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Vat-Ly-2 Chapter27 - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
Vat-Ly-2 Chapter27 - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
Vat-Ly-2 Chapter27 - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
om
27.2 Resistance
27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
.c
27.4 Resistance and Temperature
ng
27.5 Superconductors
27.6 Electrical Power
co
an
OQ27.2 (i) Answer (e). We require ρL/AA = 3ρL/AB . Then AA /AB = 1/3.
u
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Chapter 27 201
OQ27.7 Answer (a). The new cross-sectional area is three times the original.
ρL ρ ( L 3 ) ρL R
Originally, R = . Finally, R f = = = .
om
A 3A 9A 9
OQ27.8 Answer (b). Using R0 = 10.0 Ω at T = 20.0 °C, we have
.c
R = R0 ( 1 + αΔT ) or
R R0 − 1 10.6 10.0 − 1
ng
α= = = 8.57 × 10−4 °C−1
ΔT ( 90.0°C − 20.0°C)
co
At T = –20.0°C, we have
R = R0 ( 1 + α ΔT )
an
2 = =
RB ρLB π (dB / 2) 2
LB dA 2
LB ( 2dB ) 4 2
u
PA ΔV 2 RA RB
Compare powers: = = = 2.
cu
PB ΔV 2 RB RA
ρ A L ( 2 ρB ) L
OQ27.11 Answer (e). RA = = = 2RB . Therefore,
A A
PA ΔV 2 RA RB 1
= = =
PB ΔV 2 RB RA 2
OQ27.12 (i) Answer (a). P = ∆V2/R, and ∆V is the same for both bulbs, so the
25 W bulb must have higher resistance so that it will have lower
power.
(ii) Answer (b). ∆V is the same for both bulbs, so the 100 W bulb
must have lower resistance so that it will have more current.
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202 Current and Resistance
OQ27.13 Answer (d). Because wire B has twice the radius, it has four times the
cross-sectional area of wire A. For wire A, RA = R = ρL/A. For wire B,
RB = ρ(2L)/(4A) = (1/2)ρL/A = R/2.
CQ27.1 Choose the voltage of the power supply you will use to drive the
ΔV 2
heater. Next calculate the required resistance R as . Knowing
P
the resistivity ρ of the material, choose a combination of wire length
om
⎛ R⎞
and cross-sectional area to make ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ . You will have to pay
⎝ A⎠ ⎝ ρ ⎠
.c
for less material if you make both and A smaller, but if you go too
far the wire will have too little surface area to radiate away the
energy; then the resistor will melt.
CQ27.2
ng
Geometry and resistivity. In turn, the resistivity of the material
co
depends on the temperature.
CQ27.3 The conductor does not follow Ohm’s law, and must have a
an
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Chapter 27 203
om
Section 21.1 Electric Current
.c
*P27.1 The drift speed of electrons in the line is
I I
vd = =
ng
nqa n e (π d 2 / 4 ) co
The time to travel the 200-km length of the line is then
L Ln e (π d )
2
an
Δt = =
vd 4I
th
3 2
Δt =
4 ( 1 000 A )
o
⎛ 1 yr ⎞
= ( 8.55 × 108 s ) ⎜
du
= 27.1 yr
⎝ 3.156 × 10 s ⎟⎠
7
2π
u
*P27.2 The period of revolution for the sphere is T = , and the average
cu
ω
q qω
current represented by this revolving charge is I = = .
T 2π
P27.3 We use I = nqAvd, where n is the number of charge carriers per unit
volume, and is identical to the number of atoms per unit volume. We
assume a contribution of 1 free electron per atom in the relationship
above. For aluminum, which has a molar mass of 27, we know that
Avogadro’s number of atoms, NA, has a mass of 27.0 g. Thus, the mass
per atom is
27.0 g 27.0 g
m= = = 4.49 × 10−23 g atom
NA 6.02 × 10 23
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204 Current and Resistance
Thus,
ρ density of aluminum 2.70 g cm 3
n= = =
m mass per atom 4.49 × 10−23 g atom
= 1.30 × 10−4 m s
om
or, vd = 0.130 mm s .
