1 – MOTION

The sphere is at rest

There’s been a change in its position, therefore it has moved

 1 – MOTION
MOTION: Change of position of a mobile object with respect to a frame of
reference. Motion is relative, because it depends on the frame of reference that we
use.
MOBILE (or BODY IN MOTION): Body that is moving
REST: If there is no change with respect to the frame of reference

FRAME OF REFERENCE: Element or position of space from which we study a

system. Different frames show motion in one or other way.

PACMAN SEES GOKU’S CLOUD MOVING.

GOKU DOESN’T SEE HIS CLOUD MOVING.
 1 – MOTION
EXAMPLES OF FRAMES OF REFERENCE

MOON: it moves differently seen from one position or the other

TRAIN: it’s not the seen watching a train in motion from inside (passenger) than from outside
(external observer)

SCHOOL: Is it moving???
EXAMPLE of the importance of the frame of reference

PROBLEM!!

Study the real motion is sometimes very hard, so we need to make some
approaches. Main of them is consider the study object as a point in space:

POINT BODY: Body that occupies the position of a point in space, no matter its shape or size .
 1 – MOTION

ELEMENTS OF MOTION

POSITION: place of a body in space with respect to the frame of reference in a determined moment of
time. .

We usually represent it with letter (x) if it’s in one dimension. Letters (x,y) in two dimensions and letters
(x,y,z) in three dimensions. So far we’ll deal only with one dimension.

TRAJECTORY: Path followed by the moving body to reach final position from the start.
TRAVELLED DISTANCE or SPACE (s): space travelled by a moving body.

TIME (t): what takes a moving body to travel a determined distance

DISPLACEMENT: Difference between inicial and final positions

Let’s see some examples...

 1 – MOTION
Let’s consider a point body… initially at rest at position (0,0).
y Let’s see how it moves with time.

Each point marks the

(6,6) (8,6) POSITION at each moment.
(10,6)
Position is measured with
respect to the origin of
(4,4) coordinates.

(12,3)
(2,2)
(14,1)
1

1 x
(16,0)

The line that joins the points is the TRAJECTORY

 1 – MOTION
We can write in a table relating time and position, and plot them to study more easiy
the motion.
18

TIME POS X POS Y 16

14

12

0 0 0 10

POS X
8

2 2 2 6

4 4 4 2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
6 6 6 TIEMPO (s)

8 8 6 7

10 10 6 5

12 12 3
POS Y

2
14 14 1 1

0
16 16 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
TIEMPO (s)

These are called position-time graphs (x-t) o (y-t)

 1 – MOTION
SPACE

Space is represented with s and measures the distance travelled upon the trajectory

A B

Greeny and Reddy start and finish in the same place,

so initial and final position for both is the same

Greeny travels less space than Reddy

The minimum distance between two points is a straight line.

 1 – MOTION
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION...

If a body starts and ends motion in the same position, we say that its
displacement is zero, even though it has made a trajectory and travelled
some space in between.

Blueish has NOT displaced Purpy HAS displaced

 2 – SPEED
VELOCITY (v): Distance travelled by a moving body in a determined time. It gives us the idea of its
CELERITY. It needs a value, a direction and a sense to have full meaning.

SPEED is the numeric value of the velocity

AVERAGE SPEED (vm): result of INSTANT SPEED (v): speed in a determined
dividing the total distance and the moment. It’s measured directly at a time given.

s
time taken.
s f −s o
v m= v=
t f −t o t
Example:
If we run the Cooper test, we don’t keep the same speed during the 12 minutes. But we can obtain an
average by dividing the distance by the time. However, at different times, the instant speed will be
different.

Example 2:
The speedometer of a car, indicates the instant speed (by a complicated calculus).

Example 3:
Traffic radars can be of two types: instant speed radar or section radar (this one measures average)
 2 – SPEED
Speed is measured in units of length divided by time. In SI the unit is m/s, but many
times we’ll use km/h.

As I figure that conversion factors are a little bit forgotten, let’s practice a bit…

km 1000 m 1 h
25km/h 25 ⋅ ⋅ = 6,94 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
Now you try:
km 1000 m 1 h
108km/h 108 ⋅ ⋅ = 30m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
km 1000 m 1 h
120km/h 120 ⋅ ⋅ = 33,3m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
km 1000 m 1 h
50km/h 50 ⋅ ⋅ = 13,89m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
 2 – SPEED
Doing it the other way is neither a problem if we have clear ideas...

20m/s m 1 km 3600 s
20 ⋅ ⋅ = 72km/h
s 1000 m 1 h
Now you:

15m/s m 1 km 3600 s
15 ⋅ ⋅ = 54 km/ h
s 1000 m 1 h
m 1 km 3600 s
100m/s 100 ⋅ ⋅ = 360km/h
s 1000 m 1 h
 2 – SPEED
Let’s then to solve our first problems...

