Chapter 1

Transmission Line
✓ Transmission line theory, Transmission line parameters
✓ Reflection coefficient, Line impedance
✓ Standing wave phenomenon, Standing wave ratio

1
Transmission Line Analysis

Source Load
or

V
=
f

2
Transmission Line Analysis

𝑥 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 3
Transmission Line Analysis

𝑥 𝑥 + ∆𝑥

Structural parameters of the transmission line

R(Ω/m): resistance parameter per unit length of the line
L(H/m): inductance parameter per unit length of the line
C(F/m): capacitance parameter per unit length of the line
G(S/m): conductance parameter per unit length of the line

4
Wave Equations

𝑥 𝑥 + ∆𝑥

Kirchoff’s voltage law:

i ( x, t )
v( x, t ) = v( x + x, t ) + R.x.i( x, t ) + L.x.
t

Kirchoff’s current law:

v( x + x, t )
i ( x, t ) = i( x + x, t ) + G.x.v( x + x, t ) + C.x.
t
5
Wave Equations
 i ( x, t )
 v ( x , t ) = v ( x + x , t ) + R.x.i ( x , t ) + L.x.
 t

i ( x, t ) = i( x + x, t ) + G.x.v( x + x, t ) + C.x. v( x + x, t )

 t
In frequency domain:
V ( x,  ) = V ( x + x,  ) + ( R + j L).x. I ( x,  )

 I ( x,  ) = I ( x + x,  ) + (G + jC ).x.V ( x + x,  )

V ( x + x,  ) − V ( x,  )
 = − ( R + j L).I ( x,  )
x

 I ( x + x,  ) − I ( x,  ) = − (G + jC ).V ( x + x,  )
 x
6
Wave Equations
V ( x + x,  ) − V ( x,  )
 = − ( R + j L).I ( x,  )
x

 I ( x + x,  ) − I ( x,  ) = − (G + jC ).V ( x + x,  )
 x

When x → 0
 V ( x,  )
 x = − ( R + j L).I ( x,  )

 I ( x,  ) = − (G + jC ).V ( x,  )
 x

  2V ( x,  )
 = ( R + j L)(G + jC ).V ( x,  )
x 2
 2
  I ( x,  ) = ( R + j L)(G + jC ). I ( x,  )
 x 2 7
Wave Equations
  2V ( x,  )
 = ( R + j L)(G + jC ).V ( x,  )
x 2
 2
  I ( x,  ) = ( R + j L)(G + jC ). I ( x,  )
 x 2

Define  () = ( R + j L)(G + jC)

 2V ( x,  ) 2
=  ( ).V ( x,  )
x 2

 2 I ( x,  ) 2
=  ( ). I ( x,  )
x 2

Each equation is in the form of:

f '' + a1. f ' + a2 . f = 0 , a1 = 0
8
Wave Equation Solution
The voltage equation:
 2V ( x, ) 2
=  ( ).V ( x, )
x 2

The solution:
V ( x, ) =V+ . e− ( ).x + V− . e ( ). x
− . x  .x
V ( x) = V+ .e + V− .e
with  = + j
V ( x) = V+ .e− .x .e− j .x +V− .e .x .e j .x
9
Wave Components
The voltage equation: V ( x) = V+ .e− . x .e− j . x +V− .e . x .e j . x

The first element:

V+ .e − . x
.e − j . x (Incident wave)

The second element:

 .x j . x (Reflected wave)
V− .e .e 10
Wave Components
 2 I ( x, ) 2
The current equation: =  (). I ( x, )
x 2

− . x  .x
The solution: I ( x) = I + .e + I − .e

Relation with the voltage:

V+ V−
I+ = , I− = −
Z0 Z0

V+ − . x V−  . x
 I ( x) = e − e
Z0 Z0
11
Propagation Parameters
Propagation constant:
 () = () + j () = ( R + j L)(G + jC)

Attenuation constant:  (),  Np / m  (),  dB / m

[ Np / m ]
[ dB / m] = 20.log10 e = (20log10 e).[ Np / m]
= 8,68.[ Np / m]
Ex: If attenuation constant of a transmission line is 1Np/m,
this means that the amplitude of the wave attenuates
8.68 dB (1/2.7 times) over 1 m length of the line.