P27.4 The period of the electron in its orbit is T = 2πr/v, and the current
.c
represented by the orbiting electron is
ΔQ e v e
ng
I= = =
Δt T 2π r co
=
( 2.19 × 10 m s )(1.60 × 10
6 −19
C)
2 π ( 5.29 × 10 m ) −11
an
th
P27.5 If N is the number of protons, each with charge e, that hit the target in
time ∆t, the average current in the beam is I = ΔQ / Δt = Ne / Δt, giving
o
N= = −19
= 1.80 × 1016 protons
e 1.60 × 10 C/proton
u
P27.6 (a) From Example 27.1 in the textbook, the density of charge carriers
cu
= 5.57 × 10−5 m s
(b) The drift speed is smaller because more electrons are being
conducted. To create the same current, therefore, the drift speed
need not be as great.
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Chapter 27 205
dQ
P27.7 From I = , we have dQ = I dt.
dt
⎛ dt ⎞
∫ ( –I τ ) e
T
–t/τ
Integrating from time t = 0 to time t = T: Q= 0 ⎜⎝ – τ ⎟⎠
0
( )
Q = –I 0τ e –T/τ – e 0 = I 0τ 1 – e –T/τ ( )
om
(a) If T = τ : Q (τ ) = I 0τ ( 1 − e −1 ) = ( 0.632 ) I0τ
.c
(b) If T = 10 τ : Q ( 10τ ) = I 0τ ( 1 − e −10 ) = ( 0.999 95) I0τ
ng
(c) If T = ∞: Q ( ∞ ) = I 0τ ( 1 − e −∞ ) = I 0τ
co
I 5.00 A
P27.8 (a) J= = = 99.5 kA m 2
A π ( 4.00 × 10−3 m )2
an
smaller.
(d) A2 = 4A1 or π r22 = 4π r12 so r2 = 2r1 = 0.800 cm .
o
du
(e) I = 5.00 A
1 1
J1 = ( 9.95 × 10 4 A/m 2 ) = 2.49 × 10 4 A/m 2
u
(f) J2 =
4 4
cu
dq
(a) I ( 1.00 s ) = = ( 12t 2 + 5 ) = 17.0 A
dt t =1.00 s t =1.00 s
I 17.0 A
(b) J= = = 85.0 kA m 2
A 2.00 × 10−4 m 2
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206 Current and Resistance
1
P27.10 (a) We obtain the speed of each deuteron from K = mv 2 :
2
om
So the distance between individual deuterons is
vt = (1.38 × 107 m/s)(1.60 × 10–14 s) = 2.21 × 10−7 m
.c
(b) One nucleus will put its nearest neighbor at potential
ng
ke q ( 8.99 × 10 N ⋅ m C ) ( 1.60 × 10 C )
9 2 2 −19
V= =
2.21 × 10−7 m
r
co
= 6.49 × 10−3 V
an
I 8.00 × 10−6 A
P27.11 (a) J= = = 2.55 A m 2
A π ( 1.00 × 10−3 m )2
o ng
J 2.55 A m 2
n= = = 5.31 × 1010 m −3
evd ( 1.60 × 10−19 C ) ( 3.00 × 108 m s )
u
cu
ΔQ
(c) From I = , we have
Δt
ΔQ N A e ( 6.02 × 10 ) ( 1.60 × 10 C )
23 −19
Δt = = =
I I 8.00 × 10−6 A
= 1.20 × 1010 s
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Chapter 27 207
P27.12 To find the total charge passing a point in a given amount of time, we
dq
use I = , from which we can write
dt
⎛ ⎞
(100 A ) sin ⎜⎝ 120sπ t ⎟⎠ dt
1 240 s
q = ∫ dq = ∫ I dt = ∫
0
P27.13 The molar mass of silver = 107.9 g/mole and the volume V is
V = ( area )( thickness ) = ( 700 × 10−4 m 2 ) ( 0.133 × 10−3 m )
om
= 9.31 × 10−6 m 3
The mass of silver deposited is
.c
mAg = ρV = ( 10.5 × 103 kg m 3 ) ( 9.31 × 10−6 m 3 )
ng
= 9.78 × 10−2 kg
And the number of silver atoms deposited is
co
⎛ 6.02 × 1023 atoms ⎞ ⎛ 1 000 g ⎞
N = ( 9.78 × 10−2 kg ) ⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 kg ⎟⎠
an
⎝ 107.9 g
= 5.45 × 1023 atoms
th
ΔV 12.0 V
I= = = 6.67 A = 6.67 C s
R 1.80 Ω
o
du
ΔQ Ne ( 5.45 × 10 ) ( 1.60 × 10 C )
23 −19
Δt = = =
u
I I 6.67 C s
cu
= 1.31 × 10 4 s = 3.64 h
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208 Current and Resistance
⎛ π d 2 ⎞ ⎛ ΔV ⎞ ⎡ π ( 2.00 × 10 m ) ⎤ ⎛ 9.11 V ⎞
−3 2
⎛ π d2 ⎞
ρ=⎜ R=⎜ ⎜ ⎟=⎢ ⎥⎜
⎝ 36.0 A ⎟⎠
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎝ I ⎠ ⎢ 4 ( 50.0 m ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−8
= 1.59 × 10 Ω ⋅ m
Then, from Table 27.2, we see that the wire is made of silver .
