fudagr® r: oekqu -3      
frisfm%dflaáka tka‚ka j, we;s tla ≥r®j,;djhla 13
23 jk m˙Éf√oh
jkal,a frdg˙ tka‚u
Wankal Rotary Engine
wm fuf;la wOHhkh lrk ,o isjq myr iy fomyr
hka tka‚ka fojr®.hu fmd≥fõ y∫kajkq ,nkafka frisfm%dflaáka
tka‚ka f,isks' fuhg fya;=j fuu tka‚ka j, msiagka by< my<
fyda fjdlaiajd.ka îÜ,a jeks tka‚ul kï b†˙hg iy miqmig
.uka ls¯u ;=,ska tys pQIK" iïmSvk" n, iy msgdr hk isjq myr
ls%hdld˙;ajh iïmQr®K lr.kakd neúks'
fuf,i fuu tka‚ka
frisfm%dflaáka tka‚ka f,i
fjkalr y∫kajd°ug kï
fuhg fjkia wdldrhg
ls%hdlrk tka‚ka jr®.hlao
Ndú;fha ;sìh hq;=h' fcÜ
tka‚u iy jkal,a tka‚u
fuf,i fris f m% d fla á ka
ls%hdld˙;ajhg fjkia f,i
ls % h dlrk tka ‚ ka f,i
y∫kajd†h yelsh' fuu
igyfka olajd we;af;a
tf,i ueiavd fudagr® r:
ueiavd iud.u u.ska fhdod .;a
frdg˙ tka‚u i|yd fhdod .;a frdg˙
tka‚uls' fuys msiagka f,i ls%hdlrk frdagr tlu w;g ls%hdlrk
neúka tajd frdisfm%dflaáka jr®.hg wh;a fkdfõ'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka
m˙Éf√ofhka úia;r jqks' tkï fuu tka‚kaj, frisfm%dflaáka
ls%hdld˙;ajh ksid úYd, n,hla wmf;a hduhs' ksoiqkla f,i by<
fyda my< hk lfklaáka frdâ tl iys; msiagkhla tu .ufka°
pd,l Yla;sh f,iska hï Yla;shla .nvd lr .kshs' ta iuÛu
TDC fyda BDC iSudj,° tys fõ.h iïmQr®Kfhka wvq lr kej;
wdmiaig .uka lrùfï° .nvd lr.;a fuu Yla;h s iïmQrK
® fhkau
úkdYù hhs' by; i|yka wdldrhg frisfm%dflaáka l%ufha° wmf;a
hk Yla;sh b;s˙ lr.; yels kï th tka‚ka n,h jeä lr
.ekqug uy;a f,i Wmld¯fjhs' fuh jvd;au Tmamq jQfha gr®nhska
tka‚ka ksr®udKfha°h' .=jka hdkd i|yd wo nyq,j fhdod .efkk
fuu tka‚u fudagr® r: i|yd fhdod .ekqug W;aidy .ekqko th
t;rï idr®:l fkdùh' my; olajd we;af;a tu W;aidyhhs'
■ gr®nhska tka‚ka fudagr® r: i|yd fhdod .ekqu
oyk l=àrh
iafm%a fkdi,a
wjg jd;h
H
H
H fldïm%irh
˙vlaIka .shr
gr®nhska
gr®nhska tka‚ula fudagr® r:hla i|yd ie,iqï l, whqre
fuys olajd we;af;a gr®nhska tka‚ula fudagr® r:hlg
ie,iqï lr we;s wdldrhhs' fldïm%irh u.ska msg;ska weo .kakd
wjg jd;h ndr® 20 l muK mSvkhlska hqla;j oyk l=àrhg
fhduq lrk w;r iafm%a fkdi,a u.ska bkaOk tu jd; Odrdjg ú†kq
,efí' wdrïNfha° muKla msg;ska ñY%Kh .sksoe,aùu l, hq;=
w;r bkamiq tu ±,a, u.ska †.gu oykh mj;ajd .kS' oyk
l=àrh isg wêl fõ.fha msgfjk ±jqkq jd;h u.ska fuys we;s
gr®nhskh wêl fõ.hlska lrljkq ,nhs' wdrïNh i|yd
fldïm%irho msg;ska lrljkq ,enqjo bkamiq gr®nhskh u.skau
fldïm%irh;a ls%hdlrjkq ,efnhs'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

fuu gr®nhska tka‚ul fõ.h ú'jg 22000 isg 35000 ■ NSU-jkal,a frdg˙ tka‚u
la muK jk w;r tjka wêl fõ.hlska hq;a tka‚ula fhdod fudagr®
tlaiafydaiaÜ
r:hla yeisrùu fldfy;au l< fkdyels fjhs' fï ksid fuu ueksf*da,â
a
gr®nhska tka‚ka fudagr® r: i|yd ie,iqï ls¯fï° ˙vlaIka .shr
fhdod fõ.h wvqlr.kakd w;r tys° tka‚ka jHdr®:h b;d jeäjk l+,kaÜ
we;=,aùu bka,Ü fmdarÜ
®
w;r bkamiq fuhg .shr fmÜáhla wjYH jkafka ˙jia .shrh
fhdod .ekqu i|yd muks' fuf,i .shr fmÜáhla wjYH fkdùu"
v%hsõ Id*aÜ
isis,k fyda iafkayk moaO;s wjYH fkdùu" b.aksIka moaO;shla
wjYH fkdùu" tka‚u b;d ieye,a¨ùu iy wΩ;ajeähdjka b;du;a
wju ùu fukau N+ñf;,a jeks ñ, wvq bkaOk j,ska ls%hdlrùug
yelsùu fuys we;s jdis f,i ie,lsh yels kuq;a" wêl bkaOk
jehùu" ls%hdld¯ y~ mSvdld¯ f,iska jeäùu" mk.ekaùfï
wmyiq;d jeks lreKqq ksid;a úfYaIfhkau r:h fiñka Odjkh
wmyiq ùu ksid;a fuu gr®nhska tka‚ka mefikacr® ldr® i|yd
ksr®udKh fkdjqks' tfy;a iqms˙ .kfha úfYaI fudagr® r: Odjk *a,hs ù,a
;rÛ i|yd muKla fuu r: ksr®udKh fjhs' frdagr® ne,ekair®
■ frdg˙ tka‚u ksr®udKh jqkq whqre
NSU- jkal,a frdg˙ tka‚fï ksr®udKh
fudagr® r: i|yd gr®nhska tka‚u widr®:l nj fmkS.sh jkal,a frdg˙ tka‚ul ir, ksr®udKh fuys olajd we;'