12
Propagation Parameters
Phase constant: 𝛽(𝜔), 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 , 𝑑𝑒𝑔./𝑚

Representing the phase shift of the wave over 1 m length

of the transmission.
2
=


Lossless case:
R = 0, G = 0
  ( ) = ( R + j L)(G + jC ) = j LC
  ( ) = 0
 ( ) =  LC
13
Propagation Parameters
Phase velocity:

  [rad / s] 
V = ,  [m / s ] = 
  [rad / m] 

The transmission distance of wavefront in a unit of time.

The transmission line has no dispersion if the phase velocity is independent of frequency

14
Propagation Parameters
Characteristic Impedance (Z0)

15
Propagation Parameters
Characteristic Impedance (Z0)

Define Z = R + j L , Y = G + jC

 1 
Z0 = Z x +  // Z0 
 Y x 

when Z R + j L
x → 0  Z 0 = =
Y G + jC

Lossless case: Z0 =
L
= R0 , 
C 16
Matched Load

17
Reflection Coefficient
− . x  .x
V ( x) = V+ .e + V− .e

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 V−e x V− 2 x

Γ 𝑥 =  V ( x) = = e
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 V+ e− x
V+
Voltage reflection coefficient
18
Reflection Coefficient

I ( x) = I + .e− . x + I − .e . x
V+ − . x V−  . x
I ( x) = e − e
Z0 Z0

Current reflection coefficient

V−
−
I − e x I − 2 x Z 0 2 x
 I ( x) = − x
= e = e = −V ( x)
I+e I+ V+
Z0

Convention V = 

19
Power Reflection

𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑐 = 𝑉+ . 𝑒 −𝛾.𝑥 𝐼+ . 𝑒 −𝛾.𝑥 , 𝑃 𝑅𝑒𝑓 = 𝑉− . 𝑒 𝛾.𝑥 𝐼− . 𝑒 𝛾.𝑥

(
Pt = V+ .e− . x + V− .e . x )( I + .e− . x + I − .e . x )
Pt = V+ .e− . x (1 + V ( x) )  I + .e− . x (1 +  I ( x) )

𝑃t = 𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑐 1 − Γ𝑉2 (𝑥) = 𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑐 − 𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑐 Γ𝑉2 (𝑥)

𝑃 𝑅𝑒𝑓
20
Relation with Load Reflection Coefficient

V− 2 l
At load: V (l ) = e
V+
V− 2 x V− 2 (l −d )
At x = (l − d ) : V ( x) = e = e
V+ V+
V− 2 l −2 d
= e .e = V (l ).e−2 d
V+ 21
Relation with Load Reflection Coefficient
V ( x) = V (l ).e−2 d  =  + j

V ( x) = V (l ).e−2 d .e− j 2 d

22
Relation with Load Reflection Coefficient

V ( x) = V (l ).e−2 d .e− j 2 d
Moving toward the source a distance of d =  / 2
What is rotation angle of the vector V ?
2 2 2 
=  2 d = 2 d =2 = 2
   2
23
Calculation of Load Reflection Coefficient

V (l ) = V+ .e− .l + V− .e .l
V+ − .l V−  .l
I (l ) = e − e
Z0 Z0

24
Calculation of Load Reflection Coefficient
V (l ) = V+ .e− .l + V− .e .l
V+ − .l V−  .l
I (l ) = e − e
Z0 Z0
− l l
V (l ) V+ e + V− e
ZL = = Z0
I (l ) V+ e− l − V− e l
V− e l
1+
V+ e− l 1 + (l )
Z L = Z0 l
= Z0
V− e 1 − (l )
1− − l
V+ e
Z L − Z0
 (l ) =
Z L + Z0 25
Reflection Coefficient: Matched Load Case

𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0

Z L − Z0
(l ) = =0
Z L + Z0
 ( x) = (l ).e−2 d = 0 , x
No reflection
Standard impedances: 50 , 75 , 300 , 600
26
Reflection Coefficient: Shorted Load

𝑍𝐿 = 0

Z L − Z0
(l ) = = −1
Z L + Z0
Total
reflectio
Vn− e l l − l
(l ) = − l
 V− e = −V+ e V (l ) = 0
V+ e
At load, incident and reflected voltage waves are in reverse of phase
27
Reflection Coefficient: Opened Load

𝑍𝐿 → ∞

Z L − Z0
(l ) = = 1   I (l ) = −1
Z L + Z0
Total
reflectio
 I −e l = −nI +e− l  I (l ) = 0
At load, incident and reflected current waves are in reverse of phase

28
Reflection Coefficient: Reactance Load

𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗𝑋𝐿

jX L − R0
(l ) =  (l ) = 1
jX L + R0
Total
reflectio
n

29
Line Impedance

V( x)
Z( x) =
I ( x)

30
Line Impedance
− . x  .x
V ( x) = V+ .e + V− .e (1)
V+ − . x V−  . x
I ( x) = e − e (2)
Z0 Z0
V+ .e− . x + V− .e . x
 Z ( x) = Z 0
V+ .e− . x − V− .e . x
At load: V (l )
Z (l ) = Z L =
I (l )
 ZL .I (l ) = V (l ) = V+ .e− .l + V− .e .l

Eq (2) : Z0 .I ( x) = V+ .e− . x − V− .e . x

 Z0 .I (l ) = V+ .e− .l − V− .e .l
31
Line Impedance
− .l  .l

 L
Z . I ( l ) = V+ .e + V− .e
 − .l  .l

 0
Z .I (l ) = V + .e − V − .e

 I (l )  .l
V
 + = ( Z L + Z 0 ) e
2

V = I (l ) ( Z − Z )e − .l
 − 2
L 0

𝑉+ . 𝑒 −𝛾.𝑥 + 𝑉− . 𝑒 𝛾.𝑥
𝑍(𝑥) = 𝑍0
𝑉+ . 𝑒 −𝛾.𝑥 − 𝑉− . 𝑒 𝛾.𝑥

( Z L + Z 0 )e (l − x ) + ( Z L − Z 0 )e − (l − x )
 Z ( x) = Z 0
( Z L + Z 0 )e (l − x ) − (Z L − Z 0 )e− (l − x )
32
Line Impedance
In the line: d = (l − x)

Z L (e d + e− d ) + Z 0 (e d − e− d )

 Z ( x) = Z 0
Z L (e d − e− d ) + Z 0 (e d + e− d )

Using: eu + e−u eu − e−u

ch(u) = , sh(u) =
2 2
Z L .ch( d ) + Z0 .sh( d )
 Z ( x) = Z 0
Z L .sh( d ) + Z0 .ch( d )
sh(u) eu − e−u
And: th(u) = = u −u
ch(u) e + e
Z L + Z0 .th( d )
 Z ( x) = Z 0
Z0 + Z L .th( d ) 33
Line Impedance on Lossless Line
 = j 

 Z0 = R0 , Real
Soá thöï c
number

And:
ej d − e− j d
th( d ) = th( j  d ) = j d − j d
e +e
Using: eju = cos(u) + j sin(u)
2 j sin( d )
 th( j  d ) = = j.tg( d )
2 cos( d )

Z L + j.R0 .tg (  d )
 Z ( x) = R0
R0 + j.Z L .tg (  d )
34
Line Impedance on Lossless Line: Special Cases

Matched Load:
ZL = R0 , Soá
Realthöï c
number

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗. 𝑅0 . tg 𝛽𝑑
⇒ 𝑍 𝑥 = 𝑅0 = 𝑅0 , ∀𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑥
𝑅0 + 𝑗. 𝑍𝐿 . tg 𝛽𝑑

Shorted Load:
ZL = 0

Z L + j.R0 .tg ( d )
 Z ( x) = R0 = j.R0 .tg (  d )
R0 + j.Z L .tg (  d )

⇒ 𝑍 𝑥 = 𝑗. 𝑋 𝑑 , Reactance
35
Line Impedance on Lossless Line: Special Cases
Shorted Load: 𝑍 𝑥 = 𝑗. 𝑅0 . 𝑡𝑔 𝛽𝑑 = 𝑗. 𝑋 𝑑 , 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Opened

Shorted
Inductance

At load

Capacitance

Using a transmission line with shorted load to replace a

capacitor or an inductor (only single freq.) 36
Line Impedance on Lossless Line: Special Cases

Opened Load: ZL = 

Z L + j.R0 .tg (  d ) R0
 Z ( x) = R0 =
R0 + j.Z L .tg (  d ) j.tg (  d )
= − j.R0 .cotg( d )