ρ
ΔV = IR and R = . The area is
om
P27.16
A
2
⎛ 1.00 m ⎞
A = ( 0.600 mm ) ⎜
.c
2
⎟ = 6.00 × 10−7 m 2
⎝ 1 000 mm ⎠
ng
From the potential difference, we can solve for the current, which gives
I = 6.43 A
th
R= = = 8.89 Ω
I 13.5 A
o
ρL
Using R =
du
ρCu 2 = ρAl 2 → 2 = Al
π rCu π rAl rCu ρCu
cu
which yields
ρ ρ ρρ 2
Taking ρ ≡ resistivity, R = = = m .
A m ρm m
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Chapter 27 209
Thus,
=
mR
=
(1.00 × 10 −3
kg ) ( 0.500 Ω )
ρρm (1.70 × 10 −8
Ω ⋅ m ) ( 8.92 × 103 kg/m 3 )
= 1.82 m
m m
(b) V= , or π r 2 =
ρm ρm
Thus,
m 1.00 × 10−3 kg
r= = = 1.40 × 10−4 m
π ( 8.92 × 10 kg/m ) ( 1.82 m )
om
πρm 3 3
.c
m
P27.20 (a) Given total mass m = ρmV = ρm A → A= , where
ng
ρm
ρm ≡ mass density.
co
ρ ρ ρρ 2
Taking ρ ≡ resistivity, R = = = m .
an
A m ρm m
th
mR
Thus, = .
ρρm
ng
m
o
(b) Volume V = , or
ρm
du
1 2 m
πd =
u
4 ρm
cu
12 12 12
4⎛ m 1⎞ 4⎛ m ρρm ⎞ 4 ⎛ m2 ρρm ⎞
d= = = ⎜ ⎟
π ⎜⎝ ρm ⎟⎠ π ⎜⎝ ρm mR ⎟⎠ π ⎝ ρm2 mR ⎠
14
4 ⎛ ρm ⎞
=
π ⎜⎝ ρm R ⎟⎠
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210 Current and Resistance
Rπ r 2 ( 13.0 Ω )π ( 2.50 × 10 m )
−3 2
= = = 170 m
ρ (1.50 × 10−6 Ω ⋅ m )
om
*P27.22 (a) n is unaffected .
.c
I
(b) J = ∝ I so it doubles .
A
ng
(c) J = nevd so vd doubles .
mσ
co
(d) τ= is unchanged as long as σ does not change due to a
nq 2
temperature change in the conductor.