miq tjka frisfm%dflaáka ls%hdld˙;ajfhka f;dr tka‚ula ms<sn|j wfÜ b,lalula f,iska uola ´j,a yevhla .kakd frdg˙ yjqisu
fudagr® r: ksr®udK lrejkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQ w;r tys idr®:l ;=, lerlefjk ;=ka yq,ia frdagrh fuys msiagkh f,i ls%hdlrkq
tlu m%;sM,h jQfha cr®uka cd;sl Felix Wankel úiska ksr®udKh ,nhs' gr®nhska tka‚ul gr®nhskh fuka fuys frdagrh tlu w;g
lrk ,o frdg˙ tka‚uhs' cr®uksfha NSU iud.u yd tlaj th lerflk neúka fuu tka‚u ;=,ska frisfm%dflaáka ls%hdld˙;ajh
ksr®udKh flreKqq w;r th y∫kajkq ,enqfõo NSU Wankel bj;aj we;' fuys frdg˙ yjqisu ;=, frdagrh ;ekam;aj we;s whqre
engine hkqfjks' 1958 jifr®° fuu jkal,a frdg˙ tka‚u fudagr® my; igyfkka olajd ;sfnhs'
ls%hdld˙;ajh jgyd .ekqu
r: i|yd uq,skau fhdod .ekqks'
iamdr®la myiq j k whq˙ka fuys frdg˙
frdg˙ tka‚u uq,skau ldìhqfr®grh iys;j b;d ir, frdagr® tla i a f yda i a Ü
ma,.a tka‚ul ksru ® dKh igyklg f.k
wdldrhg ksr®udKh jqjo miq ld,fha° thg gr®fndapdcr" fmg%,a fmdarÜ
®
we;' ´j,a yeve;s frdg˙ yjqisu
bkafclaIka l%u wd†h tlafjñka kùk r: j, mjd fhdod .ekqks'
A ;=, frdagrfha fldka ;=k fyd¢ka
23-01 igyfkka olajd we;af;a tf,i gr®fnda pdcrh iys;j
uqødùu i|yd úflakaøSh f,i
uE;l° ksr®udKh jqkq ueiavd tka‚uls' tfy;a fuys frdg˙ tka‚ka
frdgrh lerlSug i,iajd we;af;a
ls%hdld˙;ajh uq,au jkal,a frdg˙ tka‚fï wdldrhgu fkdfjkiaj C B yjqisu ueo .shr ù,hla ia:sr
fhdod .ekqkq w;r fjkila f,i is≥ jqfha fuh fmg%,a bkafclaIka
f,i iúlr th jgd frdgrfha
l%uhg iy bf,lafg%dksla b.aksIka iys;j ksr®udKh ùuhs' ;jo
ueo we;s .shrhlaa lerlùfuks'
miq ld,fha° fudagr® r: i|yd fuh frdg˙ folla iys;jo bkafÜla
l+,kaÜ fuys ls%hdld˙;ajh úia;r ls¯u
ksr®udKh jqks' fï wkqj wdrïNfha fhdod .;a NSU- jkal,a frdg˙ fmdarÜ ®
frdagr® yjqisu myiq lrùug frdgrfha fldka
tka‚fukau wms fuu frdg˙ tka‚ka ls%hdld˙;ajh wjfndaO lr
frdg˙ yjqisu ;=, ;=k A.B.C hkqfjka y∫kajd ;sfnhs'
.ksuq' frdagrh iúj we;s whqre
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

■ pQIK myr is≥jk whqre

■ frdg˙ tka‚ul tla jghla ;=, n, myr
frdg˙ yjqisu ;=, AB,BC iy CA hk
A ;=kla ,nd .ekqu
fÉïnr ;=fkau isjq myr ls%hdld˙;ajh
we;sjk kuq;a fuys olajd we;af;a BC
C B fÉïnrfha ls%hdld˙;ajh mu◊' frdagrh (1) (2)
lerlSfï° fuu BC fÉïnrh úYd,
ùfuka we;sfjk ˙la;h u.ska fmg%,a jd;
ñY%Kh weo .ekSu fuys° is≥fõ'
■ iïmSvk myr is≥jk whqre
frdg˙ msiga kh ;j ≥rg;a lerlSfï°
tys B fldK u.ska bkafÜla fmdar®Ü tl
C A
jid .ekSfuka miq fÉïnrh ;=,g weo.;a
fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh th ;=, isr lrf.k
;sfnhs'frdg˙ yjqisfï yevh wkqj fuys° (3) (4)
B
BC fÉïnrfha m˙udj wvqjk w;r
tu.ska ñY%Kh iïmSvkh ùu is≥fõ'
■ b.aksIka mq<sÛ=j ,nd°u
C fuys olajd we;af;a iïmSvk myfr®
wjidkh jk w;r tys° ñY%Kh Wm¯u
A whq˙ka iïmSvkh ù we;' fuu wjia:dfõ°
iamdr®la ma,.a tl u.ska mq<sÛ=jla ,nd°
B
ñY%Kh .sks oe,ajkq ,nhs'
frdg˙ tka‚ula ;=, isjq myr ls%hdj,s ;=kla tljr we;sùu
■ n, myr frdg˙ tka‚ul ls%hdld˙;ajh f,i fuhg fmr msgqfjka
ñY%Kh ±,aùu;a iuÛ BC fÉïnrh
wm wOHhkh lf,a tys tla fÉïnrhl is≥jk isjqmyr
C
;=, mSvkh b;d by< f.dia igyk whqre ls%hdj,shhs' tys° tu fÉïnrh u.ska frdagrfha tla jghla ;=,
B frdagrh th lerflk †idjgu ;†ka tla n, myrla ,nd≥ks' fuf,i tys b;s˙ fÉïnr fol ;=,o
;,a¨ lrkq ,nhs' tkï fuh n,myrhs' tllg miq tll f,iska isjq myr ls%hdj,sh is≥jk w;r tu.ska
A
tu fÉïnr fol u.skao iEu tla jghlgu tla n, myr ne.ska
■ msgdr myr ,nd°u is≥fjhs' fï wkqj fuu frdg˙ tka‚ul frdagrfha tla
n, myr wjidkfha frdagrfha B jghla ;=, n, myr ;=kla we;sfjhs' by; olajd we;s igyka
fldK u.ska msgdr fmdar®Ü tl újD; fm< ms<sfj,ska wOHhkh ls¯fï° tla tla fÉïnr j, fjka fjkaj
ls¯u;a iuÛ oejqkq jd;h msgj hhs' tkï is≥jk fuu oyk ms<sfj, myiqfjka jgyd.; yelsh'
A
fuh tka‚fï msgdr myrhs' bkamiq wms idudkH isjq myr is,skavr 4 bka,hska tka‚ula
B kej;;a fuu BC fÉïnrh fmr m˙† ksoiqkg .; fyd;a tys tla tka‚ka jghl we;s jkafka n, myr
pQIK myfrka ó<Û pl%h wdrïN lrhs'
C folls' tfy;a fuu frdg˙ tka‚ug wh;a jkafka tla frdagrhla
fï wdldrhg fuu fÉïnr ;=fkau isjm q yr
ls%hdld˙;ajh is≥jk w;r th ó<ÛZ jqj;a th u.ska tla tka‚ka jghlg n, myr ;=kla ,nd .efkhs'
igyka fmf<ka olajd ;sfnhs' tkï fuu ;ks frdagrh iys; jkal,a tka‚u wmsg is,skavr 6
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

bka,hska tka‚ulg iul, yelsh' fï ksid ;ks frdagrh iys; ■ frdgr® yjqisu jka l ,a tka ‚ ul
tka‚ula jqjo th b;d iqug f,i ls%hd lrkq ,nhs' tfy;a fuh frdgrh ls%hdlrk yjqisu
fudagr® r:j,g fhdod .ekqfï° we;eï ksIamdolhska úiska fuhg frdg˙ yjqisu
fuys olajd we;' fuh b;d
frdagr folla tla lr ;sfnhs' frdagr folla fhdod .ekqk;a fuu ir, ksru ® dKhls' tka‚u isi, s a
tka‚u m%udKfhka b;d l=vd jk w;r th is,skavr 12 l bka,hska ls¯u i|yd l+,kaÜ ødjkh
tka‚ulg iul, yels fjhs' fuh frdg˙ tka‚ul we;s tla .uka ls¯ug wjYH l=yr
úfYaI;ajhls' my; ±lafjkafka tjka twin rotor tka‚uls' iys ; j fuh weΩñks h ï
frdgr® wxl-1 wef,dahs f,dayfhka jd;a;= lr
frdgr® wxl-2 ksr®udKh lr ;sfnhs' tfy;a
frdg˙ msig a kfha fldka iamr®Y
jk frdagr® yjqisfï we;=,;
fldgi muKla ;o fl%dañhï
frdgr® yjqisu
f,dayfhka f,ahrhla f,iska
wdf,am lr ;sfnhs' frdagrh
frdg˙ msiagka ;=ka yq,ia yevhlaa .kq ,enqjo
frdg˙ yjqisul ksr®udKh fuu frdg˙ yjqisu we;=,;
we;af;a ´j,a yevhg fnfyúka iudk jQ yevhls' tu yevh
fndfyda ≥rg wfÜ b,lalugo iudk lï olajhs' igyk whqre
fuu yjqisu ;=, frdg˙ msiagkh ;ekam;a l, úg fÉïnr ;=kla
we;sfjk w;r frdagrh lerlSfï° fuu fÉïnr m˙udj wvq jeä
frdgr folla iys; jkal,a tka‚u iy tys g%dkaiañIka moaO;sh ùfuka pQIK" iïmSvk hk myr we;sfjhs'
fuys olajd we;af;a frdg˙ folla iys; jkal,a tka‚uls' ■ frdg˙® msiagka ksr®udKh
thg iïnkaO Tfgda .shr n, iïfm%aIK moaO;sho fuys olajd frdg˙ msiagkh ;=ka
we;' fuys tka‚u l=vdjg ksr®udKhj ;snqk;a th is,skavr 12 yq,ia yevfha f,day l=ááhls'
bka,hska tka‚ul iqug Ndjh ,ndfohs' ukao fuu frdagr fol tys me;s ;=fkau oyk l=àrh uq≥ka iS,a ldkqj
i|yd l=yr id∞ we;' idudkH fldka iS,a ldkqj
tlaj tla tka‚ka jghla ;=, n, myr 6 la ,ndfok neúks'
fuu frdg˙ tka‚u is,skavr 12 l bka,hska tka‚ul tka‚ul msiagkhlska is≥jk ihsâa iS,a ldkqj
iqug Ndjhg iu jqj;a th b;d ieye,a¨ù we;af;a jE,aõ iy tu fiajdj jkal,a tka‚fï fuu oyk
l=àrh Ths,a iS,a
jE,aõ ls%hdld˙;ajhg wjYH ghsñka ù,a" ghsñka fn,aÜ" lEï Id*aÜ frdgrfhka is≥fõ' tfy;a th
ldkqj
jeks fldgia fukau msiagka" l%Ekala Id*aÜ jeks fldgiao fuhg idudkH msiagkhlg msiagka
we;=,;a fkdjk neúks' bka ,hska tka‚ul msiagka u.ska jQ fiajdj ˙kaia fhdod iS,a lrkjdla
fuys frdagr u.skao" is,skavr íf,dla tflys fiajdj frdgr® yjqisu fuka myiqfjka iS,a ls¯u
u.skao oÛr lf|a fiajdj v%hsõ Id*aÜ tl u.skao ,ndfohs' wmyiqj we;' ukao fuys uq≥ka
frdg˙ tka‚ka uQ,sl ls%hdld˙;ajh oeka wms fyd|ska jgyd ;=k fukau fome;a;o iS,a
isáuq' ta wkqj ó<Ûg fuu frdg˙ tka‚ulg wh;a m%Odk fldgia l, hq;= neúks' ta i|yd fuys frdgr® fnhd˙ka
lmd we;s iS,a ldkq (seal bka g r® k ,a .s hr®
lsysmh tajdfha ls%hdld˙;ajho iuÛ wOHhkh lruq'
grooves) igyfka olajd we;' frdg˙ msiagkhl ksr®udKh
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

frdg˙ yjqisu ;=, by; wdldrhg ksr®udKh flfrk frdagrh iy v%hsõ

fÉïnr j, m˙udj fjkiajk Id*aÜ ù,a tl w;r .shr wkqmd;h 1:3 la fõ' tkï frdgrh
whq˙ka úflakaøSh f,i fuu tla jghla .uka lrk úg v%hsõ Id*aÜ tl jg ;=kla .uka lrhs'
frdagrh ls%hdl, hq;= neúka tys fuh is≥jk whqre jgyd.ekSu uola wmyiq jqjo th m%dfhda.slj
fikagr® tflka iú ls¯u l, wjfndaO lr .ekqug tla myiq u.la we;' tkï fnda, fnhd˙ula
fkdyelsj we;' ta i|yd lr w;g f.k tys msg; ia,Sõ tflka w,a,d f.k fnda, iels,a,
we;af;a frdgrh ueo úYd, hulska lerl=j fyd;a tys ueo ia,Sõ tl fnda, iels,a,g jvd
úYalïNhlska hq;=j jD;a;dlr fõ.fhka lerflkq oelsh yelsh' ±ka fuu fnhd˙fï msg; ia,Sõ
bkagr®k,a .shr® ljqΩjla ilid thg bkagr®k,a tl frdg˙ tka‚ul yjqisu f,io" fnda, iels,a, frdagrh f,io"
v%hõ
s Id*aÜ .shr®a .shr ˙ka tlla iúlr tu ˙ka ueo ia,Sõ tl v%hsõ Id*aÜ tl f,io ie,l+ úg frdg˙ tka‚ul
frdgrh v%hsõ Id*aÜ tlg .shrh yjqisug ia:srj tkï frdagrfha fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska v%hsõ Id*aÜ tl lerflk
iújk whqre lerlSug fkdyels f,i iúl, whqre jgyd.; yels jkq we;'
v%hsõ Id*aÜ .shrhl ±;sj,g neiaiùuhs' túg ksi,j we;s tu ■ frdg˙ msiagkh iS,a ls¯u
v%hsõ Id*aÜ .shrh jgd frdgrfha bkagr®k,a .shrh iys; frdagrh
úflakaøSh f,i lerlSfuka fÉïnr m˙udj wvq jeä ù isjqmyr frdgr® yjqiska frdgr® msiagka
ls%hdj,sh is≥fjhs' msiagka ˙kaia
by; wdldrhg frdagrh ;=, tmsihsl, a l
s a .shr wdldrhg
v%hsõ Id*aÜ tl iú ls¯fï° tys .shr wkqmd;hla we;sfjk w;r
tu wkqmd;h 1:3 la fõ' v%hsõ Id*aÜ .shrh ;=, we;s fndarhg
my; igyfkka olajd we;s v%hsõ Id*aÜ fïka cr®k,h nei we;s
w;r tu Id*aÜ tl lrljkq ,nkafka frdgrh ;=,g nisk frdgr
cr®k,a .uka lrk úflakaøSh yevh ksidfjks'
(B)
frdgr® cr®k,a (A)
idudkH tka‚ul msiagkhla fuka frdg˙ msiagkhla iS,a ls¯u
wmyiqjk whqre
fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a frisfm%dflaáka jr®.fha
tka‚ul msiagkh is,skavr fndarhg uqød flfrk wdldrhhs' ta
i|yd msiagkaa ˙kaia lÜg,hla fhdod .efkk w;r tu.ska oyk
l=àrfha mSvkh l%Ekala flaia tlg ldka≥ ùu;a l%Ekala flaia tfla
fïka cr®k,a
we;s f;,a oyk l=àrhg ldka≥ùu;a hk lreKqq folu b;d idr®:l
Üúka frdgr® v%hsõ Id*aÜ tll ksr®udKh wkaoñka je<elafõ' ukao is,skavr fndarh fukau msiagkh
fuys olajd we;af;a frdgr® folla iys; jkal,a tka‚ul jD;a;dldr yevfhka hqla; ùu;a" tu msiagkfha we;s jD;a;dldr
v%hsõ Id*aÜ tlls' fuys frdgr® cr®k,a folg frdg˙ msiagka fol yevfhka hq;a ˙kaia msg;g úys°ug .kakd W;aidyh ;=,ska fyd¢ka
fnhd˙ka iuÛ nei ;sfí' ta wkqj v%hsõ Id*aÜ frdgr® cr®k,a iuÛ is,skavr ì;a;shg fya;a;= ùu;a ksidh' tfy;a fï wdldrhg frdg˙
frdg˙ msiagka ia:srj iïnkaOj ke;' 22-12 igyfka fuu frdgr tka‚ul frdgrh uqød ls¯u wmyiq jk whqre B igyfkka fmkajd
cr®k,h nisk fndarh frdgrh ueo olajd we;' 22'10 iy 12 ;sfnhs' ukao fuys frdg˙ msiagkfha ia:dk 15 la muK oyk l=àr
igyka fol weiq˙ka fuu v%hsõ Id*aÜ tl frdgrh iy v%hsõ Id*aÜ mSvkh /l.ekqu i|yd muKla uqød ls¯ug is≥jk neúks' tu
.shrh ;=, ;ekam;ajk whqre jgyd .ekSug W;aidy .kak' ia:dk fudkjdoehs fidhd n,uq'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

■ wefmlaia iS,a úfYaI ls%hdld˙;ajh

wefmlaia iS,a ihsâ iS,a
frisfm%dflaáka tka‚ul msiagka ˙kaia w;=˙ka by<u
≥kq má fldïm%Ika ˙ka tl u.ska úYd, fiajhla is≥jkjd fiau frdg˙
msiagkhlo tys wefmlaia iS,a tl u.ska úYd,;u fiajdj is≥fjhs'
tkï th u.ska oyk l=àr ;=, is≥jk wêl mSvkh hgf;a fÉïnr
folla fjkalr ;nd .ekquhs' fuys° fuu frdg˙ msiagkfhaa uq≥ka
;=k (apex) ls%hdlrkq ,nkafka frdg˙ yjqisu ;=, Wia my;a jQ
u;=msgl neúka fuu uqødj i|yd iS,a tl ;†ka msg;g f;rmd
;nd .ekqu w;HjYH fjhs' th wdldr y;rlska is≥ jk w;r my;
(A) (B) igyka fm< u.ska th jgyd .; yelsh'
fldakr® iS,a
fÉïnr® iS,ska fmdhskaÜ wefmlaia iS,a
frdg˙ msiagkhl uqødúh hq;= ia:dk
by; igyka fol u.ska olajd we;af;a frdg˙ msiagkhl
.Eia ldka≥j je<elaùu (gas tight seal) i|yd iS,a fhdod we;s S O O
wdldrhhs' fuys wefmlaia iS,a (Apex seal) hkqfjka olajd we;af;a
;=ka yq,ia fldka w. fhfok iS,a ;=khs' idudkH tka‚ul msiagka
˙kaia i|yd fhdod .kakd ;o f,dayu fï i|ydo fhdod .efkk
(A) (B) (C)
w;r ˙kaia msg;g mSvkh lr ;nd .ekqug fuu wefmlaia iS,a
tllg háka l=vd ≥kq máhla fhdokq ,efnhs' iams%ka
fuu B igyk by<ska olajd we;af;a fuhg ihsâ iS,a wefmlaia iS,a u.ska uqødùu †hqKq flfrk whqre
fhdok wdldrhhs' frdgrh uq≥kska muKla fkdj tys fome;a;o fuys wjia:d ;=klska wefmlaia iS,a tll ls%hdld˙;ajh
frdgr® yjqisug fyd|ska fya;a;= úh hq;=fjhs' ta i|yd tla olajd we;' igyk whqre miq ld,fha° fuu iS,a tl fldgia
me;a;lg iS,a ;=k ne.ska fome;a;g iS,a 6 la fh†h hq;=fjhs' fï follska hqla; jQ w;r th my;ska by<g ≥kq máhla u.ska f;rmd
wdldrhg wefmlaia iS,a fldka yh me;s yjqisug uqød ùug fldakr® isáhs' fï iS,a tl yjqisug f;rmk tla wdldrhls' fuu iS,a tl
iS,a yhla fhdod .; hq;=fjhs' fuu fldakr® iS,a fomig úysfok fomi fÉïnr ls%hdld˙;ajfha° wvq mSvkhg fukau jeä mSvkhgo
f,i iams%ka iuÛ iújk w;r fuys° ihsâ iS,a fldka ldka≥ fkdjk ,lafjk nj wms oksuq' fuys° oyk l=àrh ;=, fuu mSvkh
f,i tlg tlals¯ugo th Wmldr lrf.k ;sfnhs' fomiskau we;sfjk whqre igyfka B;, u.ska olajd we;' fuys
fldakr® iS,a
B igyfkka olajd we;s whqre fuu mSvkh iS,a ldkqj (groove)
frdg˙ msig a khlg fldakr®
ihsâ iS,a ;=,g .uka lrk w;r tys° tu mSvkh u.ska iS,a tl msg;g
iS,a" wefmlaia iS,a" iy ihsâ
f;rmSu ;=,skao iS,a tl uqødùu †hqKq flfr®'
iS,a iúj tajd tlg tlajk
by; igyka fm< u.ska ±lafjk whqre iS,a tl fomi
whqre fuu igyk u.ska
fÉïnr u.ska j˙ka jr fjkia fjñka we;s flfrk mSvkh u;
meye†<sj olajd we;' fuu
wefmlai iS,a tl fomig we, ùu is≥fjhs' fuys° we;sfjk ,Säka iy fÜ%,ska
frdg˙ msiagkhg ihsâ iS,a
a iS,a ls%hdld˙;ajh hgf;ao iS,a uqødùu jeä flfrhs' wjidk jYfhka
folla fhdod we;' fuys°
frdagrh fõ.fhka lerflk w;r tys° we;sfjk flakaøm%id¯
wefmlaia iS,a lsh
% dlrk whqre
n,ho iS,a tl ;†ka yjqisug fya;a;= ls¯ug Wmld¯ fjhs' fï
frdg˙ msiagkhl iS,a tlg ó<Û igyfkka olajd ;sfnhs'
tlajk whqre wdldrhg wdldr y;rlska fuu wefmlaia iS,a uqødùu we;s flfrhs'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

■ frdg˙ msiagkhlg Ths,a iS,a fhfok whqre ■ b.aksIka mq<sÛ=j ,nd°u

fuu igyk whqre frdg˙ frdg˙ tka‚ul b.aksIka mq<sÛ=j ,nd°fï° we;sfjk
msig
a kh uOHhfha we;s tmsihsl,
a l
s a fodaI lsysmhlau we;s w;r tajdg ms<shï fh°uo wmyiqj ;sfnhs'
.shr lÜg,fha iafkaykh i|yd fuu ;;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekqug wms uq,skau frisfm%dflaáka
E
L F iemfhk f;,a frdgrfha ihsâ tka‚ul mq<sÛ=j ,ndfok wdldrh jgyd .ksuq'
K G
fol yryd fÉïnr j,g ldka≥
iamdr®la ma,.a fuu igyfkka olajd we;af;a
fkdúh hq;=h' tfy;a tu uqød ls¯u
J IH frisfm%dflaáka tka‚ul oyk l=àrh
frdgrfha ihsâ iS,a j,g muKla
ksr®udKh ù we;s whqre iy thg iamdr®la
l< fkdyels fohls' ukao tajd
ma,.a tl iúj we;s wdldrhhs' fmg%,a
.EiaghsÜ iS,a jk w;r Ths,a iS,a
tka‚ula ;=, fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh ±ùug
rE$i 23'16 fkdjk neúks' my; olajd we;af;a
frdgrh ueo isg f;,a msg;g ta i|yd fjku Ths,a iS,a fhdod ,efnk ld,h b;du;a wvq w;r tu
ldka≥ úh yels whqre ld,h ;=, is,skavrh ;=, mqrjd .;a
we;s whqrehs'
iïmQr®K bkaOk m%udKhu ±ùug oyk
l=àr yevh wkqj iamdr®la ma,.a tl
idudkH tka‚ul iamdr®la iújk ia:dkh b;d jeo.;afõ' ukao
ma,.a iújk whqre
oykh ;=,skau iq,s ( ) we;sj iïmQr®K oykhla ls¯u
tys° is≥jk neúks' tfy;a fuu jdish frdg˙ tka‚ul ,nd.;
fkdyels w;r ta flfiaoehs jgyd .ksuq'

;ks frdgrh iys;

jkal,a tka‚ula is,skavr 6
bka,hska tka‚ulg iudk jqj;a
thg wjYH jkafka tla iamdr®la
Ths,a iS,a ma,.a tlla muks' fuu igyfka
ihsâ iS,a wefmlaia iS,a frdg˙ tka‚ka yjqisulg tys
fldakr® iS,a
;ks iamdr®la ma,.a tl iúj
frdg˙ msiagkh fomig Ths,a iS,a fhd∞ we;s whqre
frdgrh uOHfha fhdod we;s Ths,a iS,a iy wfkl=;a .Eia we;s whqre fmkajd ;sfnhs'
ghsÜ iS,a fuu igyfkka olajd we;' fuys olajd we;s wefmlaia fuf,i ;ks iamdr®la ma,.a tlla
iS,a" fldakr® iS,a iy ihsâ iS,a iújk whqre fuhg fmr úia;r fhofjk ksid thg b.aksIka
lrk ,°' fuys wu;rj fhdod we;s Ths,a ˙ka frdagrh uOHfha iamdr®la ma,.a äiaá%ìhqgrhla wjYH fkdùuo
˙ka ldkq j,g .s,ajd we;' fuu Ths,a iS,a iuÛ ldiaÜ whka iS,ao fuys we;s ;j;a tla jdishls'
frdg˙ tka‚ul ;ks iamdr®la
j<¨ f,iska fuys iúlr we;s w;r tajd u.ska is≥jkafka frdagrh ma,.a tl iújk whqre frdgrfha we;s oyk l=àr ;=k
ms<sfj,ska fuu iamdr®la ma,.a tl <ÛZg meñfkk úg b.aksIka
uOHhg iafkaykh fukau isis,kh i|yd imhk f;,a frdagrfha
moaO;sh u.ska mq<sÛ=j we;s flfr®' tfy;a bka,hska tka‚ka j,g
ihsâ folg ldka≥ ùu je<elaùuhs' fuu iS,a ish,a,u tlu f,i
jvd myiqfjka fuhg b.aksIka mq<sÛ=j ,nd ≥kak;a fuys° we;sfjk
frdgrh fomigu fhdod ;sfnhs' fuu Ths,a iS,a u.ska b;d iqΩ
≥r®j,;d /ila we;s w;r tajdg ms<shï fh°uo wmyiqj ;sfnhs'
f;,a mg,hla ldka≥ jk w;r th ihsâ iS,a iafkaykh i|yd
tu ;;ajh ó<Ûg y∫kd .ksuq'
m%fhdackj;a fõ'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3   
fuys olajd we;af;a
frdg˙ tka‚ul frdgrh ;=,
oyk l=àr ksr®udKhj we;s
wdldrhhs' wfkl=;a tka‚ka j,
oyk l=àrh ksi,j mj;sk
kuq;a fuu frdg˙ tka‚fï
muKla th frdgrh iuÛ
tka‚ka fõ.fhkau lerflñka
mj;shs' tfy;a iamdr®la ma,.a
tl tl;eku mj;shs' fï
wkqj tka‚ka wvq fõ.fha°
oyk l=àr
oyk l=àrh uq, y˙fha°
frdg˙ msiagkhla ;=, msysgd mq<Û s j
= ,nd°ug ie<eiajj
q fyd;a
we;s oyk l=àr ;=k
tka‚ka fõ.h jeäjk úg mq<sÛ=j we;sjkafka tys ueoy˙fha°h'
fï w;r tka‚ka fõ.h;a iuÛ b.aksIka weâjdkaia lrk úg
mq<sÛ=j ;j ≥rg;a b†˙fhka we;s ù tkï oyk l=àrh miqmig
.uka lr we;eï úg oyk l=àrfhka msg mekSugo bv we;' fï
wkqj frdg˙ tka‚ul b.aksIka weâjdkaia ls¯uo iSud ls¯ug is≥j
we;' 23'18 igyfkka fmkajd ≥ka whqre mQr®K oykhla i|yd
iamdr®la ma,.a mq<sÛ=j we;súh hq;= ksYaÑ; ia:dkhla oyk l=àrh
;=, we;s kuq;a by; ;;ajh hgf;a frdg˙ tka‚ul th mj;ajd.;
fkdyels ùu fuys we;s úYd, wvqmdvqjls'
■ frdg˙ tka‚ka i|yd iamdr®la ma,.a folla fh°u
by; f√ofhka olajk
,o wvqmdvqj jid .ekqu i|yd
ksIamdolhska úiska lrk ,o
kùlrKhla fuys olajd we;'
tkï frdg˙ tka‚u i|yd iamdr®la
ma,.a folla fhdod .ekquhs' fuys°
tka‚ka wvq fõ.fha° tla iamdr®la
ma,.a tlla mq<sÛ=j kshñ;
frdg˙ tka‚ul iamdr®la ma,.a ia:dkfha† we;s lrk w;r by<
folla fhdod we;s whqre
fõ.fha° tys bf,lafg%dav oyk l=àrfhka bj;aj .sho tys°
fojk iamdr®la ma,.a tl oyk l=àr iSudfõ mj;S' ta wkqj fuu
tla iamdr®la ma,.a tlla leading f,io fojk iamdr®la ma,.a tl
trailing f,io ye¢kafjhs' fuu kùlrKh hgf;a jqjo
frisfm%dflaáka tka‚ul fuka idr®:l ;;ajhla fuys we;sj ke;'
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
   fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka
■ frdg˙ tka‚u fudagr® r: i|yd ckms%h fkdùu
frisfm%dflaáka tka‚ul msiagka fomigu .uka ls¯u
ksid pd,l Yla;sh f,iska úYd, Yla;s m%udKhla wmf;a hk nj
wms oksuq' tfy;a frdg˙ tka‚ul tu wmf;a .sh Yla;sh
iïmQr®Kfhkau b;s˙ jqks' ó<Ûg ;ks frdgrh iys; tka‚ul tla
jghla ;=, n, myr ;=kla ,nd .ekqkq neúka bka,hska jr®.fha
is,skavr 6 tka‚ulg iudk úh' fï w;r ;ks iamdr®la ma,.a tlla
muKla wjYH ùu" b.aksIka äiaá%ìhqgrhla wjYH fkdùu jeks
wu;r jdis /ilao fuys° we;s jqks' fu;rï jdis /ila ,enqk;a
frdg˙ tka‚ulska ,efnk n,h tu Od˙;dfjkau hq;a isjqmyr
tka‚ulska ,efnk n,hg jvd wvqùu ksid;a bkaOk m˙fNdackh
jeä ùu ksid;a fudagr® r: i|yd jvd;a fhdod fkd.ekqks' fuf,i
fuys n,h wvqùug uq,a jQ lreKq ó<Ûg fidhd n,uq'
bka,Ü jE,ajh
msgdr jE,ajh
bka,Ü fmdar®Ü
frisfm%dflaáka tka‚ul gr®ìhq,kaia we;sjk whqre
tka‚ulska jeä n,hla ,nd.ekSug kï oyk l=àrh ;=,
fyd|ska gr®ìhq,kaia we;sj mQr®K oykhla is≥úh hq;=h' idudkH
tka‚ul bka,Ü fmdar®Ü ksr®udKh iy bka,Ü jE,ajh ksid;a
iïmSvkfha° oyk l=àr yevh ksid;a th b;d fyd¢ka is≥jk
whqre by; igyfkka olajd ;sfnhs' tfy;a frdg˙ tka‚ul
fuf,i gr®ìhq,kaia we;sùu b;d wju ;;ajfha mj;sk w;r tys°
is≥jkafka ñY%Kh ta whq˙kau iïmSvkhg ,la ùu mu◊' fï fuys
n,h wvq ùug uq,a jQ tla fya;=jls'
mQr®K oykhla i|yd wjYH gr®ìhq,kaia ,nd .ekqug
oyk l=àrh ;=, iamdr®la ma,.a tl iúúh hq;= ksh; ia:dkhla
we;s w;r frdg˙ tka‚ul tka‚ka fõ.h wkqj fuu ia:dkh
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

ks;ru fjkia fjhs' fï hgf;a tka‚ug wjYH weâjdkaia fldaKh fmg%,a jd; ñY%Khla mqrjd .ekqug tu pQIK fÉïnrfha
kshñ; whqre ,nd°uo wmyiqjk whqre fmr i|ykaúh' fï úYd,;ajh jeä l, hq;=fjhs' tfy;a frdg˙ tka‚ka ksr®udKh wkqj
frdg˙ tka‚ul n,h wvqùug ;j;a fya;=jls' fuu fÉïnrfha úYd,;ajh jvd;a jeä ls¯u l, fkdyels w;r
fj<| f,dalfha ksIamdolhska úiska ;u ksr®udKj, wvq ta wkqj mqrjd .kakd ñY%K m%udKh wvqùu;a" tu.ska iïmSvk
mdvq jid tys fyd| me;a; muKla fmkajd°u tla fj<| wkqmd;h wvq ùu;a fuys° is≥fjhs' fï frdg˙ tka‚ul n,h wvq
m%;sm;a;shls' fudagr® r: ;dCIKho tod isgu fuu fj<| jHdmdr ùug fya;= jQ ;j;a tla idOlhls'
u.ska ìysjQjls' ta wkqj by; i|yka jQ wdldrfha fodaI iEuúgu by; i|yka wdldrhg frdg˙ tka‚fï u;=jQ ;dCIK
Tjqka jika lrk w;r tys fyd| me;a; muKla fmkajd fokq ,nhs' .egΩ i|yd ms<shï fh°u wmyiq jQ ksid th fudagr® r: j,ska
fï hgf;a fuu frdg˙ tka‚fï we;s tla jdishla f,i Tjqka fmkajd iïmQr®Kfhkau mdfya neyer jqks' tfy;a miq ld,fha° cmdkfha
fok lreKla hgf;au fuys n,h wvqùug fya;= jQ m%Odk;u lreK ueiavd fudagr® iud.u úiska fuu jkal,a frdg˙ tka‚u jeä †hqKq
jgyd.; yelsfjhs' lrk ,o w;r wo th b;d nyq, f,iska Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok j,
isjq myr ls%hdld˙;ajfhka hq;a fmg%,a tka‚ul Wm¯u fhdod .kq ,nhs' ta ms<sn|jo fuys° hï muKlg oekqj;a fjuq'
n,h ,nd .; yelafla tys iïmSvk wkqmd;h jeäjk úg nj wms
■ ueiavd iud.u u.ska frdg˙ tka‚u kùlrKh ls¯u
oksuq' tfy;a fuu iïmSvk wkqmd;h jvd;a by< kekaùu l<
fkdyels jQfha tys° tka‚fï we;sjk b.aksIka fkdlaùu tka‚ug 1961 jifr®° muK ueiavd wdh;kho frdg˙ tka‚ka
;on, ydks f.k ≥ka neúks' tfy;a by< TlafÜka w.fha fmg%,a kùlrKh lr fudagr® r:j, fhdod .ekqug fm<Uqks' 1999 jir
fhdod .ekqu ksid idudkHfhka 6:1 la muK f,i ;snqkq fuu jk úg frdg˙ tka‚ka iúl, ueiavd r: jr®. .Kkdjlau f,dj
wkqmd; w.h kùk r:j, 9:1 la muK olajd jeä lr bka mqrd rgj,a /il Ndú;d jqkq w;r fuu ishΩ r:j, tl;=j
ksmofjk n,ho úYd, jYfhka jeä lr we;' tfy;a frdg˙ ñ,shk 1'8 la muK úh' ta w;r jeks fr®iska ldr®o
tka‚ul tla jdishla f,i ksIamdolhska úiska fmkajd fokafka th R -7 jeks ckms%h fudagr® r: jr®.o úh' my; igyfka olajd
wvq TlafÜka w.fha fmg%,a j,ska ls%hdlrùug yels ùuhs' thska we;af;a tf<i R -7 r:fha fhdod .;a Üúka frdg˙ tka‚uhs'
mejfikafka fuu frdg˙ tka‚ka j, iïmSvk wkqmd;h b;d wvq fuys olajd we;s
nj jk w;r tf,i iïmSvk wkqmd;h wvq ùu tka‚ka n,h wvq ueiavd R - 7 r:hg fhdod
ùug;a fya;= fjhs' fuf,i frdg˙ tka‚ul iïmSvk wkqmd;h jeä .;a 13B tka‚u frdg˙
ls¯ug wmyiqù we;s whqre ó<Ûg fidhd n,uq' follska hql;a jQjls' *s,l
s i
a a
jkal,a kue;s úoaj;d úiska
cr®uksfha NS wdh;kh
A yd tlaj frdg˙ tka‚u
C A ksru® dKh lr fudagr® r:j,
C B
fhdod.;a kuq;a th ;ks
(B) frdgrhla iys; jQjls'
B
tfy;a ueiavd iud.u úiska
