Networking in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Gaurav Sharma
Department of Computer Engineering
Maharafa Agrasen Institute of Technology
PSP Area, Sector-22, Rohini, New Delhi-110085
AIIiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi
gs111089yahoo.com
Abstract
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) or "short live"
networks operate in the absence oI Iixed
inIrastructure. They oIIer quick and easy network
deployment in which neither a wired backbone nor a
centralized control exists. Nodes in mobile ad-hoc
network are Iree to move and organize themselves in
an arbitrary Iashion and each node operates as an end
system and as a router Ior all other nodes in the
network.
eywords.MANET
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are multi-hop wireless
mobile networks that are composed oI mobile hosts
without any Iixed network inIrastructure. In an ad-
hoc network, the mobile hosts take charge oI data
Iorwarding which is typically a Iunction oI the
routers in a Iixed network.


II. Routing
A.A. Proactive Approach
The proactive protocols require each node to
maintain one or more routing inIormation tables, and
they respond to the topology changes by propagating
updates throughout the network in order to maintain a
consistent network view. This type oI protocols
maintains Iresh lists oI destinations and their routes
by periodically distributing routing tables throughout
the network.
Examples are:-
. Destination Sequence Distance Vector(DSDV)
C.STAR
D.
. . Reactive Approach
This approach is based on query response
mechanism. Sender Iloods a join query packet to
entire network to reIresh membership. When an
intermediate node receives a join query packet
which it is not a receiver, it will stores the
backward learning into routing table and
rebroadcasts the packet. Finally when join query
packet reaches a receiver, the receiver creates and
broadcasts a join reply packet to its neighbors.
When a node receives the join reply packet, it
checks whether the next node id in join reply
packet matches it own. II yes, it sets the
Iorwarding group Ilag, it will become a part oI
the Iorwarding group. Join reply packet thus
propagated by Iorwarding group member until it
reaches source via a shortest path.
Examples:-
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
III. Issues In Designing Routing Protocol
a. Robustness:- routing protocol should be robust
enough to withstand the mobility oI nodes and
achieve a high packet delivery ratio.
b. 11iciency:- eIIiciency is deIined as the ratio oI
the total number oI data packets received by the
receivers to the total number oI data and control
packets transmitted in the network.
c.Control Overhead :-To keep track oI the
members in a multicast group, the exchange oI
control packets is required. Because bandwidth is
limited the total number oI control packets
transmitted Ior maintaining the multicast group is
kept to a minimum.
d. Resource Management :- Ad hoc networks
consist oI a group oI mobile nodes, with each node
having limited battery power and memory. An ad
hoc multicast routing protocol should use minimum
power by reducing the number oI packet
transmissions. To reduce memory usage, it should
use minimum state inIormation.
CONCLUSION
The challenges Iaced by multicast routing
protocols Ior ad hoc wireless networks are much
more complex than those Iaced by their wired
network counterparts. In this chapter, the problem oI
multicast routing in ad hoc wireless networks was
studied. AIter identiIying the main issues involved in
the design oI a multicast routing protocol, a
classiIication oI the existing multicasting protocols
was given. Several oI these multicast routing
protocols were described in detail with suitable
examples. The advantages and drawbacks involved
in each protocol were also listed. Some energy-
conserving multicasting routing protocols were
presented, as most oI the nodes in ad hoc wireless
networks are battery operated.
RRNCS
Satyabrata Chakrabarti and Amitabh Mishra,
'QoS Issues in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,
IEEE Communications Magazine, February
2001.
S. Deering, 'Host extensions Ior IP
multicasting, RFC 1112, August 1989, available
at http://www.ietI.org/rIc/rIc1112.txt