an
J 6.00 × 10−13 A m 2
th
(b) From Table 14.1, the density of iron is ρFe = 7.86 × 103 kg m 3 , so
u
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Chapter 27 211
(d) With two conduction electrons per iron atom, the density of
charge carriers is
n = ( charge carriers atom ) ( density of atoms )
⎛ electrons ⎞ ⎛ atoms ⎞
= ⎜2 ⎟ ⎜ 8.49 × 1028 ⎟
⎝ atom ⎠ ⎝ m3 ⎠
= 1.70 × 1029 electrons m 3
om
I 30.0 C s
vd = =
nqA ( 1.70 × 10 m ) ( 1.60 × 10−19 C ) ( 5.00 × 10−6 m 3 )
29 −3
.c
= 2.21 × 10−4 m s
From Equations 27.16 and 27.13, the resistivity and drift velocity can be
ng
P27.25
related to the electric field within the copper wire:
co
m m
ρ= →τ =
ne τ
2
ρne 2
an
and
th
eE eE m E
vd = τ= = → E = ρnevd
m m ρne 2
ρne
ng
n= = = 8.46 × 1028 m −3
M 0.063 5 kg/mol
The electric field is then
u
cu
E = ρnevd
E = ( 1.7 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m ) ( 8.46 × 1028 m −3 )
× ( 1.60 × 10−19 C ) ( 7.84 × 10−4 m/s )
= 0.18 V/m
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212 Current and Resistance
Solving,
ΔT = 1.42 × 103 °C = T − 20.0°C
And the final temperature is T = 1.44 × 103 °C
om
is R − R0 = R0αΔT. The fractional change in resistance is defined by
f = (R – R0)/R0. Therefore,
.c
R0α ΔT
f= = αΔT = ( 5.00 × 10−3 °C−1 )( 50.0°C − 25.0°C ) = 0.12
R0
*P27.28 At the low temperature TC we write
ng
co
ΔV
RC = = R0 [1 + α (TC − T0 )]
IC
an
ΔV ΔV
Rh = = = R0 [1 + α (Th − T0 )]
Ih 1A
ng
Then,
o
=
( ΔV ) IC 1 + ( 3.90 × 10−3 ( °C )−1 ) ( −88.0°C − 20.0°C )
( )
u
1.15
and IC = ( 1.00 A ) = 1.98 A .
cu
0.579
P27.29 We use Equation 27.20 and refer to Table 27.2:
R = R0 ⎡⎣1 + α (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
(
= ( 6.00 Ω ) ⎡1 + 3.8 × 10−3 ( °C )
⎣
−1
)( 34.0°C − 20.0°C)⎤⎦
= 6.32 Ω
P27.30 (a) From R = ρL/A, the initial resistance of the mercury is
Ri =
ρLi
=
ρLi
=
( 9.58 × 10−7 Ω ⋅ m ) ( 1.000 0 m )
= 1.22 Ω
Ai π di2 4 π ( 1.00 × 10−3 m ) 4
2
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Chapter 27 213
om
*P27.31 (a) The resistance at 20.0°C is
ρ ( 1.7 × 10 Ω ⋅ m )( 34.5 m )
.c
−8
R0 = = = 2.99 Ω
π ( 0.25 × 10−3 m )
2
A
ng
and the current is co
ΔV 9.00 V
I= = = 3.01 A
R0 3.00 Ω
an
R = R0 [ 1 + α ( ΔT )]
( )
ng
ΔV 9.00 V
I= = = 2.90 A
R0 3.10 Ω
u
P27.32
ρ1 1 ρ 2 2
R= + [1]
πr2 πr2
where carbon = 1 and Nichrome = 2, and for any ΔT
ρ1 1 ρ
2 (
R= 1 + α 1 ΔT ) + 2 22 ( 1 + α 2 ΔT ) [2]
πr πr
Setting equations [1] and [2] equal to each other, we have
ρ 1 1 ρ 2 2 ρ 1 1 ρ
2 (
+ = 1 + α 1ΔT ) + 2 22 ( 1 + α 2 ΔT )
πr 2
πr 2
πr πr
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214 Current and Resistance
simplifying,
ρ 1 1 ρ 2 2 ρ ρ ρ ρ
+ = 1 21 + 1 21 α 1ΔT + 2 22 + 2 22 α 2 ΔT
πr 2
πr 2
πr πr πr πr
ρ2 2 ρ
or α 2 ΔT = − 1 21 α 1ΔT, which gives
πr 2
πr
ρ2 2α 2 = − ρ1 1α 1 [3]
The two equations [1] and [3] are just sufficient to determine 1
and 2 . The design goal can be met.