PROBLEM 1
Distance between Madrid and Burgos is 231 km; if we want to reach there in 3 exact
hours, what has to be the average speed (in km/h and SI units)?

DATA OPERATIONS
s = 231 km
t=3h s 231 km
v= = = 77km/h =21,3m/s
Vm = ¿?
t 3h
PROBLEM 2
Road distance from Valdemoro to Aranjuez is 21 km. If a car takes 24 minutes in the
displacement, what is the average speed in km/h?

DATOS OPERACIONES
s = 21 km
t = 24 min s 21 km 60min
v= = ⋅ = 52,5km/h
Vm = ¿? t 24min 1 h
 2 – SPEED
On the other side, now that we know the equations, we can calculate time from speed
and space, and space from time and speed. We could summarise the expressions in this
way:

s=v⋅t

v t
s s
v= t=
t v
Let’s put it into practice in some problems…
 2 – SPEED
s PROBLEM 3
An ostrich is 150 m away from its nest, when it sees a monkey
v t
attempting to steal one of its eggs. If the average speed of the ostrich is
65 km/h, how long does it take in reaching the nest?

DATA OPERATIONS
s = 150 m s 150 m 1 km 3600 s
t = ¿? t= = ⋅ ⋅ = 8,3 s
Vm = 65 km/h v 65 km/h 1000 m 1 h

PROBLEM 4
Calculate the time in reaching el Restón from your high-school, if you walk at 4 km/h and
the distance is 850 m.

DATOS OPERACIONES
s = 850 m
t = ¿? s 850 m 1 km 60min
t= = ⋅ ⋅ = 12,75min
Vm = 4 km/h v 4 km/h 1000 m 1h
 2 – SPEED
PROBLEM 5
s
Some thiefs escape in a stolen car at 180 km/h for an hour and a half.
v t What distance have they travelled?

DATA OPERATIONS
s = ¿?
t = 1,5 h s=v⋅t=180 km/h⋅1,5 h= 270 km
Vm = 180 km/h

PROBLEM 6
Average speed of a pupil running is 6 km/h. What distance will he cover during a Cooper
Test (12 minutes) at that speed?

DATA OPERATIONS
s = ¿?
t = 12 min 1h
s=v⋅t= 6 km/h⋅12min⋅ = 1,2km
Vm = 6 km/h
60min
Now’s the moment to learn the different motions and their names.
However, we’ll only cover the green ones this year.
SHM
YES Simple Example:
MOTION ¿PENDULAR?
Harmonic Pendulus
Motion
NO
YES NO
STRAIGHT LINE?

CONSTANT CONSTANT
SPEED? SPEED?
NO YES NO YES

UARM UACM
URM UCM
Uniformly Uniformly
Uniform Uniform
Accelerated Accelerated
Rectilinear Circle
Rectilinear Circle
Motion Motion
Motion Motion

Example: Wheels
It’s a motion that takes place in a straight line and constant speed.

Average and instant speeds coincide

So, for instance:

A wagon taking a curve at constant speed  Not URM because it’s not a straight line
A brakeless bike down a straight slope  Not URM because speed changes
A car travelling in a straight road without change in speed  It’s URM

The basic formulas that describe it are already known

s s=v⋅t s
v= t=
t v
Yet there is an extension if we consider an initial position different than the origin

s = so + v·t
 Motion can be graphically represented. Time is independent variable, so it will
always be on the horizontal axis.
SPACE PLOTTING
s=v⋅t
A tramway moves with a constant speed of de 15 m/s. Plot space and speed versus time

DATA OPERATIONS
URM First step is build a values Second step is plotting the
Vm = 15 m/s table. graphs

t(s) s(m) = v(m/s) · t(s)

S= 15 ·t
s (m) v (m/s)
0 15·0 = 0 m

1 15·1 = 15 m 60 20
45 15
2 15 · 2 = 30 m 30 10
3 15 · 3 = 45 m 15 5

4 15 · 4 = 60 m 1 2 3 4 5 t (s) 1 2 3 4 5 t (s)
 If there’s initial position (so), it adds to the expression and the graph passes to
be an affine function instead of linear.
PLOTTING OF SPACE vs TIME WITH INITIAL SPACE

s=s o +v⋅t
A cyclist moves at constant speed of 10 m/s. In the initial moment, he’s at 5m from the
start. Plot the speed and space vs. Time.
DATA OPERATIONS
URM First step is build the Second step is plotting the
Vm = 10 m/s values table. graphs.
so = 5 m
t(s) s(m) = so(m) + v(m/s) · t(s)
s = 5 + 10 ·t s (m) v (m/s)

0 5 + 10 · 0 = 5 m 45
35 20
1 5 + 10 · 1 = 15 m 15
25
2 5 + 10 · 2 = 25 m 15 10
5 5
3 5 + 10 · 3 = 35 m
t (s) 1 2 3 4 5 t (s)
1 2 3 4 5
4 5 + 10 · 4 = 45 m
Now you can practice SIDE A problems
In real life, speed doesn’t usually keeps constant, and there are very few occasions
where the average and the instant speeds coincide.

