EE 334 ELECTRICAL MACHINE 1

DC Machinery Fundamentals

a. DC Generator. This is a machine used for continuous conversion of mechanical energy. The

power delivered is called its load. Generators are usually driven at constant speed at all loads,

whereas in motors the speed may vary with the load, depending upon the particular type of

motor used and the character of the load. [1]

b. Electromagnetic Induction. The DC generator consists of fundamentally of a number of loops

of insulated wires revolving in a strong magnetic field in such a way that these wires cut across

the lines of force set up between the poles of a magnet. This cutting of lines of force sets up

an electromagnetic force (emf) along the wires. [1]

c. Direction of This Induced EMF. The simplest form of DC generator is represented in figure 1

below. Here S and N represent the south and north poles, respectively. ab a revolving loop of

wire, B+ and B- the brushes, c a two-segmental commutator, and R an external circuit.

Figure 1.

Now, let us explore further. When the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field, then the

maximum flux Ø links the coil. If it is rotated in the direction (counterclockwise) another

quarter turn, no lines link the coil. Continuing the rotation, the coil will thus generate the

wave pattern indicated, and the average induced emf during t sec is given by

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𝑁Ø
𝑒= volts ----------------------------------------------------------- (1)
𝑡 𝑥 108

Where: N = turns in coil; t = seconds per quarter revolution.

Where conductors cut flux by moving mechanically through it as in a generator

(rotating machinery), we use

𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑒= volts per conductors (instantaneous) ----------------------- (2)
108

Where: B = flux density (gausses); l = length of conductor (cm); v = speed of conductor (cm

per sec).

Then the average value if the total emf between the brushes is

𝑝Ø𝑍𝑁
emf = volts --------------------------------------------------- (3)
60 𝑥 108𝑚

Where: p = number of field poles; Ø = total useful magnetic flux per pole; Z = total number

of armature conductors; N = rpm of armature; m = number of parallel paths through the

armature. [1]

d. Average generated voltage in a conductor it was found that when a conductor moves at a

constant speed across a uniformly dense magnetic field, that is, field in which the flux density

in lines of force per square inch is constant. 1 volt is generated for every 100,000,000 (108)

lines cut per second. If the flux density is not constant, the generated voltage will be an

average value determined by the total number of lines of force that are cut and be the length

of time it takes to do so. This experimentally verified facts leads to the formula (1). Which can

be written as

Ø
𝐸𝑎𝑣 = volts ----------------------------------------------------------- (3a)
𝑡 𝑥 108

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Where: Ø = total flux cut; t = time, seconds, during which cutting takes place; Eav = average

generated voltage in a conductor.

e. Generated Voltage Equation for DC Generator.

Ø𝑃𝑁𝑍
𝐸𝑔 = volts ----------------------------------------------------------- (3a)
60 𝑥 108 𝑥 𝑚

Where: Ø = flux per pole (maxwells); P = number of poles (an even number); N = speed of

armature (rpm – revolution per minute); Z = total number of armature conductors effectively

used to add to resulting voltage; m =number of armature paths connected in parallel

(determined by type of armature windings); Eg = total generated voltage.

f. Various Illustration of Elements of DC Generator. [2]

Figure 2. Taken from [2], page 24

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Figure 3. Taken from [2], page 27

Figure 4. Taken from [2], page 29

Figure 5. Taken from [2], page 35

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Figure 6. Taken from [2], page 30

Figure 7. Taken from [2], page 31

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Figure 8. Taken from [2], page 32

Figure 9. Taken from [2], page 34

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Figure 10. Taken from [2], page 34

Figure 11. Taken from [2], page 36

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g. Force and Torque Developed by DC Motors

𝐵𝐼𝑙
𝐹= lb ------------------------------------------------------------- (4)
11,300,000

Where: B = flux density (flux per square inch; I = current in conductor (ampere); l =length of

conductor (in); F = force (lb).

h. Useful conversion

• 1 in = 2.54 cm

• 1 sq. in. = 6.45 sq. cm

• 1 gm = 980 dynes

• 1 lb = 453.6 gm

Class discussion for Sample Problems

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