om
Use equation [3] to solve for 2 in terms of 1 :
ρ1 α 1
.c
2 = − 1
ρ2 α 2
then substitute this into equation [1]:
ρ1 1 ρ 2 ⎛ ρ1 α 1 ⎞ ρ1 ⎛
ng α ⎞
R= + 2 ⎜−
co
1 ⎟ = 2 ⎜ 1 − 1 ⎟ 1
πr 2
π r ⎝ ρ2 α 2 ⎠ π r ⎝ α2 ⎠
( 3.5 × 10 Ω ⋅ m) ⎛
−5
an
−0.5 × 10−3 ⎞
10.0 Ω = 1 − 1
π (1.50 × 10−3 m)2 ⎜⎝ 0.4 × 10−3 ⎟⎠
th
→ 1 = 0.898 m
ng
and so
2 = −
ρ1 α 1
1 = −
( 3.5 × 10−5 Ω ⋅ m ) ⎛ −0.5 × 10−3 ⎞
= 26.2 m
o
P27.33
= 3.15 × 10 –8 Ω ⋅ m
(b) The current density is
⎛ 0.200 V/m ⎞ ⎛ 1 Ω ⋅ A ⎞
J = σE = E = ⎜ = 6.35 × 106 A/m 2
ρ ⎝ 3.15 × 10 –8 Ω ⋅ m ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ V ⎟⎠
I I
(c) The current density is related to the current by J = = 2.
A πr
⎣ ⎦
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Chapter 27 215
om
The sign indicates that the electrons drift opposite to the field and
current.
.c
(e) The applied voltage is ΔV = E = ( 0.200 V/m )( 2.00 m ) = 0.400 V .
ng
P27.34 For aluminum,
α E = 3.90 × 10−3 °C−1 (Table 27.2)
co
and α = 24.0 × 10−6 °C−1 (Table 19.1)
an
ρ ρ0 ( 1 + α E ΔT ) ( 1 + αΔT ) (1 + α E ΔT )
R= = = R0
A A ( 1 + αΔT )
2
( 1 + αΔT )
ng
( )
⎡ 1 + 3.90 × 10−3 ( °C )−1 ( 120°C − 20.0°C ) ⎤
= ( 1.23 Ω ) ⎢ ⎥
o
( )
⎢⎣ 1 + 24.0 × 10−6 ( °C ) ( 120°C − 20.0°C ) ⎥⎦
−1
du
= 1.71 Ω
u
1 ⎡ 3 ( ρ 0 )Cu ⎤
T − T0 = ⎢ − 1⎥
α Al ⎢⎣ ( ρ 0 )Al ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 3 ( 1.7 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m ) ⎤
= ⎢ − 1⎥
3.9 × 10−3 ( °C)−1 ⎢⎣ 2.82 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m ⎥⎦
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216 Current and Resistance
om
A large electric generating station, fed by a trainload of coal each
day, converts energy faster.
.c
P P
(b) I= = 2
A πr
ng
P = I (π r 2 ) = ( 1 370 W m 2 )[π (6.37 × 106 m)2 ] = 1.75 × 1017 W
co
Terrestrial solar power is immense compared to lightning and
compared to all human energy conversions.
an
5
P 8.95 × 10 W
I= = = 448 A
ΔV 2 000 V
o
P27.38
P = IΔV = 500 × 10−6 A ( 15 × 103 V ) = 7.50 W
u
P27.39
P = IΔV → I = P ΔV = ( 1.00 × 103 W ) ( 120 V ) = 8.33 A
(b) From Equation 27.23,
P = ΔV 2 R → R = ΔV 2 P = ( 120 V )
2
(1.00 × 10 3
W ) = 14.4 Ω
P27.40 From Equation 27.21,
P = IΔV = ( 0.200 × 10−3 A ) ( 75.0 × 10−3 V )
= 15.0 × 10−6 W = 15.0 µ W
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Chapter 27 217
om
(ΔV)2 Δt ( 240 V ) ( 1 500 s ) 2
R= = = 6.53 Ω
cmΔT ( 4 186 J/kg ⋅°C)(109 kg )( 29.0°C)
.c
From P = ( ΔV ) /R, we find that
2
P27.43
( ΔVi )
ng
2
(120 V)2
R= = = 144 Ω
co
P 100 W
The final current is
an
ΔVf 140 V
If = = = 0.972 A
th
R 144 Ω
The power during the surge is
ng
( ΔV )
2
f ( 140 V )2
P= = = 136 V
o
R 144 Ω
du
136 W – 100 W
= 0.361 = 36.1%
cu
100 W
P27.44 You pay the electric company for energy transferred in the amount
E = PΔt.
