Design of Water Structures

Dr.-Ing. Mahmoud Elshahawi

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➢ Type of water structures:
1. Water Tanks ‫خزانات المياه‬
2. Swimming Pools ‫حمامات السباحة‬
3. Open Channels ‫القنوات المفتوحة‬
4. Culverts

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➢ Classification of water tanks:
➢ According to shape:
1. Rectangular
2. Circular
3. Hexagonal
➢ According to position:
1. Elevated tank
2. Ground tank
3. Underground tanks
➢ According to dimensions:
1. Shallow tanks
2. Medium tanks
3. Deep tanks

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‫‪❖Design Concepts‬‬
‫فكرة التصميم‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬المنشآت المائية بوجه عام البد أن تصمم لمقاومة االنفعاالت الداخلية (عزوم وقوى عمودية)‬
‫إضافة إلى مقاومة األسباب التي تؤدي إلى حدوث شروخ قد تؤدي إلى وصول المياه داخل‬
‫الخرسانة فيؤدي إلى حدوث صدأ الحديد وتدهور المنشأ‪.‬‬
‫‪Basic difference between water structures and other structures:‬‬

‫)‪▪ Sec “1” (water side section‬‬

‫‪Stage I‬‬
‫‪Un cracked section‬‬
‫)‪▪ Sec “2” (air side section‬‬
‫‪Stage II‬‬
‫‪Cracked section‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
Classification of Structures with Respect to Exposure of
Tension Side to Environmental Conditions

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 Factors affecting surface crack width

Factors to reduce crack width

• Increase concrete cover.
• Decrease bar diameter.
• Use deformed surface bars.
• Avoid using bundled bars.
• Satisfy the requirements of minimum spacing between bars.
• Reduce bar stress.
• Other factors; e.g., )size of section, restraints, …(.

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Control of Crack Width in Water-Side Section

1. CODE EQUATION
Max crack width wk max ≤ 0.15 in water structure (Class #3)
wk = β srm εsm (4-84)
Refer to Section 4-3-2 in ECP Code.
If equation (4-84) ➔ max wk ≤ 0.15, the section is adequate.

2. SIMPLIFIED METHOD
In this method two steps should be followed.
(a) Check the tensile stress in concrete, fct, due to axial force
(N) and bending moment (M) and ensure that ……..
(b) Use small diameter bars and reduce tensile stresses in bars under working loads
or factored loads

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‫»‪«Design of R/C sections‬‬

‫المنشآت العادية ‪➢ Cracked section II‬‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪6M‬‬

‫= ‪ft‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫∗‬ ‫= ‪y‬‬ ‫‪t3‬‬
‫= ∗‬ ‫‪> ftall‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫∗‪b‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪bt2‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫‪ -‬الخرسانة الموجودة أسفل ال (‪ )N.A‬مشرخة ومعرضة لقوة شد‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬يتم وضع كمية من الحديد لمقاومة قوى الشد‪.‬‬
‫المنشآت المائية ‪➢ Un Cracked section I‬‬

‫‪6M‬‬ ‫‪0.6∗ fcu‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫= ‪ft‬‬ ‫= ‪≯ ftall , ftall‬‬
‫‪bt2‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪mm2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫∝ ‪ft‬‬
‫‪t2‬‬

‫يتم زيادة ”‪ “t‬حتى تكون إجهادات الشد أقل ما يمكن وبالتالي ال يحدث‬
‫شروخ‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
 ❖ Design of uncracked section:
1. Axial tension (T only)
2. Pure bending (M only)
3. M, T
4. M, N

0.6∗ fcu N
➢ ftall = fctr =
η mm2
η→ t ϑ ‫معامل يعتمد على‬
ft for ce
tϑ = t 1 ±
ft (M𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)

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 D12 D16 D18 D22
𝐵𝑐𝑟 𝐵𝑐𝑟 𝐵𝑐𝑟 𝐵𝑐𝑟
= 0.93 = 0.88 = 0.85 = 0.75

Factored load (U)

U = 1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 E
D ➔ Dead loads
L ➔ Live loads
E ➔ Lateral loads
For the case of lateral loads where E is caused by liquids
contained in elements of defined dimensions, (1.6 E) shall be
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replaced by (1.4 E). Example: Water Tanks.
❖ Problem 1:
Section 1
T = 35 ton , b = 1000 mm , fy=350 MPa, fcu = 30
N/mm2 , t = ??
➢ Check
T 0.6∗ fcu
ft = b∗t ≯ 1.40
35∗104 0.6∗ 30
=
1000∗t 1.4
t = 149 mm
use t = 200 mm, minimum
➢ As
Tu 1.4 ∗ 35 ∗ 104
As = ′ = = 1731 mm2
fy Τγc 0.93 ∗ 350Τ1.15
Use 16D12

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❖ Problem 2:
M = 20 ton.m, b = 1000 mm , t = ??
➢ Check
6M 0.6∗ fcu
ft = b∗t2 ≯ η
6∗20∗107 0.6∗ 30
≯
1000∗t2 1.30
Get t = 688 mm
Use t = 700 mm
➢ t ϑ = t = 700 → η = 1.40
6∗20∗107 N
ft = = 2.449
1000∗7002 mm2
0.6∗ 30 N
ftall = 1.40 = 2.34 mm2
ft > ftall → un safe, use t = 800 mm → ok
➢ As
Mu
d = c1 ∗ fcu ∗B
d = t − 40mm = 760 mm
1.4∗20∗107
760 = c1 ∗ 30∗1000
→ c1 = 9.3 > 4.85 → j
= 0.826
Mu 1.4∗20∗107
As = = = 1448.15 mm2
j∗d∗f′y 0.826∗760∗0.88∗350
Use 8D16 13
1. (M, T)
▪ Check
T 6M 0.6∗ fcu
ft = b∗t + b∗t2 ≯ η
f
tϑ = t 1 + f t
M
▪ As
M t
e= > 2 → Big ecc.
T
t
es = e − + cover
2
Mus = Tu ∗ es
Mus
d = c1 ∗ fcu ∗B
Mus Tu
As = +
j∗d∗f′y f′y /γs

if “t” is unknown
t M,t = t M + 30 mm

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❖ Problem 3:
M = 20 ton.m T = +35 ton b = 1000 mm
t = ??
to find “t” assume M only
6M 0.6∗ fcu
=
bt2 1.3
6∗20∗107 0.6∗ 30
= → t = 688 mm
1000∗t2 1.30
t M,t = 688 + 30 = 718 mm
use t = 800 mm
➢ Check
T 6M 0.6∗ fcu
ft = b∗t + b∗t2 ≯ η
35∗104 6∗20∗107
+ = 2.3 Nൗmm2
1000∗800 1000∗8002
f
t ϑ = t 1 + f t > 600 → η = 1.40
μ
0.6∗ 30
ftall = = 2.34 Nൗmm2
1.40
ft < ftall → safe
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➢ As
M 20 t
e= = 35 = 0.57 m > 2 → Big ecc.
T
t
es = e − 2 + cover
0.8
= 0.57 − + 0.04 = 0.21 m
2

Mus = Tu ∗ es = 1.4 ∗ 25 ∗ 0.21 = 7.35 ton. m

Mus
d = c1 ∗ fcu ∗B

7.35∗107
760 = c1 ∗ → c1 = 15 > 4.85 → j = 0.826
30∗1000

M T
A′s = j∗d∗f
us u
′ + f′ /γ
y y s

7.35∗107 1.4∗35∗104
+ = 2287 mm2
0.826∗760∗0.85∗350 0.85∗350Τ1.15

Use 9D18 16
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Positive

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