For example:

When overtaking a bike, we speed up to do it as soon as possible.

A plane increases gradually the speed before taking off.
A driver sees a red light and brakes the car until stopping.

In all these cases, there’s been a variation in the speed; this variation is of speed with
respect to time is what we’ll denominate acceleration (a).

Acceleration can have a positive or negative sign: if it’s positive, the body increases the
speed (accelerates); if it’s negative, the body decreases the speed (it brakes or
deccelerates)

Units of acceleration are: m/ s m

[ a]= = 2
s s
It’s a Motion in a straight line with constant acceleration.
Speed varies as an effect of this acceleration
So, for example:

A van accelerates taking a curve  NOT UARM because it’s not a straight line
A brakeless bike down a slope  It’s UARM because the speed gradually increases
A car driving in a straight line at constant speed  Not UARM
The formulas complicate a little bit…. First one is
acceleration and speed.

v f =v o +a⋅t
v f −v o Where:
vf is this final speed
v f −v o
a= t=
t vo is the initial speed
a is the acceleration
a
t is the time

v o =v f -a⋅t
Best way to see two examples...

A cyclist travels at a speed of 10 m/s. In a certain moment, starts accelerating with an

acceleration of 2 m/s2 for 8s. Calculate its final speed
DATA OPERATIONS
UARM
vo = 10 m/s 2
a = 2 m/s2 v f =v o +a⋅t=10 m/ s+ 2 m/ s ⋅8 s= 26 m/s
t=8s
vf = ¿?

The former cyclist decides to slow down, so he brakes and applies a decceleration of 3
m/s2 for 4s. Calculate its final speed.
DATA OPERATIONS
UARM
vo = 26 m/s 2
a = -3 m/s2 v f =v o +a⋅t=26 m/ s+(−3 ) m / s ⋅4 s= 14 m/ s
t=4s
vf = ¿?
An additional detail is to calculate the distance travelled when the acceleration is applied.
The formula of space complicates a bit… since it’s a second grade equation.

1 2
s=s o +v o⋅t+ a⋅t
2
Where:
s is the final space
so is the initial space
vo is the initial speed
a is the acceleration
t is the time

Let’s see some examples...

Our friend, the cyclist started acceleration when he had already travelled 200m from the
start and wants to know where did he get during the speeding up. Help him (use data
from former problem)

DATA OPERATIONS
UARM 1 2
vo = 10 m/s s=s o +v o⋅t+ a⋅t =
2
a = 2 m/s2
1
t=8s
so = 200m
s= 200 m+ 10 m / s⋅8 s+ ⋅2 m/ s 2⋅( 8 s ) 2= 344 m
2
s = ¿?

Let’s suppose that the cyclist decides to apply the 3 m/s2 decceleration for 4s. How
much will he travel in those 4 seconds of braking?
DATA OPERATIONS
UARM
1 2
vo = 26 m/s s=s o +v o⋅t+ a⋅t =
a = -3 m/s2 2
t=4s
1
so = 0 m s= 0 m+26 m / s⋅4 s+ ⋅(−3 ) m/ s 2⋅( 4 s )2 = 80m
s = ¿? 2
Let’s summarise the formulas that we’ll use

URM UARM

s=s o +v⋅t 1 2
s=s o +v o⋅t+ a⋅t
2
v=cte v f =v o +a⋅t
Suppose now that the cyclist decides to apply the 3 m/s2 decceleration until he fully
stops. When will he stop? How much will he travel in that time?
DATA OPERATIONS
UARM v f −v o 0 m / s −26 m / s
vo = 26 m/s v f =v o +a⋅t t= = =8,6 s
a 2
a = -3 m/s2 −3 m / s
t = ¿? 1 2
s=s o +v o⋅t+ a⋅t =
so = 0 m 2
s = ¿? 1
s= 0 m+26 m / s⋅8,6 s+ ⋅(−3 ) m / s 2⋅( 8,6 s )2 = 112,66m
2
Last part of the unit deals with the motion graphs of the UARM. These present a slight
added difficulty for we consider three aspects:

Acceleration vs time → constant

Speed vs time → linear or affine function (depending on presence of initial speed)

Space vs time → It’s a parabol (thus this year we won’t consider it)

Here’s an example of the appearance of each:

Image credit: https://tzwetolitz.weebly.com/graphs-of-motion-lab.html

Now you are in condition to do SIDE B problems :)