PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT IN RELATION TO RESILIENCE

AMONG THE SELECTED WORKING MOTHERS IN

BARANGAY LABANGON, CEBU CITY

ANGELA MARIE M. LIBO-ON

LEE ALEXANDRA C. LOSTE

KEITH MHARIANE ANNE L. PLANDO

RAYMAR LUKE M. MONTEROS, RPm

Research Adviser

CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

Cebu City

APRIL 29, 2024

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PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT IN RELATION TO RESILIENCE

AMONG THE SELECTED WORKING MOTHERS IN

BARANGAY LABANGON, CEBU CITY

_________________________________________

A Thesis Paper Presented

to the

Department of Humanities and Behavioral Sciences

College of Arts, Sciences, and Education

Cebu Institute of Technology - University

_________________________________________

In Partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

_________________________________________

by

Libo-on, Angela Marie M.

Loste, Lee Alexandra C.

Plando, Keith Mhariane Anne L.

Monteros, Raymar Luke M., RPm

Research Adviser

April 29, 2024

ii
 iii

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis paper entitled “Perceived Social Support in relation

to Resilience among the Selected Working Mothers in Barangay
Labangon, Cebu City” was prepared and submitted by Angela Marie M.
Libo-on, Lee Alexandra C. Loste, Keith Mhariane Anne L. Plando to the
ORAL EXAMINATION COMMITTEE for Oral Defense as endorsed by:

Raymar Luke M. Monteros, RPm

Research Adviser

ORAL EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

Ronald C. Yrog-irog Phd, RPsy, LPT

Chair, Technical

Maria Fe Abejar, RPsy Joselito O. Banono Jr., RPm,

Panelist, Member RPsy, CCSP
Panelist, Member

________________________________________________

ACCEPTANCE

This thesis paper entitled “Perceived Social Support in relation

to Resilience among the Selected Working Mothers in Barangay
Labangon, Cebu City” upon the unanimous approval of the ORAL
EXAMINATION COMMITTEE with a grade of PASSED is hereby
accepted for implementation of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Psychology.

Nona B. Suerte, LPT, EdD

College Dean

April 29, 2024

Date of Oral Defense
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to acknowledge and thank all the

individuals who offered their help and support in the process of formulating

this research paper.

To the PSYCH 452 professor, Maria Fe Abejar, for her continuous

guidance and imparting immense knowledge which contributed to the

development and success of the researchers.

To the research adviser, Raymar Luke M. Monteros, for his

mentorship, patience, and dedication in nurturing our academic growth

throughout the course of this research.

To the esteemed board of panelists; Dr. Ronald C. Yrog-irog,

Joselito O. Banono Jr., and Maria Fe Abejar, who generously contributed

their time, expertise, and valuable insights in reviewing and evaluating this

research paper. Their constructive feedback and thoughtful comments

have greatly enriched the quality of our study, for which we are sincerely

appreciative.

To our statistician, Jose Allan Ronario Jr., his expertise in statistical

analysis has been a crucial part of the integrity of the research findings.

We are truly grateful for his dedication in guiding us in our research

endeavor. This research would not have been possible without their

mentorship and encouragement.

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To our families for always understanding and supporting us

specifically in the emotional and financial aspects. Without their support,

all will be impossible.

To our friends and classmates for being our source of support,

solace, and more often than not - our pillar of shared hope and

camaraderie. We are truly thankful for their friendship and solidarity.

To the officials, residents and working mothers in barangay

Labangon Cebu City, for dedicating their time and willingness to

accommodate us and participate in the data collection process.

To Almighty God for giving grace and guidance to the researchers

in the process of completing the research project.

In closing, we wish to express our deepest appreciation to all those

who have contributed to the completion of this research endeavor. Their

support, guidance, and encouragement have been invaluable, and we are

profoundly grateful for their unwavering commitment.

 Table of Contents

Page

TITLE PAGE i

ENDORSEMENT SHEET ii

APPROVAL SHEET iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES v

ABSTRACT vi

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION

Rationale 1

Research Objectives 2

Significance of the Study 3

Scope and Limitation 4

Definition of Terms 6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Background 9

Review of Related Studies 15

Conceptual Framework 25

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 26

Research Environment 26
 Research Respondents 26

Research Instruments 28

Research Procedure 31

Gathering of Data 31

Statistical Treatment of Data 34

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 36

4 DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND

ANALYSIS

Level of Perceived Social Support 38

Sources of Perceived Social Support 41

Level of Resilience 47

Relationship between Perceived Social 50

Support and Resilience

5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings 54

Conclusion 54

Recommendations 56

REFERENCES 59

APPENDICES

A TRANSMITTAL LETTER/S 70

B INFORMED CONSENT FORM 72

C ETHICAL REVIEW APPROVAL FORM 74

 D RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 76

E TIMETABLE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 86

F RESEARCH BUDGET 88

G RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION 89

DOCUMENTATION

CURRICULUM VITAE 93
 v

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE

Table Title Page

1.0 Levels of perceived social support 39

2.0 Sources of perceived social support 42

3.0 Levels of resilience 47

4.0 Relationship of perceived social support and resilience 51

Figure

1.0 Schematic Diagram of the Study 25

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Abstract
Despite the abundance of research on children's resilience, there is a
noticeable gap in the investigation of factors contributing to parental
resilience. Mothers, in their roles as initial mentors, companions, and
protectors, play a pivotal role in shaping their children's development. This
study aimed to determine the level of resilience and perceived social
support of selected working mothers in barangay Labangon Cebu, City.
Consequently, the relation of these two variables were also determined
using a descriptive correlational survey method. This study was conducted
with 300 working mothers that were gathered through a convenience
sampling technique, utilizing the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale
(RS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) as
the research instruments. The findings showed that the majority of working
mothers perceived a high level of social support (233, 74.00%) and the
minority perceived to have low levels of social support (9, 3%). Meanwhile,
it was revealed that mothers perceived a high level of support from their
family (250, 84.0%). Which is slightly higher than receiving support from
significant others (160, 83.33%), and support from friends was found to be
the lowest (160, 55.3%). As for resilience, findings showed that the
majority of the working mothers have exceptional resilience (129, 43.00%)
and relatively close results indicate having intermediate resilience (125,
41.67%) while the minority was having poor resilience (46, 15.33%).
Moreover, results revealed that there has been a significant and moderate
positive relationship between the two variables with a correlation
coefficient of 0.436 and p-value of 0.00. It is recommended to implement
programs and interventions for working mothers to help sustain and
strengthen their connection to social networks and as well as their innate
resiliency. For future studies, it is recommended to use other sampling
techniques to fully address the research objectives. And lastly, to explore
other potential moderators and predictors of the resilience and perceived
social support of working mothers.

keywords: working mothers, perceived social support, resilience,

relationship
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Rationale

While there is a wealth of research on children's resilience,

relatively little of it examines the predictors of parental resilience. A study

by Karos et al. (2022) examines whether prepandemic maternal well-being

and child exertion predict mothers' resilient parental outcomes. De

Andrade (2022) conducted another study that added to the understanding

of the impact of social support on the process of resilience in adolescent

mothers. In several studies of mothers, perceived emotional support of

spouse, extended family and friends was found related to five aspects of

experienced psychological health (Pakalns, 2010) as well as positive

relationship was found between perceived social support and ego

resilience to their job satisfaction (Farhan & Atif, 2022). Conversely,

According to the study by Sheykhangafshe et al., (2022), working mothers'

parenting power is greatly impacted by perceived discrimination, job

stress, and social support. Because mothers play an essential role in

raising their children, it's important to figure out what influences women's

employment relationships at work in order to take steps to give them more

energy for parenting.

Mothers are known to be the source of light in their homes. They

protect, care, and raise their children with morals that will improve them as

a person. They serve as the individual's initial mentor, friend, and

protector. Mothers would sacrifice anything for the best of their children,
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no matter what their children's interests whether they are married or single

mother, widowed, full-time employed, or plain housewife (Robert et al.,

2016). Hence, the researchers aimed to determine the specific relations of

perceived social support and resilience specific for working mothers in a

local community in the context of identified stressors of mothers with

primary children in Labangon, Cebu City (Robert et al., 2016).

Consequently, determining the relationship between perceived

social support and resilience among mothers is not only pertinent to

understanding the intricacies of motherhood but also has broader

implications for the well-being of families and communities.

Research Objectives

The study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived

social support and resilience among working mothers in Barangay

Labangon, Cebu City for a period of eight (8) months year 2023-2024.

Specifically, this study focused on the objectives which are the

following:

1. Determine the level of perceived social support among the research

respondents, in terms of:

1.1 High

1.2 Moderate

1.3 Low

2. Describe the sources of perceived social support of the

respondents, in terms of:

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2.1 Family

2.2 Friends

2.3 Significant other

3. Determine the levels of resilience among the research respondents,

in terms of:

3.1 Poor

3.2 Intermediate

3.3 Exceptional

4. Determine the relationship between levels of perceived social

support and levels of resilience.

Significance of the Study

This study holds significant implications for multiple stakeholders.

Mothers participating in the research stand to benefit by gaining insights

into their perceived social support and resilience levels, allowing them to

better understand the relationship between these variables. This

understanding can empower mothers to navigate life's adversities,

contributing to improved mental health and the development of effective

coping strategies for overall well-being.

The findings also carry paramount significance for the community,

particularly within families, fostering healthier relationships and fortifying

familial bonds. The research outcomes can enhance existing support

structures, create new ones, and promote mental health awareness within

families, leveraging resilience and social support for mutual benefit.

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Furthermore, the study provides a potential foundation for future

research in related areas and serves as a basis for community outreach

programs by the Department of Humanities and Behavioral Sciences,

fostering positive relationships and societal impact.

Lastly, the results offer opportunities for future researchers to

expand on the perceptions of social support and resilience across various

sectors and demographics, contributing to a broader understanding of

mental health and coping methods on a larger scale.

Scope and Limitation

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between resilience

and perceived social support among mothers living in Brgy. Labangon,

Cebu City. The study's primary goal was to better understand the

resilience levels of women in this particular neighborhood by using

recognized resilience and perceived social support scales to assess

individual coping techniques, flexibility, and emotional strength.

