, †eªvÄgy`vª I KvM‡Ri †bvU|Ó Gici wkÿ‡Ki Ab¨ cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e wkÿv_©x ejj,Ò
wÎfyR `yB cÖKvi, h_v- mgevû wÎfyR I welgevû wÎfyR|Ó
K. w؇KvwUK wefvM Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Djøçb wefvM †Kb ÎæwUc~Y© nq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi Dˇii cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ_g I wØZxq cÖ‡kœi Dˇii g‡a¨Kvi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1 t 1-K, 2-L, 3-N

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2 t 1-M, 2-M, 3-N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3 t 1-L, 2-N, 3-N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.4 t 1-K, 2-N, 3-K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.5 t 1-K, 2-L, 3-M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.6 t 1-L, 2-L, 3-N

42 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq