Batch Operating System

Batch operating system groups jobs that perform similar

type of functions. These groups are called as batch and are
executed at the same time

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Concept simplified Concept simplified

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Concept simplified Advantages & Disadvantages

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 Multi-programming OS Why Multi-programming

In a multi-programming system, two or more user programs

can be in memory and executed one after another.

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Why Multi-programming How does it work?

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How does it work? How does it work?

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 How does it work? How does it work?

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How does it work? How does it work?

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How does it work? Advantages & Disadvantages

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 Multi-Tasking Operating Sytem Working

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Multi-processing OS Working

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Basic Types Basic Types

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 Advantages Advantages

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Advantages Advantages

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Distributed operating system Definition

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 Definition What is loosely coupled?

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Goals/Features Goals/Features

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Goals/Features Goals/Features

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 Goals/Features Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

Time-sharing systems had a drawback in that response time

increased with increased load, but some computations could
not bear the delay. In the 1980s, new computer systems were
developed to provide real-time processing, which is crucial in
defense applications.
Real-time systems are divided into hard and soft types, with
hard systems having hard deadlines and all defence
applications being of this type. Soft systems, such as digital
audio, multimedia systems, and virtual reality, allow for
delayed audio or video data without harm. However, soft
real-time systems must be bounded and predictable, not
infinite.

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Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) Clusterd System

Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are designed to meet

the special needs of real-time systems, providing timely
responses to applications.
The main challenge for RTOS is scheduling real-time tasks
based on deadline information, ensuring all deadlines are
met.
Fault tolerance is also a feature of real-time systems,
providing redundancy in hardware and software to ensure
continuous operation. RTOS must use special techniques to
tolerate faults and continue operations, ensuring no critical
functioning is stopped or delayed.

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Definition How it works?

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 How it works? How it works?

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Operating System Architecture

Architecture of
Operating system

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Monolithic Architecture Layer Architecture

OSs were developed to meet various
requirements, such as CPU busyness, multiple
jobs in batch systems, and user friendliness.
However, the initial architecture was not
efficient and consisted of few modules due to
limited functionality. The kernel only added all
functionalities, allowing efficient
intercommunication between modules.
The operating system is divided into a number
of layers (levels), each built on top of lower
layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the
hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user
interface.
With modularity, layers are selected such that
each uses functions (operations) and services
of only lower-level layers

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 Layer Architecture Microkernel Architecture

Less efficient. Removes all nonessential components from

For instance, when a user program executes
an I/O operation. it executes a system call that
is trapped to the I/O layer, which calls the
memory management layer, which in turn
calls the CPU scheduling layer, which is then
passed to the hardware.
Each layer adds overhead to the system call.
Result is a system call that takes longer than
does one on a non-layerd system.
the kernel and implements them as system
and user-level programs. The result is a small
kernel.
Microkernel provide minimal process and
memory management.
The main function of the microkernel is to
provide communication between the client
program and the services running in user
space.

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Modules Architecture Modules Architecture

The best current methodology for operating system More flexible than a layered system, because any
design involves using loadable kernel modules. module can call any other module.
The kernel har a set of core components and links in
additional services via modules, either at boot time or
More efficient than a microkernel, because modules
during run time.
do not need to invoke message passing in order to
The lernel to provide core services while other communication.
services are implemented dynamically, as the kernel
is running.
Linking services dynamically is preferable to adding
new features directly to the kernel, which would
require recompiling the kernel every time a change
was made.

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Hybrid kernel Architecture

In practice, very few operating systems

adopt a single, strictly defined structure.
They combine different structures, resulting
in hybrid systems that address performance,
security, and usability issues.
Three hybrid systems:
 Apple Mac OS X
 iOS
 Android

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