⎛ 7 d ⎞ ⎛ 24 h ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 0.110 $ ⎞
(a) P Δt = ( 40 W ) ( 2 weeks ) ⎜
⎝ 1 week ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 d ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 000 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ kWh ⎟⎠
= $1.48
⎛ 1 h ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 0.110 $ ⎞
(b) P Δt = ( 970 W ) ( 3 min ) ⎜ = $0.005 34
⎝ 60 min ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 000 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ kWh ⎟⎠
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218 Current and Resistance
⎛ 1 h ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 0.110 $ ⎞
(c) P Δt = ( 5 200 W ) ( 40 min ) ⎜ = $0.381
⎝ 60 min ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 000 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ kWh ⎟⎠
P27.45 (a) The total energy stored in the battery is
ΔU E = q ( ΔV ) = It ( ΔV )
⎛ 1 C ⎞ ⎛ 1 J ⎞ ⎛ 1 W⋅s⎞
= ( 55.0 A ⋅ h )( 12.0 V ) ⎜
⎝ 1 A ⋅ s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 V ⋅ C ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 J ⎟⎠
= 660 W ⋅ h = 0.660 kWh
(b) The value of the electricity is
⎛ $0.110 ⎞
Cost = ( 0.660 kWh ) ⎜
om
= $0.072 6
⎝ 1 kWh ⎟⎠
P27.46 (a) The resistance of 1.00 m of 12-gauge copper wire is
.c
4 ρ 4 ( 1.7 × 10 Ω ⋅ m ) ( 1.00 m )
−8
ρ ρ
R= = = =
A π ( d 2 )2 π d 2 π ( 0.205 × 10−2 m )
ng
2
= 5.2 × 10−3 Ω
co
The rate of internal energy production is
an
4 ρ 4 ( 2.82 × 10 Ω ⋅ m ) ( 1.00 m )
−8
P27.47 The power of the lamp is P = IΔV = U / Δt, where U is the energy
transformed. Then the energy you buy, in standard units, is
U = ΔVIΔt
⎛ 24 h ⎞ ⎛ 3 600 s ⎞ ⎛ 1 J ⎞ ⎛ 1 C ⎞
= ( 110 V ) ( 1.70 A ) ( 1 day ) ⎜
⎝ 1 day ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ h ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ V ⋅ C ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ A ⋅ s ⎟⎠
= 16.2 MJ
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Chapter 27 219
P27.48 The energy taken in by electric transmission for the fluorescent bulb is
⎛ 3 600 s ⎞
PΔt = 11 J s ( 100 h ) ⎜ ⎟ = 3.96 × 106 J
⎝ 1h ⎠
om
⎛ $0.110 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ W ⋅ s ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞
cost = 3.96 × 106 J ⎜ = $0.121
⎝ kWh ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 000 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ J ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠
.c
For the incandescent bulb,
ng
⎛ 3 600 s ⎞
PΔt = 40 W ( 100 h ) ⎜ = 1.44 × 107 J
⎝ 1 h ⎟⎠
co
⎛ $0.110 ⎞
cost = 1.44 × 107 J ⎜ = $0.440
⎝ 3.6 × 106 J ⎟⎠
an
ρ ( 1.50 × 10 Ω ⋅ m ) 25.0 m
−6
R= = = 298 Ω
π ( 0.200 × 10−3 m )
2
A
o
du
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220 Current and Resistance
om
= 469 J
It puts out energy by electric transmission:
.c
3 600 s ⎞
( ΔV ) I ( Δt ) = ( 1.6 J C)( 18 × 10−3 C s )( 2.4 h ) ⎛⎜⎝ ⎟ = 249 J
1h ⎠
ng
useful output 249 J
(a) efficiency = = = 0.530
co
total input 469 J
(b) The only place for the missing energy to go is into internal
an
energy:
469 J = 249 J + ΔEint
th
ΔEint = 221 J
ng
(c) We imagine toasting the battery over a fire with 221 J of heat
o
input:
du
Q = mcΔT
Q 221 J
u
ΔT = = = 15.1°C
mc ( 0.015 kg ) ( 975 J/kg ⋅ °C )
cu
RA ( 24.2 Ω ) π ( 2.50 × 10 m )
−4 2
= = = 3.17 m
ρ 1.50 × 10−6 Ω ⋅ m
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Chapter 27 221
om
TET = Ptotal Δt = NPone clock Δt
= ( 270 × 106 clocks ) ( 2.50 W/clock )
.c
× ( 365 d/yr ) ( 24 h/d ) ( 1 kW/1000 W )
= 5.91 × 109 kWh
ng
Divide this energy into the total cost claimed by the politician to find
co
the cost of the electricity:
$100 × 106
cost = = $0.017 / kWh
an
cost of electricity in the United States, which would raise his estimate
o
of the total cost to operate the clocks to about $650 million every year.