(A) uq,a jrg 1967 jifr®°
frdg˙ tka‚ul pQIK iy iïmSvk myr frdgr folla iys; frdg˙
fuu A igyfkka olajd we;af;a frdg˙ tka‚ul pQIK tka‚u ksr®udKh lrk ,o
myr jk w;r B igyfkka olajd we;af;a tys iïmSvk myrhs' 13B frdg˙ gr®fnda tka‚ka w;r miq ld,fha frdgr 3
fuys iïmSvk wkqmd;h jeä ls¯ug kï pQIK myr ;=, jeä la iys; tka‚ulao ksmojk
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
 fudagr® r: oekqu -3       fudagr® r: fmg%,a tka‚ka

,°' ;jo Tjqka úiska frdg˙ tka‚ug gr®fndapdcrho tla l, w;r frisfm%dflaáka jr®.fha isjq myr tka‚ul Wm¯u cjh
by; olajd we;s tka‚uo frdg˙ gr®fnda tka‚uls' fï wkqj uq,a ,nd .ekqug tys jE,aõ ghsñka pl%h odhl ù ;sfnhs' tfy;a tu
jrg Üúka frdgr® tka‚u ksr®udKh ls¯fï fukau gr®fnda frdgr® ;;ajh frdg˙ tka‚ulska ,nd .ekqug wmyiq jQfha fuys is,skavr
tka‚ka ksr®udKh ls¯fïo f.!rjh ysñ jkafka ueiavd iud.ugh' pdr®– ùu iy msgdr jdhqj uqod ye¯u i|yd jQ fmdar®Ü fol frdg˙
yjqisugu fhdod ;snqkq neúks' tfy;a ueiavd iud.fï úfYaI
tallhla u.ska lrk ,o w;ayod ne,Sï /ilg miqj by; igyk
whqre fuu fmdar®Ü yria yjqisug .ekSug yelsj we;' tu.ska fuu
fmdar®Ü fmrg jvd 30] lska muK úYd, ls¯ug yels jQ w;ru
fmdar®Ü újD; ùfï° is≥jk ´jr® ,ema ùu fuu ksr®udKh hgf;a
tka‚ug jvd;a ys;lr whqre is≥l< yelsúh' ;jo fuys° tla
frdgr® fÉïnrhlg bkaafÜla fcdar®Ü ;=kla ne.ska tlal< yels
frdg˙ tka‚u fhdod.;a nia r:hla ùfuka iy tys m%udKh jeä ls¯fuka is,skavr pdr®– ùu jeäl<
wo frdg˙ tka‚u ;kslru ueiavd iud.u i;= jQ yelsúh' ;jo fuys tka‚ug ys;lr jQ fmdar®Ü ´jr® ,ema ùu hgf;a
jia;=jla njg m;aj ;sfnhs' fuys uQ, Or®uh cr®uka ;dCIKh gr®ìhq,kaia tkï jd; iq,s jeä lr .ekqfukao fuys° b;d ms˙is≥
yryd ,nd .ekqko tys ;snQ fodaI ish,a, wo frdg˙ tka‚fuka msgdr jdhqjla iuÛ tka‚ka cjh fnfyúka jeä lrf.k ;sfnhs'
bj;a lr ueiavd iud.fïu ksr®udKhla njg m;aj ;sfnhs' fuf,i ñY%K jdhqj bkafÜla fmdar®Ü fuu RENESIS
kùlrKh l, gr®fnda frdg˙ tka‚ka miq ld,fha° nia r:j, tka‚u iïmQrrKfhkau
mjd idr®:lj fhdod .ekqks' by; igyfka olajd we;af;a tf,i idr® : l lr.ekq u g
frdg˙ tka‚u iys;j ksmojQ uq,au nia r:hhs' th 1974 jifr® kùlrK .Kkdjlau
ksIamdokhls' miqld,fha° Tjqkaf.a m¯CIK iy w;aoelSï u; tlalr we;' ksoiqkla
frdg˙ tka‚u kj uqyqKqjrlska b†˙m;a jQ w;r th Tjqka y∫kajd f,i fuhg fmr
we;sf;a RENESIS hkqfjks' my; olajd we;af;a tu ksr®udKhhs' igyfkau fuys frdgrh
fuys olajd we;af;a ;=, lr we;s kùlrKh
ueiavd iud.u u.ska msgdr jdhqj oel .; yel' tys
kùlrKh lrk ,o oelafjk wdldrhg l=yr
tlaiafydaiaÜ fmdar®Ü
RENESIS tka‚uhs' fuys RE iys;j b;d ;o tfy;a
frdg˙ tka‚fï bkafÜla iy
hkq frdg˙ tka ‚ ka hk tlaiafydaiaÜ fmdar®Üia kùlrKh ieye,a¨ f,dayfhka fuh
woyihs' kej; W;am;a;sh ksr®udKh ls¯fuka fmr tka‚ka j, fhdod .;a frdagr j,g jvd
hk woyi we;s GENESIS 14] lska muK fuh ieye,a¨ lr .; yels ùfuka tka‚ka fõ.ho
hk jpkh yd frdg˙ tka‚ka ú'jg 10000 la muK olajd jeä ls¯ug yelsj ;sfnhs'
hk RE wCIr fol tl;= lr foaYsh fudagr® ldr®ñl Ys,amSka yg myiqfjka jgyd.;
RENESIS hkq f jka fuh yels whqre ;dCIK oekqu ,nd°u fuu fudagr® r: oekqu fmd;a
y∫kajd ;sfnhs' fuh u.ska fmf,a W;aidyhhs' fï wkqj fuu fudagr® r: oekqu -03 .%ka:fhka
ueiavd iud.u u.ska ksmojk fmr frdg˙ tka‚fï ;snQ W;aidy .kq ,enqfõ fmg%,a tka‚ul hdka;S%l ls%hdld˙;ajh ir,
,o RENESIS frdg˙ tka‚u fodaI ish,a, i|yd ms<shï whq˙ka b†˙m;a ls¯uhs' fuys ó<Û .%ka:fhka fuu tka‚ka i|yd
fhdod we;s w;r fuu kj ksr®udKh isjq myr tka‚ula fukau fhdod .kakd ldìhqfr®gr ms<sn|j ±kqj;a flfrkq we;'
idr®:lj we;' tu kùlrK lsysmhla fuys° wjfndaO lr .ksuq' ✹✹✹✹✹
ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk ouq;= ;dCI◊l m%ldYk
ueiavd iud.u u.ska ksmojk ,o RENESIS frdg˙ tka‚u