Quantitative data analysis techniques, including correlation analysis, was

used to explore the relationships between resilience factors and perceived

social support. Statistical software (e.g., Jamovi) was utilized to identify

and quantify these correlations. The study's findings provided valuable

quantitative insights into the relationships between resilience and

perceived social support among mothers. Furthermore, the study explored

mothers' perceptions of the emotional, instrumental, and informational

assistance they received from family, friends, and significant others. This
 5

study, which was geographically limited to Brgy. Labangon, provided a

localized and extensive assessment of the relationships between

resilience and perceived social support within a specific community

environment.

However, the study had certain limitations. The correlational nature

of this study offered an insight of resilience and perceived social support

with this specific population, and consequently made it difficult to infer

causality or detect changes. Demographic characteristics such as age,

educational background, and socioeconomic were not explored in this

study which may bring a gap to the future researchers to fully grasp the

perceived social support of working mothers with the context of these

factors.

Additionally, the use of self-reported data raised the possibility of

response bias, as individuals may offer socially acceptable replies or

overestimate their resilience and social support. Findings were particular

as they were limited to Barangay Labangon's locale characteristics which

then impacted the perceived social support and resilience of the

respondents, and were not entirely generalizable to other communities or

areas with diverse socio-cultural circumstances. Because it focused on

association, the study did not investigate the impact of specific treatments

on resilience or perceived social support. Unexpected external influences,

such as drastic community events or changes in social dynamics, however

 6

did not arise nor impacted research findings, and therefore did not cause

any unpredictability.

Definition of Terms

Perceived Social Support. It refers to a person's perception of the

availability of friends, family, and significant others to offer practical and

all-around support during difficult times. The Multidimensional Scale of

Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used to measure the working

mothers’ level of Perceived Social Support. Specifically, these three (3)

subscales, supporting networks in particular, address a distinct source of

support. These specified sources of support were determined to be:

Family. It is the extent to which the individual feels supported and cared for

within their family network including their family members, parents,

siblings, and other close relatives.

Friends. It evaluates the level of support and companionship the person

feels they receive from their friends as it gauges the individual's perception

of social support from friends and peers.

Significant Other. It focuses on the individual's perception of support from

a significant other, such as a romantic partner or spouse. It looks at the

practical and emotional support that comes from a person's close

relationships, highlighting the importance of a romantic partner in a

person's social support system.

Specifically, the instrument measures the three (3) levels of Perceived

Social Support:
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Score Level Interpretation

1 - 2.9 Low support Suggests that respondents

perceived lower overall

social support across

family, friends, and a

significant other.

3-5 Moderate support Suggests that respondents

perceived balanced and

moderate level of support

from family, friends, and a

significant other.

5.1 - 7 High support Suggests that respondents

perceive strong support

from family, friends, and a

significant other.

Levels of Resilience. It refers to an individual’s capacity to

effectively adapt, recover, and maintain psychological well-being when

confronted with adversity, challenges, or significant life stressors.

Resilience can be measured through the Wagnild and Young Resilience

Scale (RS), which is a self-report survey developed that evaluates the

ability to cope with and respond successfully to various life stressors.

There are three (3) levels of Resilience:

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Score Level Interpretation

Below 121 Poor resilience Suggests that respondents

may face challenges in

adapting to and recovering

from adversity.

121-146 Intermediate resilience Suggests that respondents

possess some capacity to

cope with adversity but

may benefit from further

refining of resilience

skills.

147 and above Exceptional resilience Suggests that respondents

possess a strong capacity

to cope with and overcome

adversity. Individuals at

range may demonstrate

effective coping strategies

and a greater ability to

navigate challenging

situations.
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Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Background

Working mothers are prone to be resilient because they know how

to balance work and family responsibilities. They are motivated by both

their jobs and their children. They receive support from family, friends, and

coworkers, which makes them feel better when things are difficult. They've

faced challenges before and learned how to deal with them, so they're

better prepared for future ones. Despite the challenges, working mothers

do a good job of managing everything. With these, this study was

grounded in theoretical frameworks that combined insights from diverse

disciplines, including psychology and social science. Its primary aim was

to unravel the intricate relationship between resilience and perceived

social support within the unique context of selected working mothers as

the study sample.

The assumptive grounds for resilience in this study, utilized the

significant work "Resilience in the Face of Adversity" by Michael Rutter

(1985). Rutter defined resilience broadly as the ability to preserve or

restore mental health in the face of considerable adversity. Rutter (1985)

emphasized that resilience is a multifaceted process driven by a mix of

genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. This

highlights the complexities of resilience and the necessity for a broad,

multidisciplinary approach. This model is pertinent in determining the level

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of resilience of working mothers in the midst of their responsibilities and

stressors. Rutter (1985) delved into the idea of protective factors,

individual and environmental variables that boost resilience. Considering

that the majority of mothers choose to postpone their careers in order to

fulfill their responsibility of raising their children and spending quality time

with them. (Dalhag et al., 2019). However, some chose to give up the

opportunity to be a full time mother and spend most of their time at the

workplace (Dettol, 2018). It can be a very wise and practical decision for a

family member to allow them to stop and work or take a break from it.

Hence, positive connections, social support networks, and coping

techniques are examples of such elements.

As emphasized by Rutter (1985) the relationship between risk and

resilience, recognizing that while hardship may be difficult for one's mental

health, some people show resilience while confronting significant dangers.

Indicated in the study of ‘Family, Career and Intellectual Pursuits of

Full-Time Mothers in Selected Local Villages from one Province in the

Philippines’, there are many more responsibilities that come with being a

working mother with a family. Which may alter their lives in certain ways.

They have experienced a great deal of social, emotional, and physical

stress. Whether their kids are doing well is something they consider

constantly. They also cannot deny that their actions were motivated by

improving their family's situation (Dalhag et al., 2019).

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In a study by Easterbooks (2011) entitled “Resilience in parenting

among young mothers: Family and ecological risks and opportunities”, it

has been found that there was a correlation between difficult life paths

prior to and after becoming a parent and early parenthood. Compared to

women who become mothers as adults, young women who become

mothers as adolescents are less likely to succeed in their educational,

professional, and financial endeavors. They are also more likely to be

single parents, live in poverty, and have experienced abuse (Borkowski et

al., 2007, as cited in Easterbrooks et al., 2011). Despite the risk of

negative life outcomes for both young mothers and their offspring, many of

them succeed and exhibit resilient functioning, which is characterized as

"high adversity and high competence" (Luthar & Becker, 2000).

Rutter (1985) theoretical basis on these contexts included a

developmental perspective, which recognized resilience as a dynamic

phenomenon that grows over time. He emphasized the importance of

early experiences in creating resilience, but he also recognized the

possibility of beneficial adaptation later in life. He viewed resilience as the

outcome of the dynamic interplay between individuals and their

environments, highlighting the significance of taking into account the

larger ecological context.

Consequently, Rutter's work was especially relevant in the context

of this research study on the relationship between perceived social

support and resilience in mothers. Rutter's resilience model highlighted the

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dynamic interaction of individual qualities and external protective factors. It

emphasized that resilience is impacted by external variables such as

social support and was not purely an innate quality. Understanding the

relationship between perceived social support and resilience is especially

important for mothers, who frequently face a variety of stresses and

obstacles.

In conclusion, Rutter's "Resilience in the Face of Adversity" offered

a core concept of resilience that goes beyond individual qualities,

emphasizing the relevance of external elements such as social support.

Applying this viewpoint to a study of mothers enables a thorough

examination of the multidimensional nature of resilience and the unique

contributions of perceived social support in strengthening maternal

adaptive skills.

For the assumptive basis of the perceived social support variable

for this study, Cohen and Wills' Social Support Theory (1993) was used

and had been critical in influencing the knowledge of how perceived social

support affects coping mechanisms, stress resistance, and overall health

outcomes. At its foundation, the idea contends that because humans are

naturally social animals, they rely on social interactions as crucial

resources for overcoming life's obstacles.

Working mothers often turn to their social networks for various

forms of support. They may rely on family, friends, and trusted caregivers

for childcare assistance, seek emotional support during challenging times,

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and benefit from practical help with household tasks. Additionally, social

networks can provide valuable professional networking opportunities and

career advice. These networks also play a crucial role in relieving feelings

of isolation and offering a sense of belonging. Furthermore, working

mothers utilize their social circles to share resources, information, and tips

for managing the complexities of work-life balance. Overall, social

networks serve as essential sources of support for working mothers,

helping them navigate the demands of both their professional and

personal lives (Dalhag et al., 2019). Several studies have explored the

prevalence perceived stress, perceived social support, and wellbeing

among mothers of school‐aged children with cerebral palsy (Skok et al.,

2006), mothers of children with clefts (2003), mothers of children who are

deaf (Sipal, 2012) and mothers of 6-18 month-old children with and

without developmental delay (Vameghi, 2015). The findings of these

studies indicated that perceived social support plays a crucial point in

odds of challenges and stressors faced by mothers in diverse aspects.

According to the findings of a study by Hamid (2015) comparing mothers'

perceived social support and stress levels, mothers of children with

developmental delays experienced higher levels of social support and less

stress than mothers of typical children. With these, Cohens and Wills

(1993) assumptions include that there are classification of social support

into several forms and individuals are better suited to cope with challenges
 14

when they sense enough support, resulting in less physiological and

psychological strain.

Furthermore, Cohen and Wills (1993) contend that social support

serves as a coping resource, impacting individuals' assessment and

coping processes in the face of stresses. Being a young mother is also

one of the prevalent challenges mothers that are experiencing. Parents

tap into various social supports as they adjust to becoming parents. In

low-risk situations, the infant's biological father is typically the most

supportive person for mothers. Notably, friends and extended family

members are among the other social network users who assist new dads

and mothers. Adolescent mothers appear to go through a similar support

process (Davis et al., 2020).

Additionally, according to a research by Bain (2020) titled

"Exploring the Challenges of Single Mothers in the Philippines," single

mothers face difficult circumstances. The Philippines' single mothers'

everyday lives are characterized by persistent discrimination and

inequality due to cultural norms and behaviors. In which this theory

recognized that not all social links give equal support. Variations in the

quality of connections within one's social network have a major impact on

health outcomes, with reciprocity and trust being crucial considerations.

Moreover, Cohen and Wills' Social Support Theory is extremely

relevant in the context of a research study investigating the relationship

between perceived social support and resilience in working mothers. This

 15

theoretical framework provides a comprehensive understanding of the

critical role that social support plays in people's lives, particularly in

dealing with stressors and obstacles. Cohen and Wills (1993) claim that

social support acts as a buffer against the negative consequences of

stress, implying that perceived social support may reduce the impact of

stress on resilience in mothers who frequently deal with various

obligations and stresses. The theory's classification of many categories of

support, such as emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal

support, provides a complex lens for exploring how each type links to

distinct aspects of maternal resilience.

In conclusion, Cohen and Wills' Social Support Theory provides a

solid theoretical platform for examining the relationship between perceived

social support and resilience in mothers. Its emphasis on the dynamic,

diverse character of social support corresponds to the intricacies of

maternal experiences, making it an essential foundation for guiding

research in this field.

Review of Related Studies

Resilience has two components: the ability to adapt and respond to

threats and adversity and the ability to continue and grow in the face of

such events (Luthar et al., 2000, as cited in Bayrakli, 2010). Greenglass

(1993) and Mudry et al. (2010) highlighted how effective coping

mechanisms can manifest resilience. Luthar et al. (2000) underscored the

dual components of resilience—adapting to adversity and growing through

 16

it. In the context of the research population, motherhood is a complex and

multifaceted role that often involves navigating various challenges, ranging

from the demands of child-rearing to societal expectations. Being a mother

has never been a simple job, and challenges are constant. Social support

influences hardship and coping mechanisms (Kaner & Bayraklı, 2009). A

rise in the number of services enhances coping mechanisms. Social

support shapes coping, but coping shapes the result (Schwarzer & Knoll,

2007). Consequently, coping mechanisms and social support boost the

mothers' dedication and make them resilient (Greeff et al.,2006 as cited in

Bayrakli 2010). The researchers would like to find out whether this is true

for working mothers in barangay Labangon, Cebu City.

Additionally, Hannon et al. (2023) surveyed women's perspectives

on resilience, advocating for a holistic approach that encompasses family,

community, culture, and work environment—a biopsychosocial-ecological

strategy for building resilience. Hannon et. al. (2023) also added that

resilience factors do not only come from an individual perspective but are

derived from an accurate dynamic perspective external from women such

as upbringing, family, and culture, which are mostly captured by women in

their study. Women favor a biopsychosocial-ecological strategy for building

resilience (Ungar 2020, as cited in Hannon et al., 2023). Women

examined the interrelated functions of family, community, culture, and

religious upbringing as essential research areas in this methodology.

Women emphasized the need for inclusive or holistic research and pointed
 17

out that resilience-related processes and factors should not be seen in an

absence. According to women, future studies should examine the various

contextual, social, and economic factors that influence resilience.

According to Dettol (2018), mothers' conception of motherhood has

evolved significantly from what it is meant to be. They face new and

distinct pressures from the fast-paced and demanding lifestyle, particularly

those working mothers.

In the study entitled “The Resilience of Mothers and Their Job

Satisfactions: The Differentiating Role of Single Motherhood” by

Grzankowska et. al (2018), resilience among single working mothers were

determined if this contributes to their job satisfaction as an attribute and

their coping strategies towards adversities. Basinskia et. al (2018) states

that relationships with other family members as well as having children

can undoubtedly be a significant source of empowerment for mothers

when fulfilling their professional roles. Basinska (2013) and Lachowska

(2008) also stated that family support including the length, type, and

model of marital status are the most vital factors influencing the

performance of mothers in their families. Results showed that resilience

emerges as the result of difficult experiences or threats, explaining the

high levels of resiliency among single mothers (Nadolska and Sek, 2007,

as cited by Basinska et. al, 2018).

Kadale et al. (2018) define a working mother as a woman who is

able to balance her career with the additional responsibilities of raising a

 18

child. When it comes to female workers, managing their family and career

obligations, even in the face of making a single decision could involve

emotional burdens, both physical and psychological, while efficiently

balancing a career and raising children duties. Carson et al (2003) and

Oginska et al (2001) mentioned lower job satisfaction among women

burdened by an immense workload and family duties might engage in a

vicious circle, which can turn into a spiral of loss, could consequently be

linked to increased discomfort in many areas of life.

Moreover, one defining study that supported this research was

about Robert et al. (2016) who conducted a study about Stress Levels and

Coping Mechanisms of Mothers in Barangay Labangon, Cebu City. A total

of 100 mothers from Barangay Labangon, Cebu City, were the focus of the

study and survey. Results indicated that mothers with children between

the ages of 5 and 12 appear to face similar stressors, so there is not much

difference between having an elementary-aged child and one in daycare

and identified financial burdens and having multiple responsibilities as

primary stressors in this particular community. Given the challenges and

stressors of the mothers shown in the previous studies, the researchers

sought to identify the various stressors, stress levels, and coping

strategies used by mothers. The study found that having children entails

having a financial burden. These are the primary causes of the mothers'

stress. Difficulty in juggling various obligations, children's burdens, and

 19

embarrassing behavior and children reduce a mother's ability to control

her life and provide her with few choices (Robert et al. 2016).

In the context of mothers’ struggle experiences with family and

children, Islam (2016) looked into the relationship between mothers of

children with intellectual disabilities and their adjustment, as well as their

perceived social support system and resilience. This research employs a

correlational methodology. The mothers of all children in Rasht city who

had intellectual disabilities made up the statistical population for this study.

The findings illustrated a statistically significant positive relationship

(p<0/01) between mothers' adjustment to an intellectually disabled child

and their perceived social support and resilience. According to regression

analysis results, strength and perceived social support account for 24% of

the overall variance in adjustment. Consequently, it can be said that one of

the critical elements preventing moms of children with intellectual

disabilities from adjusting is their perceived lack of social support and

resilience.

In a study by Kaner and Bayrakli (2009) entitled, “Investigating the

Factors Affecting Resilience in Mothers of Children with and without

Intellectual Disability'' which uses a structural equation model that

examines the effect of quantity and quality of social support and

problem-focused coping styles on mothers. There are 257 mothers of

children with intellectual disabilities and 234 mothers of children who are

developing typically in the sample. Results showed that both mother

 20

groups agreed with the model, which demonstrated that the quantity and

quality of social support had a moderately positive impact on

problem-focused coping and a low but positive effect on resilience.

Furthermore, the problem-focused coping style positively and strongly

influenced resiliency.

In the study titled “Investigating Resilience, Perceived Social

Support and Trait Anxiety Levels of Mothers of School-age Children Who

Stutter” by Yaşar et al. (2020), almost similar findings were concluded

about factors affecting the resilience of mothers. Results found that

mothers of stuttering children exhibited a high resilience, while

participants' levels of trait anxiety and perceived social support were

comparatively lower. Resilience and trait anxiety levels increased in

response to the mother's higher perceived social support level. It implies

that even though mothers of children who stutter possess the necessary

abilities to manage the circumstance, there is a perception that these

mothers require additional social support.

Another study shows that 41.2% of parents reported extreme

distress on the psychological aspect amplified by difficulties in managing

behaviors of their children and increased perceived burden, among others

(Mwale et al., 2018). These negative emotional responses are present

more in mothers than in fathers because mothers perform the primary role

of caregiving (Vilaseca et al., 2014). Al-Farsi et al. (2016) and Hayes et. al

(2013) stated that there are instances that their burden is differentiated
 21

around the type of disability with parents caring for children with autism

asserted to be more prone to distress than parents raising children with

any other disorder.

Another study was conducted by Halstead (2017) on the social

support, coping, positive perceptions and coping styles which is a

cross-sectional survey that involved 128 mothers with IDD whose children

were between the ages of four and eighteen. Consistent evidence was

analyzed through the use of moderated multiple regression models that

perceived social support served as a protective factor, impacting the

association between mother’s depression, life satisfaction, and positive

affect and child behavioral and emotional problems. Increasing social

support through parental interventions may improve the well-being of

mothers of children with IDD, particularly in families where the children

have behavioral and emotional issues.

A cross-sectional, analytical study by Roshanak et al., (2015) was

conducted on 610 mothers and their infants aged 6 to 18 months in

medical facilities connected to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical

Sciences. Participants of this study were selected through a multi-stage

random sampling method. Cohen's perceived stress scale, perceived

social support, obstetric and demographic characteristics, socioeconomic

status, infant characteristics, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire,

which assesses the children's developmental level, were all used to gather

data. A significant difference was found between the two groups' mothers'
 22

perceived stress (P=0.004) and social support (P=0.01), according to an

independent t-test. Furthermore, a correlation was noted between the

mother's social support system and stress levels (P<0.04). According to

the findings, mothers of kids with developmental delays experience higher

levels of stress and perceive less social support from their peers. As a

result, it is advised to carry out developmental screening to collect

additional information, lessen mothers' stress, and offer the proper social

support.

Bromley et al. (2004) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of

various factors on mental health. To investigate social support, mental

health, and service satisfaction, they engaged with 68 mothers of children

with ASDs in interviews. According to the findings, more than half of the

mothers tested positive for significant psychological distress, and this was

linked to both raising a child with more challenging behavior and having

petite family support. Mothers who had a boy with ASD were single

parents or lived in substandard housing were more likely to report

receiving less support from their partners. The study looked into areas

where people could benefit from assistance and unmet needs, including

needs for advice and care breaks.

In the context of intimate relationships, according to Thoits (2020),

spouses (husbands) or partners as a supporting network plays a

significant role in the family by not only being a protective factor towards

adversities but also plays a role of guaranteed emotional, informational,

 23

and instrumental roles in terms of empathy, relationship stability, support

of finances, and communication aspect in giving advices without judgment

rather than family and friends.

Several studies confirmed that mothers experience different social

support to cope up with the challenges and stressors they faced. One of

the studies that supports this is the study by Tarkka (1996) entitled, “Social

Support and its Impact on Mothers' Experiences of Childbirth”. A

descriptive research that details laboring mothers' experiences and the

relationships between those experiences and social support. Results

found that a significant source of emotional support, assistance, and

affirmation for the mothers is their social support network. On average,

each mother reported having seven support persons. These individuals

were usually their spouses or partner, close friends, and relatives.

A study by Cairney et al. (2003) investigated the impact of social

support and stress on the correlation between depression and being a

single mother. An analysis of secondary data from the National Population

Health Survey, 1994–1995, was conducted. The survey's participant pool

consisted of 2,921 general sample mothers, married and single. The

multivariate analyses' findings demonstrated that stress and social support

jointly explain nearly 40% of the association between depression and

single parenthood. It is concluded that differences in stress exposure and

social support can account for a significant portion of the association

between depression and single-parent status. Given that single mothers

 24

were more likely to experience both proximal and distal stressors, their

results suggest that it is essential to look into multiple sources of stress.

Considering the above mentioned studies and findings, it has been

found how factors like high social support contributes to the high resilience

of mothers. Indicated that quantity and quality of social support had an

effect on resilience of mothers (Kaner and Bayrakli, 2009).

Arfianto et al. (2020) underscored the substantial association

between social support and the psychological well-being of working

mothers. Offer et al. (2010) shed light on the complex dynamics of support

networks among working mothers in poverty, emphasizing the negotiation

processes involved in seeking and utilizing this kind of support.

Additionally, Benin & Keith (1995) found that differing ethnic groups

emphasized distinct sources of support, highlighting the crucial role of

workplace assistance and family networks. With this, coping mechanisms

and social support boost the mothers dedication and make them resilient

(Greef et al., 2006). With the information gathered from the related

studies mentioned, the researchers sought to find out the relationship

between perceived social support and resilience of the working mothers in

Barangay, Labangon Cebu City.

 25

Conceptual Framework

Relationship

Figure 1.0 Schematic Diagram of the Study

The schematic diagram depicts a research model aimed at exploring the

relationship between two key factors which are perceived social support and

resilience among working mothers. This investigation developed from the

recognition of the multifaceted juggling act that working mothers frequently

perform, balancing the demands of their professional careers and their

families. By examining how these variables interacted, the study sought to

shed light on how support networks influenced the ability of working mothers

to balance the demands of their families and careers.

Understanding this connection was crucial for gaining insights into the

well-being and coping strategies of working mothers in contemporary society.

Previous research, such as that conducted by Kadale et al. (2018), had

emphasized the significance of recognizing the intricate link between

resilience and perceived social support in the lives of working mothers.

Through this exploration, researchers aimed to contribute valuable insights

into the complex framework of working mothers' lives.

 26

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study is a quantitative research that had a descriptive correlational

survey design. The descriptive method was used to determine the levels of

perceived social support and resilience. The correlational method was used to

determine the relationship between perceived social support and resilience.

The survey method was used to gather data in levels of perceived social

support and levels of resilience.

Research Environment

This study was conducted at barangay Labangon, Cebu City. It is a

barangay in Cebu City which represents 3.40% of its total population

determined by the 2020 census. There are approximately fifty four (54) sitios

in this barangay. Consequently, Labangon, Cebu City, is one of the affiliated

and partnered barangays of the Cebu Institute of Technology-University,

offering a mutual relationship when it comes to community extension

programs and activities, which made the locale suited for the selection of

participants in this study.

Research Respondent

The participants of this study were working mothers in barangay

Labangon, Cebu City. They were chosen through a convenience sampling

following the inclusion criteria: (1) must be either self-employed, freelance

workers or currently employed full time, (2) must be living or cohabiting with a
 27

partner and; (3) should have at least one child living in the same household.

Moreover, they were excluded in the study if they met the following exclusion

criteria: (1) currently employed but living in different households and residing

outside the geographical area (i.e. overseas workers); (2) their children are at

the age range of 18 years and above; and (3) not a primary caregiver of their

child or has a maid, or "yaya," who looks after the child.

Researchers conducted a pre-survey through convenience sampling in

order to identify the participants. Accompanied by the Gender Advocacy and

Development Officer and barangay tanod, researchers pre-surveyed in

Barangay Labangon Cebu City. Out of the fifty-four sitios in the barangay, only

fifty (50) sitios were accommodated since the remaining four (4) were

identified to be unsafe areas to conduct surveys. Working mothers in each

sitio were given flyers and handouts indicating the details of the research data

collection. Individuals who responded to the pre-survey and met the criteria for

inclusion and exclusion were identified as participants in the data collection.

Researchers then asked for the contact number of the representative in each

sitio in order to have proper communication during the actual data collection.

Research participants were identified to be 300 working mothers since in a

study by Beigh et al., (2018) entitled “Perceived Social Support among

working women with respect to various socio-demographic variables”, they

utilized the same tool to measure the perceived social support with the total

population of 285 working women influencing the respondents to rise at 300

working mothers.
 28

Research Instrument

To obtain the levels of perceived social support and levels of resilience

among the respondents, the study utilized two (2) self-report questionnaires to

answer the research problems which were the Multidimensional Scale of

Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the Wagnild and Young Resilience

Scale (RS).

In order to ensure the study's consistency and dependability, the

researchers administered the same tool to the target participant in a pilot

testing prior to administering it to the respondents.

The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was

created by Gregory Zimet, Nancy W. Dahlem, Sara G. Zimet, and Gordon K.

Farley (1988). It was a commonly-used instrument for assessing a person's

perception of social support from a variety of sources. It tries to capture the

complexities of perceived support by differentiating between support acquired

from family, friends, and a significant other.

The MSPSS consists of 12 items, with each subscale containing four

statements about perceived support from family, friends, and a significant

other. On a seven-point Likert scale, respondents score how much they agree

with each statement. The measure recognizes the multidimensional character

of social support and its many origins by distinguishing between support

obtained from family, friends, and a significant other. Each source is

represented by a different subscale within the instrument, allowing for a more

 29

in-depth investigation of the perceived support dynamics in these critical areas

of a person's life.

Internal consistency was found to be strong, with coefficient alpha

values of .87 for the Family subscale, .85 for the Friends subscale, and .91 for

the Significant Other subscale. These high alpha values indicate a high level

of dependability for each component of felt social support, emphasizing the

consistency of answers within each subscale. The overall dependability of the

MSPSS scale was determined to be .88, indicating that all three subscales

were internally consistent. Furthermore, the overall test-retest reliability for the

MSPSS scale was judged to be .85 over time. This demonstrates consistency

in people’s responses to the scale when presented at different times. The

excellent test-retest reliability indicates that the MSPSS retains consistency

and replicability over time, strengthening its validity as a tool for measuring

perceived social support across time.

Additionally, the MSPSS was intended for simple administration by

traditional paper-and-pencil technique. It consists of 12 items, each of which

uses a 7-point Likert scale allowing respondents to express their level of

agreement or disagreement (from 1 to 7), allowing participants to indicate

varied degrees of perceived social support from each source.

Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS), created in 1993 by Karen

M. Wagnild and Mary H. Young, is a well-known psychological tool used to

assess an individual's level of resilience. The RS is made up of 25 items or

 30

statements that responders must score according to their level of agreement.

These statements include a variety of facets of resilience, such as

self-reliance, flexibility, optimism, personal competency, and the capacity to

maintain equilibrium in challenging conditions. The scale reveals an

individual's inner strengths and abilities to tolerate and conquer life's

challenges.

This self-report questionnaire can be used for both online and offline

administration. The 25-item scale has a 7-point scale (1 disagree - 7 agree)

for rating the interpretation, with a score ranging from 25 to 175. The scoring

indicated that the participants' total scores were added. Based on the

predicted normal distribution, the authors considered values of 147 and above

to be exceptional resilience, values between 121 and 146 to be in the

intermediate range, and values less than 121 to be poor resilience (Girtler et

al., 2010).

In terms of reliability, the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS) has

a high coefficient alpha of 0.91, suggesting that the scale's items are highly

linked and reliably measure resilience. Furthermore, the item-to-total

correlations, which range from 0.37 to 0.75, with the majority lying between

0.50 and 0.70, confirm the scale's internal consistency. These correlations

were not only considerable, but also statistically significant, demonstrating the

RS's dependability (Wagnild & Young, 1993).

Additionally, forward and backward translation were essential steps in

ensuring the validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social

 31

Support (MSPSS) and Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS) for the

administration of these research instruments to the study population,

specifically the selected mothers in Labangon, Cebu City. This thorough

procedure improved the scales' reliability and validity, allowing for meaningful

cross-cultural comparisons and guaranteeing that the instruments correctly

captured the desired components regardless of language.

In order to ensure the reliability and consistency of both instruments, pilot

testing was administered with the same sample size for the identified research

respondents and environment. The results revealed a cronbach alpha score of

0.883 in RS and a cronbach alpha score of 0.772 in MSPSS. This indicates

how consistent the items within the scale are in measuring the same

underlying concept. Additionally, it means that the items on the scale are

strongly correlated with each other, suggesting that the scale reliably

measures the intended construct.

Research Procedures

Gathering of Data

The primary step in this study included sending for approval and

transmittal letter to conduct the study, which was sent to the good office of

Barangay Labangon, Cebu City. Accordingly, obtaining the necessary

permissions from the authors and developers of the research tools were also

implemented and the backward and forward translation of the questionnaires

followed afterwards.
 32

After obtaining approval of the letters, the researchers conducted a

pre-survey since the census for the target population was not yet available.

Pre-survey results were then used to establish the sampling frame and

participant sample size in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria

and with the related literature utilizing the same tool for the same participants.

The instruments were also translated both forward and backward by the

researchers, who enlisted the assistance of qualified translators to guarantee

the validity and reliability of the instruments with the intended sample size.

Consequently, the researchers scheduled a time for a consultation with the

respective focal person in the barangay to discuss the administration of the

survey questionnaires and informed them of the time and location of the

survey administration. Accompanied by the barangay tanod and barangay

personnel, researchers secured participants in each sitio during the

pre-survey, and they were divided into clusters. The first five sitios were

cluster 1 and were followed accordingly. In each cluster, the location for the

actual data collection was in the epicenter chapel of the sitios. The

researchers conducted the data collection in fifty (50) sitios for a total of ten

(10) clusters.

Before proceeding to the actual data collection, pilot testing was first

implemented to the working mothers in the said locale. It is to ensure the

validity and consistency of the translated questionnaire both the

Multidimensional Perceived Social Support and Resilience Scale. Afterwards,

data were then analyzed and tested for its validity by getting the Cronbach
 33

alpha. After ensuring its validity and consistency, the researchers then

proceeded with the actual data collection.

Data collection began by thoroughly briefing the objectives and the

purpose of the study. Next, informed consents were given to the participants

containing the risks and benefits and contained permission waivers for their

voluntary participation in the conduct of the study. The researchers also

clarified to the participants the guidelines and instructions for answering both

surveys.

Administration of the instrument took place at Barangay Labangon,

Cebu City specifically at the respective chapels in each cluster with a duration

of approximately 20-30 minutes. The participants answered the survey using

pen and paper as provided by the researchers. The Multidimensional Scale of

Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the Wagnild and Young Resilience

Scale (RS), which were recognized for its validity and reliability, were given to

the participants to answer so as to determine their levels of perceived social

support and resilience.

After the administration, researchers debriefed the participants, and a

token of appreciation was also presented to them by the researchers for

allowing and allotting time to voluntarily participate in the study. This includes

giving them snacks and initiating a raffle draw. Every cluster, there were two

participants who won 5 kilos of rice and another two participants who won a

cash prize of 100 pesos.

 34

Data processing and analysis was analyzed thoroughly using the

standardized measures to comprehensively determine the levels of Perceived

Social Support and Resilience of the participants and its relationship.

A data management plan was strictly implemented to ensure the

accuracy, integrity, and security of the study. Raw data was stored in a digital

format. Robust backup systems, like backups to external drives and OneDrive,

were used to prevent data loss. Ethical considerations were considered, which

included encrypting the data and restricting access to authorized individuals

only. Acquiring permission to access and share data was established to

protect any sensitive information. The study's dedication to ethical conduct

was further demonstrated by the meticulous documentation of the data

collection procedure and any modifications that may be made.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The levels of perceived social support among research respondents

belonging to the low, moderate, and high perceived support groups were

analyzed through analysis of proportion. The results were further visualized

using a percentage and frequency distribution table.

The levels of perceived social support among research respondents in

terms of subscales belonging to the low, moderate, and high perceived

support groups were analyzed through analysis of proportion. The results

were further visualized using a percentage and frequency distribution table.

 35

The level of resilience among research respondents belonging to

excellent, intermediate, and poor resilience groups were analyzed through

analysis of proportion. The results were further visualized using a percentage

and frequency distribution table.

The relationship between the level of Perceived Social Support and the

level of Resilience among the research respondents were examined through

Spearman rank correlation.

 36

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

In conducting this study on the relationship between perceived social

support and resilience among chosen working mothers in Labangon, Cebu

City, the participants' rights, well-being, and privacy are of the utmost

significance. Hence, the following ethical considerations were observed:

Implementation of informed consent. Prior to their participation in the

study, chosen participants were given detailed information on the study's goal,

methods, potential hazards, and benefits. Each participant was provided

voluntary informed consent, ensuring that they are aware of their rights and

were free to choose to participate. Participants had the option to withdraw

from the study at any time without penalty.

The anonymity and privacy of the participants were to be respected at

all times. To safeguard participants' identity, all participant information was

kept secret, and data were anonymized. Individual replies were not linked

back to specific participants since identifying information was securely

maintained apart from study data.

To preserve participants' privacy, acquired data was securely stored on

password-protected platforms with limited access. The only party with access

to the obtained data was the study team. Individual participants were not

identified in the published findings or reports since data were aggregated.

Participating in this study did not cause harm to the participants or any

potential physical, emotional, and psychological risk during the conduct of the
 37

study as these were kept to a minimum to ensure the safety of the

participants.

Lastly, being transparent to the participants about the conduct of the

study was paramount. Creating an open line of communication with

participants was prioritized to address their concerns, providing clear

information, and respecting their autonomy which contributed to a positive and

ethical research experience.

 38

Chapter 4

DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND

ANALYSIS

The findings of the study were presented, interpreted and analyzed

in this chapter in four (4) sections, namely:

1. Levels of Perceived Social Support

2. Sources of Perceived Social Support in terms of subscales

3. Levels of Resilience

4. The Correlation of Resilience and Perceived Social Support

Levels of Perceived Social Support

Perceived Social Support refers to a person's perception of the

availability of friends, family, and significant others to offer practical and

all-around support during difficult times. It is measured in three (3) levels:

high, moderate, and low support.

Table 1.0

Levels of Perceived Social Support among the respondents

Levels Frequency Percentage

High Support 223 74%

Moderate Support 68 23%

Low Support 9 3%

Total 300 100%

Note: 1.00- 2.99, Low; 3.00- 5.00, Moderate, 5.10-7.00, High support
 39

Table 1.0 presents the level of perceived social support among

working mothers, as these levels include low support, moderate support,

and high support, which were interpreted by calculating the weighted

mean. The levels were analyzed using frequency and percentage

distributions. The results indicated that out of the 300 respondents, the

majority perceived high levels of social support (223, 74%). This may

suggest that working mothers had a high perception of support from their

various social networks including family, friends and significant others

(Zimet et al., 1988). Meanwhile, the minority of the respondents perceived

low support from various social networks (9, 3%). Which may suggest

that a least number of working mothers had a low perception of support

from their various social networks like their family, friends and significant

others (Zimet et al., 1988).

The data may imply that the barangay Labangon community has

established organizations and programs that support women in general,

which may have affected the level of perception of social support among

the working mothers. This includes the barangay Labangon Women

Organization that was established in 2019, which provides support

services to organizing and education work among grassroots women

through awareness raising, capacity building, resource building, and

popularization of their concerns in selected marginalized communities in

Metro Cebu and other parts of Cebu Province and the Visayas (Women’s

Resource Center of Visayas, Inc., 2022). This could be supported by a

 40

study of Balderas et al., (2022) which stated that community engagement

activities have made positive outcomes towards the individuals in the

community and with this, they were able to overcome the difficulties ahead

due to the various resources available in the local community.

Moreover, this may also imply that they perceived their family,

friends and significant other to be readily available when they needed

them. They may have also been granted practical help and

comprehensive support during difficult circumstances. The result of this

study confirmed the findings of the previous research which stated that

the more responsibilities working mothers have, the higher they perceive

social support from various social networks (Dalhag et al., 2019).

Consistent with the study of Kim (2012), which reported that working

mothers are having greater levels of perceived social support than

mothers who did not work across various domains. Consequently, several

studies with similar respondents indicated that perceived social support

plays a crucial point in odds of challenges and stressors faced by mothers

in diverse aspects. Studies include perceived stress, perceived social

support, and wellbeing among mothers of school‐aged children with

cerebral palsy (Skok et al., 2006), mothers of children with clefts (2003),

mothers of children who are deaf (Sipal, 2012) and mothers of 6-18

month-old children with and without developmental delay (Vameghi,

2015). Hence, this underscored the importance of nurturing strong

 41

relationships within social networks, as they served as the main source of

support and assistance for working mothers in navigating life.

Sources of Perceived Social Support

The level of perceived social support among the research

respondents was measured in different subscales including: family, friends

and significant others. It has been determined through analysis of

proportion. Data are presented in table 2.0.

Table 2.0.

Sources of Perceived Social Support

Levels of Sources of Perceived Social Support

Perceived Social
Support Family Friends Significant
Others

High f 250 160 220

% 83.33% 53.33% 73.33%

Moderate f 40 125 69

% 13.33% 41.67% 23.00%

Low f 10 15 11

% 3.33% 5.00% 3.67%

TOTAL f 300 300 300

% 100% 100% 100%

Table 2.0 presents how respondents perceived the level of support

from their family members, friends, and significant others. The three levels

of social support being either low, moderate, or high support from all the
 42

subscales were interpreted by calculating the weighted mean. Each level

was analyzed using the frequency and percentage distribution. Results

showed that the majority of the sample size, reported to be highly

supported by their family members (250, 83.33%), followed by a

substantial proportion of the overall population perceiving high support

from their significant other (220, 73.37%) as well. These numbers may

present an almost balanced distribution, however it can be deduced that

working mothers perceived more support from those within their

immediate environment and access to people which were their families

that they perceived as much more dependable and reliable, and would

perhaps entail that their significant others may have had a lesser impact

on their perception of support compared to their family alone. For context,

family refers to the original familial unit of the working mothers such as

their parents and extended family, whereas significant others are referred

to as their partners by marriage or fact (Zimet et al., 1988). Furthermore,

working mothers’ perception of social support is further extended by

experiences of high levels of support from their friends (160, 53.33%).

Moreover, the friends subscale is considered to be the minor source of

social support of the working mothers in comparison to their family and

significant others.

The findings of this table suggested the crucial role of family

relationships in providing social support, indicating a strong emotional

bond and assistance from their families, which may imply positive
 43

contribution to their outlook on life among the working mothers. The data

may imply that working mothers have received the emotional help and

support they need from their family, indicating a reliable source of

assistance in times of need. Furthermore, this underscored the

deep-rooted emphasis on familial bonds and collective support within

Filipino culture. The cultural emphasis on close-knit family ties, as

evidenced by characteristics such as being family-centered, child-centric,

and maintaining close relationships, emphasizing the interconnectedness

and interdependence among family members (Morillo, 2013). This

implored the holistic nature of support available to working mothers within

the Filipino cultural context, wherein emotional connections among family

members, how they relate and support one another, and how they care for

one another is what makes a Filipino family (Tarroja, 2010), and therefore

created significance to the working mothers.

Consequently with significant others, the results indicated a

prevalent pattern of strong interpersonal support in intimate relationships.

This data implied that working mothers perceive substantial support for

their well-being, potentially enhancing their resilience, alleviating stress,

and promoting overall mental health. They may have received emotional

assistance and support from their significant other during times of need,

aiding in problem-solving and decision-making processes and this support

served as a protective factor against parental burnout, depression, and

anxiety (Lebert-Charron et al. 2021). Such support from significant others

 44

may serve as a vital resource for working mothers in managing the

challenges of both their personal and professional lives (Rini et al. 2008).

Such findings from the levels of perceived social support in the present

study could endorse spousal support for working mothers or women in

general as a factor that could enhance overall well-being, such as

increased job and family satisfaction (Parasuraman et al., 1992), even

more so with marital satisfaction (Suchet & Barling, 1986), as well as

undermining perceived stress and depressive symptoms (Cranford, 2004).

As with friends, the results of this subscale highlight the

significance of friendships in offering social support. The data suggested

that working mothers view themselves as emotionally connected and

supported by their peers, a vital component for social welfare. Cultivating

strong friendships provided them with a valuable support network outside

of their immediate family and workplace, offering practical assistance and

emotional encouragement, of which not only socializing with friends and

partaking in activities that foster social connections can contribute to their

overall well-being and self-care practices, but as well as engaging in

sincere open conversations where solace and sentiments are welcomed,

greatly contributed much to the perception of the working mothers that

they are supported and cared for by their friends or peers. This could be

supported by a research conducted by Adams and Allan (1998) which

challenged the prevailing notion among sociological researchers that

friendship lacks significance in late modernity. Contrary to this perspective,

 45

they argued that friendship holds considerable importance in

understanding the relationships experienced by working mothers lately in

this contemporary times. This perspective underscored the enduring

relevance of friendships in the lives of working mothers, emphasizing the

need to recognize and appreciate the supportive roles that friendships

play in navigating the complexities of modern life. The present study’s

findings suggested that fostering and maintaining strong friendships may

offer valuable support networks for working mothers, contributing to their

overall well-being and resilience in managing the demands of both their

personal and professional lives. As such, interventions and support

programs that promote the cultivation of meaningful friendships among

working mothers may be beneficial in enhancing their social support

networks and overall quality of life.

These significant findings support Uddin's (2021) study, which

found that various family supports reduce mothers' work-related stress

and resulting in better function as a member of the family. However, the

present study opposed the previous findings of Anderson-Kulman (1986

as cited in Amah, 2019) which stated that role strain among working

mothers was found to be related to factors in their work and home

environments such as family relationships and conflicts. This then

underscored the complexity of the interplay between work and family

dynamics for working mothers, emphasizing the nuanced factors

influencing their well-being and role functioning. Additionally, the findings

 46

of the present study highlighted the importance of tailored support

interventions that address the unique challenges faced by working

mothers, taking into account both familial and occupational contexts so as

to further maintain or improve the overall well-being of working mothers.

These findings underscore the importance of fostering supportive

relationships within both familial and social circles to promote the mental

health and well-being of working mothers. Thus, the present study

highlights the need for interventions and support programs that recognize

and leverage the collective impact of various support networks in

enhancing the resilience and overall functioning of working mothers in

balancing their personal and professional roles.

Finally, this holds a significant message that each social network

fulfilled a unique role in the lives of working mothers. It highlighted the vital

importance of assistance and support from their families, partners, and

friends across various dimensions of their lives. However, it is notable that

despite these varied roles and demands, working mothers perceived a

considerable level of support from the following social networks,

encompassing family, friends, and significant others (Zimet et al., 1988).

Levels of Resilience

Resilience was defined by Rutter (1987) as an individual’s capacity

to effectively adapt, recover, and maintain psychological well-being when

confronted with adversity, challenges, or significant life stressors.

Resilience is measured in three (3) levels: poor resilience, intermediate

 47

resilience and exceptional resilience. Table 3.0. presents the levels of

resilience observed among the 300 respondents, and were interpreted by

calculating the weighted mean. The levels were analyzed using the

frequency and percentage distribution.

Table 3.0

Level of Resilience among the Respondents

Resilience Frequency Percentage

Poor Resilience 46 15.33%

Intermediate 125 41.67%

Resilience
129 43.00%
Exceptional
Resilience

Total 300 100%

Note. 121 below, Poor Resilience; 121 – 146, Intermediate Resilience; 147 and
above, Exceptional Resilience

The majority of the overall respondents was identified as having

exceptional resilience (129, 43.00%). It may suggest that working mothers

had a solid ability to deal with and overcome tough situations. They might

show effective ways of coping and a better skill in handling challenges

(Wagnild et al., 1993). However, it has been observed that intermediate

resilience levels closely align with those found in exceptional levels (125,

41.67%), suggesting a relatively close demonstration of resilience among

working mothers. Indicating that even though they possess a level of

resilience to navigate adversity, they still have room for further

enhancement, potentially yielding additional benefits through refining their

 48

resilience skills (Wagnild et al., 1993). For the least yet necessary of the

sample, respondents have reported having poor resilience (46, 15.33%),

suggesting that they may encounter obstacles when attempting to adapt to

and overcome adversities. These challenges could encompass various

aspects of their lives, potentially hindering their ability to effectively cope

with and recover from difficult situations (Wagnild et al., 1993).

The findings indicated a significant skew towards higher resilience

among the participants. The findings with higher percentage suggests that

the respondents are well-equipped to handle stress and rebound from

difficulties in terms of personal competence, acceptance of self and life,

and in health and wellness. From these findings, it could be implied that

the working mothers possess a strong capacity to cope with and

overcome adversity. Individuals at range may demonstrate effective

coping strategies and a greater ability to navigate challenging situations as

a working mother. These elements were likely instrumental in enabling

them to demonstrate such resilience. Their contentment with their work,

combined with a deep understanding of themselves, likely enhanced their

ability to handle difficulties effectively. Moreover, their overall state of

well-being, encompassing aspects such as physical health, emotional

balance, and psychological stability, likely reinforced their resilience in

managing the challenges posed by work and family responsibilities. This

could be supported from a study by Irak et al., (2022) where they

examined the mediating effect of resilience between personality traits and

 49

negative emotions, psychological health and well-being among working

mothers and it was concluded that resilience aids working mothers in

dealing with negative emotions such as stress, anxiety, depression, and

such well-being conditions contribute to life satisfaction. This could be

concurred by a qualitative study conducted by Turner et al., (2022) in

which they found that mothers made the initiatives to recalibrate their

emotional upsets during the pandemic of COVID-19 through a new

emerging process of crafting resilience, they called “communicating

emotional well-being” - and this implicated that the mothers’ resilience

relied on the resilience of their children and partners. The findings from the

analyzed data could confirm studies with similar findings that there is proof

of having innate factors of resilience within them to be able to be

self-sufficient in times of adversities, such as self-compassion and

resilience significantly influencing psychological well-being in women and

mothers (Weliangan, 2023), self-control as a potential resource for

mothers (Cassé, 2015), and self-efficacy and emotion regulation were also

related to resilience (Rahmania, 2022).

Mothers with excellent resilience have profound implication of

themselves by breaking the cycle of adversities such as positive role

modeling, healthy family dynamics, emotional well-being of children,

community support, career success and stability and healthier aging. This

can be confirmed by a qualitative study by Caragata et. al. (2021) which

suggested that all individuals, including mothers, who had an inherited

 50

aspect of resilience should undergo a positive transformation in order for

the absence of negative or worsening factors that suggests lack of

resilience, producing new outcomes such as detecting early red flags in a

relationship, volunteering in the community, high level of adaptation to

various situations, advocation to betterment of living, participating job

programs and securing a full-time job. Overall, working mothers exhibiting

excellent resilience are far-reaching, impacting not only their personal

lives but also to their families, workplaces, and communities.

Relationship of Perceived Social Support and Resilience

Relationship identifies the interaction and direction of correlation of

two variables. The relationship between Perceived Social Support and

Resilience were determined using the Spearman rank correlation.

Table 4.0

Relationship between Level of Perceived Social Support and Resilience

Variables P-value Correlation

coefficient

Perceived Social rs =0.436*;

Support ____ p=0.00

Resilience rs=0.436*;
p=0.00 ____

Table 4.0 shows the value of the correlation coefficient between the

level of perceived social support and the level of resilience using the

Spearman rho correlation method. The findings indicated that there was a
 51

moderate positive correlation between the level of perceived social

support and resilience. As reflected in the table, the value of correlation

coefficient was rs = 0.436, p<0.05, which signified statistical significance at

the 0.05 alpha level, indicating a meaningful relationship between the two

variables as indicated in the study of Schober et al. (2018).

The data in this study may imply that working mothers who exhibit

higher levels of perceived social support also tend to report higher levels

of resilience suggesting a mutually reinforcing relationship between these

two variables and may confirmed the importance of social support

networks in fostering resilience and alternately, highlighting potential

factors for interventions aimed at enhancing psychological well-being and

adaptive coping strategies among individuals facing adversity. Which

could be indicated that due to the correlation of both variables, they may

be able to perform well in their jobs. This supported the study of Alaba et

al. (2019) stating that working mothers' job satisfaction was significantly

influenced by social and organizational support, as well as work-family

conflict. As a result, these factors can affect their happiness, satisfaction,

and overall well-being as indicated by Irak (2022) that resilience and social

support assisted working mothers in dealing with negative emotions

related to well-being such as stress, anxiety, depression, and life

satisfaction. In turn, it may have led them to have the ability to reach and

work on their careers and find authentic solutions to overcome their

frustrations (Girişken, 2021). This could also imply the influence of

 52

programs and organizations implemented and established in Barangay

Labangon like offering livelihood and skills training, recreation and sports

(Offices & Services, n.d.) and organizing the Women Organization in

2019 (Women’s Resource Center of Visayas, Inc., 2022). This indicated

that community engagement and activities could impact the relationships

and resilience of individuals, particularly working mothers (Balderas et al.,

2022).

These findings supported the previous study by Ebrahim et al.,

(2021) in which the correlation between social support and resilience

among mothers showed a significant and positive correlation. Similarly,

findings supported the work of Rutter (1985) which indicates that

resilience is a multifaceted process driven by a mix of genetic, biological,

psychological, and environmental factors. This also confirmed the

qualitative study by Merida et al., (2023) which explores the experiences

of a “working mom” during the pandemic, with which emotional and

instrumental support has a significant impact from a spouse, family

member, and other people in the mothers’ life. With the findings analyzed,

it suggested that the relationship between resilience and perceived social

support alone is significant as both variables are predominantly associated

with each other. When working mothers are faced with certain difficulties,

this causes them to perceive support from various social networks and

their resiliency to overcome circumstances increases. This supported the

theory of Cohens and Wills Social Support Theory (1993) which highlights
 53

the idea that because humans are naturally social animals, they rely on

social interactions as crucial resources for overcoming life's obstacles.

Hence, this addresses the knowledge gap of the study which is to explore

the perceived social support and resilience of local working mothers in the

context of identified stressors of mothers in the study of Robert et. al

(2016). Finally, it sends an important message that fostering social

networks of the working mothers will greatly affect their level of resilience.

This emphasizes the importance of social support in improving the

psychological well-being and ability to cope with working mothers in their

community.
 54

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

The summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations of the

study are presented in this chapter.

The present study intended to explore the relationship between

perceived social support and resilience among 300 working mothers in

Barangay Labangon, Cebu City, incorporating a quantitative descriptive

correlational survey design. By integrating descriptive methods to obtain

levels of perceived social support and resilience, alongside correlational

methods to examine their relationship, the researchers assessed these

dynamics using a survey approach. A non-probability convenience

sampling technique was utilized to select the participants along with a

preset inclusion and exclusion criteria, ensuring that the sample was

representative of the target population. The research instruments used

were the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)

and the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS). The MSPSS assessed

the sources of social support–family, friends, and significant others, while

the RS evaluated the resilience levels, highlighting the individual’s

capacities to withstand and overcome life’s adversities.

Summary of Findings

Based on the data presented, interpreted and analyzed in Chapter

four (4), the following findings were found out:

 55

For the level of Perceived Social Support, the majority of the

respondents reported to have perceived high levels of support (233, 74%).

Meanwhile, the minority of the working mothers perceived low support (9,

3%). This may imply that working mothers received emotional and

practical help from their social networks.

For the level of Perceived Social Support in terms of the three

subscales being Family, Friends, and Significant Others. For the Family

subscale; majority of the working mothers claimed high levels of support

(250, 83.33%). Meanwhile, the minority of the respondents consisted of

those having low levels of support (10, 3.33%). As for the Friends

subscale; majority of the working mothers consisted of those having a high

level of support (160, 53.33%), however the minority of the respondents

constituted having low levels of support (15, 5.00%). Then for the

Significant Other subscale; the majority of the working mothers perceived

high levels of support (220, 73.33%), while the minority of the respondents

accounted for the low levels of support (11, 3.67%).

For the level of Resilience, the majority of the working mothers

were composed of those having high levels of resilience (129, 43.00%).

Which may imply that they have an exceptional desire and capacity to

overcome certain adversities in life.

Finally, the relationship between the levels of perceived social

support and the levels of resilience among the working mothers, are
 56

positively correlated. This finding may imply that if working mothers

perceive a high level of support they may also tend to report a higher level

of resilience and alternately.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, the following statement of conclusion is

made:

1. Perceived Social Support was positively correlated with the

resilience indicating that the working mothers in Barangay

Labangon, Cebu City have a strong foundation of social support in

various social networks. This means that these mothers' ability to

navigate challenges is significantly influenced by the robust support

they receive from their various social circles. In essence, this

underscored the importance of cultivating strong social connections

as a means to boost resilience in the face of adversity.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the researchers would like to

recommend the following:

1. Working mothers can implement initiatives like scheduling regular

Zumba sessions, sportsfest or organizing weekly meetings in their

local area, allowing them to reconnect with friends and cultivate

stronger relationships. This proactive approach to nurturing social

 57

bonds fosters a supportive and enriching environment, positively

impacting mental and emotional wellness.

2. The Barangay Labangon community could introduce programs like

organizing regular "family days" tailored for working mothers,

offering them valuable opportunities to unwind and reconnect with

loved ones and friends, including their significant others. Eventually,

this could sustain and strengthen the relationships within various

social networks and lead them to provide healthy relationships

within the community.

3. The Department of Humanities and Behavioral Sciences should

introduce outreach initiatives, such as organizing seminars

centered around the PERMA-V model (Positive Emotion,

Engagement, Relationship, Meaning, Achievement, and Vitality),

designed specifically for working mothers. These programs aim to

improve their holistic well-being and fulfillment in various aspects of

life, including personal and professional domains.

In the interest of future studies, the researchers would like to

recommend the following:

1. To utilize alternative sampling techniques more suitable for the

research design, such as purposive sampling or cluster sampling,

which may provide a more targeted and representative sample for

the study's objectives.

 58

2. To determine additional factors influencing the perceived social

support and resilience of working mothers, including demographic

profiles and socio-economic status. The current study overlooks the

chance to assess how these factors correlate with the perceived

social support and resilience of working mothers, potentially

influencing their experiences significantly.

3. To incorporate a third variable that could potentially serve as either

a predictor or moderator of perceived social support and resilience,

factors like adversity quotient, perceived stress levels, coping

mechanisms and employment type should be considered. These

additional variables could provide deeper insights into the complex

interplay between various factors affecting the experiences of

working mothers.
 59

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Filipino family: A psychological

perspective.https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52874352/07_Re

visiting_the_Definitions_and_Concept_of_Filipino_Family__A_Psyc

hological_Perspective-libre.pdf?1493440642=&response-content-di

sposition=inline%3B+filename%3DRevisiting_the_Definition_and_

Concept_of.

Uysal Irak, D., Bozkurt, F., & Kurşun, İ. B. (2022). Personality and

resilience: Enhancing well-being and reducing negative emotions

among working mothers. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health,

1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2022.2114910

Weliangan, H. (2023). The Influence Of Resilience, Self Compassion

On Psychological Well-Being In Women And Mothers. Journal of

Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 7(3), 276–287.

http://184.168.115.16/index.php/jppw/article/view/175

Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988).

The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of

Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41.

https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
 70

Appendix A

TRANSMITTAL LETTER
71
 72

Appendix B

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Study Title: PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT IN RELATION TO

RESILIENCE AMONG SELECTED WORKING MOTHER IN BARANGAY,
LABANGON CEBU CITY

Introduction:
This informed consent means that you are encouraged to participate in a
research study, prior to opting to join, you must be aware of the study's
goals, methods, risks, rewards, and respondent rights. Before giving
consent to participate, please carefully read this informed consent and feel
free to ask any questions to the researchers.

Purpose of the Study:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between
perceived social support and resilience among mothers. Researchers aim
to better understand how personal resilience, often defined as one's ability
to bounce back from adversity and maintain mental and emotional
well-being, may influence the propensity of mothers knowing the
responsibility you all carry.

Study Procedures:
If the respondent agrees to participate, it will be asked to do the following:
● Respond to a survey questionnaire about assessing the level of
perceived social support and resilience.
● Provide honest and accurate information.

Risks and Benefits:

There are no anticipated physical risks associated with participating in this
study. However, participants may experience mild discomfort or frustration
when answering questions related to personal experiences with perceived
social support and resilience. Researchers will put every effort into
ensuring a supportive and empathetic environment during the survey
participation process.
Participation in this study may or not directly benefit the respondents.
However, it can contribute to a broader understanding of the mental health
needs of mothers in general and potentially benefit individuals in the
community as a whole.

Statement of Confidentiality:
We take your privacy and the confidentiality of your information very
seriously. Your participation in this study will be entirely anonymous.
 73

Personal identifying information, such as your name, contact details, and

other directly identifiable data, will not be linked to your responses or
disclosed in any reports or publications resulting from this research.
Research findings will be presented in an aggregate, de-identified format.
No individual responses or information will be disclosed. Your
confidentiality will be maintained to the fullest extent allowed by law. As
per compliance with the Data Privacy Act, also known as Republic Act No.
10173, is a regulation that aims to protect all types of information, whether
it is private, sensitive, or personal. All data shall be kept private between
the parties involved only and data collected will be used for academic
purposes only.

Voluntary Participation:
Your participation in this study is entirely voluntary. You have the right to
choose whether or not to participate and to withdraw your consent at any
time without penalty or prejudice. Your decision will not affect your current
or future relationship with the researchers, your employer, or any affiliated
institutions.

Termination of Participation:
You have the option of participating in this study or not. If you volunteer to
participate in this study, you have the right to withdraw your permission at
any time without penalty. If you choose to participate, you can decide to
skip any question or withdraw from the study at any point without providing
a reason. Your comfort and well-being are our primary concern, and you
will face no consequences for choosing not to participate or for
discontinuing your involvement in the study.

Questions regarding the research should be directed to the principal

researchers:

Angela Marie M. Libo-on | liboonangelamarie@gmail.com

Lee Alexandra Loste | leealexandracastilloloste@gmail.com
Keith Mhariane Anne L. Plando | keithmharianeplando@gmail.com

Consent:
Participant's Name:
Participant's Signature:
Date:
 74

Appendix C

ETHICAL REVIEW APPROVAL FORM

75
 76

Appendix D – 1

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support

Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK

English Version

Instructions: We are interested in how you feel about the following statements.
Read each statement carefully. Indicate how you feel about each statement.
Circle the “1” if you Very Strongly Disagree
Circle the “2” if you Strongly Disagree
Circle the “3” if you Mildly Disagree
Circle the “4” if you are Neutral
Circle the “5” if you Mildly Agree
Circle the “6” if you Strongly Agree
Circle the “7” if you Very Strongly Agree

Very Strongl Mildly Neutral Mildly Strongly Very

strongly y disagr agree agree strongly
disagree disagr ee agree
ee
1. There is a special person
who
is around when I am in
need.
2. There is a special person
with whom I can share joys
and sorrows.
3. My family really tries to
help me
4. I get the emotional help &
support I need from my
family.
5. I have a special person
who is a real source of
comfort to me.
6. My friends really try to
help me.
7. I can count on my friends
when things go wrong.
8. I can talk about my
problems with my family
 77

9. I have friends with whom I

can share my joys and
sorrows.
10. There is a special person
in my life who cares about
my feelings.
11. My family is willing to
help me make decisions.
12. I can talk about my
problems with my friends.
 78

Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support

Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK

Cebuano Version

Mga Panghimangno: Interesado mi nga makahibalo kung unsa inyong

gibati niining mga pahayag. Basaha og maayo ang kada pahayag ug
isulti ang inyong gibati bahin sa mga pahayag.
Lingini ang “1” kung ikaw kay kusganon kaayo nga di mouuyon
Lingini ang “2” kung ikaw kay kusganon na di muuyon
Lingini ang “3” kung ikaw kay dili muuyon og gamay
Lingini ang “4” kung ikaw kay nyutral o way gidapigan
Lingini ang :5” kung ikaw kay muuyon ug gamay
Lingini ang “6” kung ikaw kay kusganon na muuyon
Lingini ang “7” kung ikaw kay kusganon kaayo nga muuyon

Kusganon Kusgan Dili Nyutral o Muuy Kusgan

kaayo nga ong di muuyon way on og on na Kusgano
di muuyon muuyon og gidapigan gama muuyon n kaayo
gamay y nga
muuyon

1.Adunay ispesyal nga

tawo nga naa sa akong
palibot kung
nagkinahanglan ko niya.
2.Adunay ispesyal nga
tawo nga mapa-ambit
nako ang akong kalipay
ug kasakit.
3.Nisulay gyud og
tabang kanako ang
akong pamilya.
4.Nakuha nako gikan sa
akong pamilya ang
emosyonal nga tabang
ug suporta nga akong
gikinahanglan.

5. Aduna koy ispesyal

nga tawo kinsa maoy
akong tinubdan sa akong
pagkakomportable.
6.Nisulay gyud og
tabang kanako ang
akong mga higala.
 79

7.Makasalig ko sa
akong mga higala kung
mahimong dili maayo
ang mga butang.
8. Maka-estorya ko sa
akong mga problema
ngadto sa akong
pamilya.
9.Aduna koy mga higala
nga mapa-ambit nako
ang akong kalipay ug
kasakit.
10.Adunay ispesyal nga
tawo sa akong kinabuhi
nga nibati sa akong
gibati.
11 Andam akong
pamilya sa pagtabang
kanako og himog mga
desisyon.
12.Maka-estorya ko sa
akong mga problema
ngadto sa akong mga
higala.
 80

Appendix D – 1.1

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY SCORE

Scale Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's α

0.883

Note. item 'F' correlates negatively with the total scale and probably should be reversed

Family Subscale

Scale Reliability
Statistics

Cronbach's
α

scal 0.946
e

Friends Subscale

Scale Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's α

0.758

Significant Other subscale

Scale Reliability
Statistics

Cronbach's
α

scal 0.746
e
 81

Appendix D – 2

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS)

Wagnild, G. M. & Young, H. M., 1987

English Version

Instructions:
Circle the answer that shows how much you agree or disagree with
each statement below.

Disagree Agree
1. When I make plans I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
follow through with them.
2. I usually manage one 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
way or another.
3. I am able to depend 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
on myself more than
anyone else.
4. Keeping interested in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
things is important to
me.
5. I can be on my own if 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I have to.
6. I feel proud that I have 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
accomplished things in
life.
7. I usually take things in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
my stride.
8. I am friends with 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
myself.
9. I feel that I can handle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
many things at a time.
10. I am determined. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
11. I seldom wonder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
what the point of it all is.
12. I take things one day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
at a time.
13. I can get through 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
difficult times because
I’ve experienced
difficulty before.
14. I have self-discipline. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15. I keep interested in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
things.
16. I can usually find 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
something to laugh
about.
 82

17. My belief in myself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

gets me through hard
times.
18. In an emergency, I’m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
somebody people
generally can rely on.
19. I can usually look at 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a situation in a number
of ways.
20. Sometimes I make 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
myself do things whether
I want to or not.
21. My life has meaning. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
22. I do not dwell on 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
things that I can’t do
anything about.
23. When I am in a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
difficult situation, I can
usually find my way out
of it.
24. I have enough 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
energy to do what I have
to do.
25. It’s okay if there are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
people who don’t like
me.
 83

Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS)

Wagnild, G. M. & Young, H. M., 1987

Cebuano Version

Mga Panghimangno:
Lingini ang imong tubag nga nagpakita kung muuyon ba ka o di muuyon
sa kada pahayag.
Dili
muuyon Muuyon

1. Kung magplano ko mosunod ko niini. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Makadumala ra ko sa usa ka paagi o laing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

paagi.

3.Makasalig ko sa akong kaugalingon labaw pa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

sa uban.
4. Importante kanako ang magpabiling
interesado sa mga butang. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5. Mahimo kong naa ra sa akong kaugalingon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

kung kinahanglanon kini.

6. Mibati kog garbo nga nakab-ot nako ang mga 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

butang sa kinabuhi.

7. Kasagaran, kalma lang ko maghimo sa mga 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

butang.

8. Higala ko sa akong kaugalingon. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9 Sa akong paminaw makaya/mahimo nako
ang mga butang sa usa ka higayon. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10. Determinado ko. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

11. Panagsa, mahibulong ko unsa ang punto
niining tanan. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. Maghimo kog mga butang sa tagsa-tagsa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

nga panahon.
13. Makaya nako ang mga kalisud kay
nakasinati kog kalisud sa-una. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14.Naa koy disiplina sa akong kaugalingon. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

15. Nagpadayon ko nga interesado sa mga 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

butang.

16. Kasagaran naa koy makita nga 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

makakatawa ko.
 84

17. Ang akong pagtoo sa akong kaugalingon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

maoy nakadasig nga nakaya nako ang mga
panahon sa kalisud.

18.Sa panahon sa emerhensya, ako ang usa ka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

tawo nga pwedeng masaligan sa uban.

19.Kasagaran, makatan-aw ko og sitwasyon sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

lain-laing pamaagi.

20. Usahay, himoon nako ang mga butang 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

bisan gusto ko o dili.

21. Adunay kahulogan ang akong kinabuhi. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

22. Dili ko maghunahuna sa mga butang nga 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

wala koy mahimo.

23.Kung naa ko sa kalisud, kasagaran 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

makalingkawas ako gikan niini.

24.Aduna koy igong kusog sa pagbuhat sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

kinahanglan nakong buhaton.

25.Okay ra nako kung naay mga tawo nga dili 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ganahan nako.
 85

Appendix D – 2.1

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY SCORE

Scale Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's α

scale 0.772

Note. items 'F', 'H', 'P', 'U', and 'Y' correlate negatively with the total scale and probably should be
reversed
 86

Appendix E

TIMETABLE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Septemb Novemb
October Decemb
er er January February March April
Activities er

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Topic Of Interest
Formulation

RRL Matrix

Rationale
formulation

Research
Objectives
Drafting

Research
Adviser
Consultation

Rationale and
Variable of
interest review

Research
Adviser
Consultation
(face-to-face)

Data Collection
tools selection

Research
Respondents
selection

Chapter 1 and 2
formulation and
revisions

Chapter 3
formulation

Chapter 1 to 3
review
 87

Research
Adviser
Consultation

Appendices

Finalizing thesis
proposal

Thesis proposal
review

Thesis proposal

Processing
Ethics Review

Processing
Transmittal
Letter

Pilot Testing

Actual Data
Collection

Data Analysis

Chapter 4-5
Formulation

Statistician
Consultation

Research
Adviser
Consultation

Chapter 4-5
Revisions

Oral Defense
 88

Appendix F

RESEARCH BUDGET

Quantity Item Unit Price Total

Amount
1 person Research Adviser 500 P 500
3 persons Research Panel 400 P 1,200
1 person Statistician 3,000 P 3,000
1 person Linguist 1,500 P 1,500
30 pcs Folders 7 P 35
1 ream Newsprint paper 200 P 200
1 bottle Printing Ink 300 P 300
30 pcs Ballpen 6 P 60
2 sacks 5kl Rice 2,300 P4,600
300 snacks Bread and drinks 20 6,000
4 panel Pastry and Coffee
200 800
snacks
- Transportation 300 300

Total P 18,495
 89

Appendix G

RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

Pilot Testing
 90

Actual Data Collection

91
92
 93

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Raymar Luke M. Monteros, Rpm

Address : Pitalo, San Fernando, Cebu

Contact No. : +639956225489

Email address: raymarlukemonteros@gmail.com

Educational Background

2009

Elementary Level

Badas Elementary School

Badas, Placer, Surigao del Norte

2013

Secondary Level

Amando A. Fabio National High School

Sta.Cruz, Placer, Surigao del Norte

2017

Tertiary Level

Cebu Institute of Technology – University

N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City

 94

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Angela Marie M. Libo-on

Address : Poblacion, Badian, Cebu

Contact No. : 09662557941

Email address: liboonangelamarie@gmail.com

Educational Background

2013

Elementary Level

Labason Central School

Lopoc, Labason, Zamboanga del Norte 7117

2020

Secondary Level

Badian National High School

Poblacion, Badian, Cebu 6031

2025

Tertiary Level

Cebu Institute of Technology-University

N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Philippines 6000

 95

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Lee Alexandra C. Loste

Address : Brgy. 02, Pob. Balangkayan, Eastern

Samar, Philippines 6801

Contact No. : 09310422711

Email address: leealexandracastilloloste@gmail.com

Educational Background

2014

Elementary Level

Taboc Elementary School

Brgy. Taboc, Borongan City, Eastern Samar, Philippines 6800

2020

Secondary Level

Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School

Brgy. Alang-Alang, Borongan City, Eastern Samar, Philippines 6800

2024

Tertiary Level

Cebu Institute of Technology - University

N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Philippines 6000

 96

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Keith Mhariane Anne Plando

Address : Daanlungsod, Alcoy, Cebu

Contact No. : 0961 8097 936

Email address: keithmharianeplando@gmail.com

Educational Background

2013

Elementary Level

Guiwang Elementary School

Guiwang, Alcoy, Cebu 60043

2018

Secondary Level

Alcoy, National High School

Poblacion, Alcoy, Cebu 60043

2024

Tertiary Level

Cebu Institute of Technology-University

N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Philippines 6000

97