du
120 V ⎛ 120 V ⎞ ⎡
1.53 A
=⎜
⎝ 1.80 A
−3
(
⎟⎠ ⎣1 + 0.400 × 10 ( °C ) ΔT ⎤⎦
−1
)
which gives
ΔT = 441°C
and T = 20.0°C + 441°C = 461°C
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222 Current and Resistance
P27.54 Consider a 400-W blow dryer used for ten minutes daily for a year.
The energy transferred to the dryer is
P Δt = ( 400 J s ) ( 600 s d ) ( 365 d )
⎛ 1 kWh ⎞
≈ 9 × 107 J ⎜ ≈ 20 kWh
⎝ 3.6 × 106 J ⎟⎠
We suppose that electrically transmitted energy costs on the order of
ten cents per kilowatt-hour. Then the cost of using the dryer for a year
is on the order of
Cost ≈ ( 20 kWh ) ( $0.10 kWh ) = $2 ~ $1
om
P27.55 We first compute the power delivered to the resistor:
P = IΔV = ( 2.00 A )( 120 V ) = 240 W
.c
The change in internal energy of the water as it is heated from 23.0°C
to 100°C is
ng
ΔEint = ( 0.500 kg ) ( 4 186 J kg ⋅°C ) ( 77.0°C ) = 161 kJ
co
The time interval required to heat the water is then
ΔEint
1.61 × 105 J
an
Δt = = = 672 s
P 240 W
th
efficiency =
total power input
( 2.50 hp)(746 W/1 hp)
o
= 0.900 =
du
(120 V) I
from which, we calculate the current as
u
cu
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Chapter 27 223
Additional Problems
RA ( 8.3 Ω )( 4.0 × 10 m )
−6 2
om
P27.58 At T0 = 20.0°, R = R0. Then, from Equation 27.20,
R = R0 ⎡⎣1 + α (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦ = 2R0
.c
Solving for the change in temperature gives
ng
1 1
T − T0 = =
α 3.9 × 10−3 ( °C )−1
co
T − 20.0°C = 256°C → T = 276°C
an
P 36.0 W
P = IΔV → I = = = 3.00 A
ΔV 12.0 V
ng
For two headlights, the total current from battery is 6.00 A. The battery
rating is the total amount of charge the battery can deliver, without
o
ΔQ = IΔt = 90.0 A ⋅ h
u
ΔQ 90.0 A ⋅ h
Δt = = = 15.0 h
I 6.00 A
→R=
( ΔV )
2
R P
Lightbulb A: R=
( ΔV )
2
=
( 120 V )
2
= 576 Ω
P 25.0 W
Lightbulb B: R=
( ΔV )
2
=
( 120 V )
2
= 144 Ω
P 100 W
Q P QΔV ( 1.00 C ) ( 120 V )
(b) I= = → Δt = = = 4.80 s
Δt ΔV P 25.0 W
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224 Current and Resistance
ΔU ΔU 1.00 J
(d) P= → Δt = = = 0.040 0 s
Δt P 25.0 W
(e) Because of energy conservation, the energy entering and leaving
the lightbulb is the same. Energy enters the lightbulb by electric
transmission and leaves by heat and electromagnetic radiation.