⇒ 𝑍 𝑥 = 𝑗. 𝑋 𝑑 , Reactance

37
Line Impedance on Lossless Line: Special Cases
Opened Load:
𝑍 𝑥 = −𝑗. 𝑅0 .cotg 𝛽𝑑 = 𝑗. 𝑋 𝑑 , Reactance

Shorted
Opened
Inductance

At load

Capacitance

38
Line Impedance on Lossless Line: Special Cases
Reactance Load:
ZL = j.XL

𝑗𝑋𝐿 + 𝑗. 𝑅0 . 𝑡𝑔(𝛽𝑑)
⇒ 𝑍(𝑥) = 𝑅0 , imaginary part
𝑅0 − 𝑋𝐿 . 𝑡𝑔(𝛽𝑑)

⇒ 𝑍(𝑥): Reactance

39
Quarter Wavelength Line
R0 ZL

Zin

l=
4
2
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗. 𝑅0 . 𝑡𝑔(𝛽𝑙) R
𝑍(0) = 𝑅0  Z in = 0
𝑅0 + 𝑗. 𝑍𝐿 . 𝑡𝑔(𝛽𝑙) ZL
Opened load: ZL →   Zin = 0
Shorted Load: ZL = 0  Zin → 
R02
Z in =  R0 = Z L .Zin
ZL
Application in impedance matching
40
Half Wavelength Line

Z0 ZL

Zin

l=
2

Zin = Z L

41
Line Impedance and Reflection Coefficient
V− .e . x
1+
V+ .e− . x + V− .e . x V+ .e − . x
Z ( x) = Z 0 = Z0
V+ .e− . x − V− .e . x V− .e . x
1−
V+ .e− . x

1 + ( x)
 Z ( x) = Z 0
1 − ( x)

Z ( x) − Z 0
 ( x) =
Z ( x) + Z 0

42
Line Admittance
1
Y( x) = = G( x) + jB( x)
Z( x)
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 . 𝑡ℎ(𝛾𝑑)
𝑍(𝑥) = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 . 𝑡ℎ(𝛾𝑑)
1 Z0 + Z L .th( d )
 Y ( x) = .
Z0 Z L + Z0 .th( d )
1/ Y0 + 1/ YL .th( d )
 Y ( x) = Y0 .
1/ YL + 1/ Y0 .th( d )
YL + Y0 .th( d )
 Y ( x) = Y0 .
Y0 + YL .th( d )
43
Normalization of Impedance and Admittance

Z ( x)
Normal Line Impedance z ( x) =
Z0

Normal Line Admittance y ( x) =

Y ( x )
Y0

44
Standing Wave

The interfering of the incident wave and reflected

wave ⇒ standing wave phenomenon

45
 Standing Wave
tt ==
t =T/8
0T/4
3T/8
T/2

Incident and
reflected
x
waves

VMax
Total
wave x

  VMin
2 4 46
 Standing Wave: standing wave factor
In lossless line
VMax
S= = VSWR
VMin
𝑉𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑉𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 − 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑉+ . 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥 + 𝑉− . 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥

VMax = V+ + V− , VMin = V+ − V−

V+ + V− V+ +  V+ 1+ 
S= =  S=
V+ − V− V+ −  V+ 1− 
47
Standing Wave: nodes and anti-nodes
Voltage anti-nodes ~ Current nodes

VMax ~ IMin
I Min = I + − I − = I + −  I +
V+
 I Min =
R0
(1−  )

𝐴𝑛𝑑: 𝑉𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉+ + 𝑉− = 𝑉+ + Γ. 𝑉+
At voltage anti-nodes, line impedance is real and maximum

VMax 1+ 
RMax = = R0 = R0 .S
I Min 1− 
48
Standing Wave: nodes and anti-nodes
Voltage nodes ~ Current anti-nodes
VMin ~ IMax
I Max = I + + I − = I + +  I +
V+
 I Max =
R0
(1+  )

𝐴𝑛𝑑: 𝑉𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉+ − 𝑉− = 𝑉+ − Γ. 𝑉+

At voltage nodes, line impedance is real and minimum

VMin 1 −  R0
RMin = = R0 =
I Max 1+  S
49