⎛ $0.110 0 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ W ⋅ s ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞
Cost = ( 64.8 × 106 J ) ⎜ = $1.98
⎝ kWh ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 000 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ J ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠
om
⎛ 0.500 Ω ⎞
(100 mi ) = 50.0 Ω .
.c
The resistance of one wire is ⎜
⎝ mi ⎟⎠
P27.61
The whole wire is at nominal 700 kV away from ground potential, but
ng
the potential difference between its two ends is co
IR = ( 1 000 A ) ( 50.0 Ω ) = 50.0 kV
RA ( ΔV ) A
(a) From ρ = = we compute
ng
P27.62
I
ρ (Ω ⋅ m)
o
(m) R (Ω)
du
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Chapter 27 225
1 1 Q2
P27.63 The original stored energy is U E,i = QΔVi = .
2 2 C
(a) When the switch is closed, charge Q distributes itself over the
plates of C and 3C in parallel, presenting equivalent capacitance
Q
4C. Then the final potential difference is ΔVf = for both.
4C
Q Q
(b) The smaller capacitor then carries charge CΔVf = C= .
4C 4
Q 3Q
The larger capacitor carries charge 3C = .
4C 4
om
2
1
( ) 1 ⎛ Q⎞
2
(c) The smaller capacitor stores final energy C ΔVf = C⎜ ⎟ =
.c
2 2 ⎝ 4C ⎠
Q2
. The larger capacitor possesses energy
ng
32C
2
1 ⎛ Q⎞ 3Q 2
co
3C ⎜ ⎟ = .
2 ⎝ 4C ⎠ 32C
an
Q 2 3Q 2 Q 2
(d) The total final energy is + = . The loss of potential
th
32C 32C 8C
energy is the energy appearing as internal energy in the resistor:
ng
Q2 Q2 3Q 2
= + ΔEint so ΔEint =
2C 8C 8C
o
du
Q mc T f − Ti ( )
u
P= =
cu
Δt Δt
=
( 0.250 kg )( 4 186 J/kg ⋅°C)(100°C − 20°C) ⎛ 1 min ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟
( 4 min ) 60 s ⎠
= 349 J s
Then its resistance should be described by
( ΔV ) ( ΔV ) ( 120 J C)
2 2 2
P= →R= = = 41.3 Ω
R P 349 J s
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226 Current and Resistance
om
One possible choice is = 0.900 m and d = 2.07 × 10–4 m. If and
d are made too small, the surface area will be inadequate to
.c
transfer heat into the water fast enough to prevent overheating of
the filament. To make the volume less than 0.5 cm3, we want
ng
π d2
and d less than those described by = 0.5 × 10−6 m 3 .
co
4
(
Substituting d 2 = 4.77 × 10−8 m gives )
an
π
4
( 4.77 × 10−8 m ) 2 = 0.5 × 10−6 m 3 , = 3.65 m and
th
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Chapter 27 227
om
P27.67
dV ( x ) ΔV ( 0 − 4.00 V ) = +8.00 V/m
Ex = − → Ex = − =−
Δx ( 0.500 m − 0)
.c
dx
R= = = 0.637 Ω
π ( 1.00 × 10−4 m )
2
A
an
ΔV 4.00 V
I= = = 6.28 A
ng
R 0.637 Ω
(d) From Equation 27.5, the current density is given by
o
du
I 6.28 A
J= = 2 = 2.00 × 10 A m = 200 MA m
8 2 2
A π ( 1.00 × 10 m )
−4
u
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228 Current and Resistance
so
E = ρ J = ( 4.00 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m ) ( 2.00 × 108 A m 2 ) = 8.00 V/m
P27.68 (a) Assuming the change in V is uniform:
dV ( x ) ΔV 0−V V
Ex = − → Ex = − = − =+
dx Δx L−0 L
Therefore, the electric field is V/L in the positive x direction.
om
(c) From Equation 27.7,
.c
I = ΔV R = Vπ d 2 4 ρ L
ng
(d) From Equation 27.5, the current density is given by
I Vπ d 2 4 ρ L
co
J= = = V ρL in the positive x direction
A π d2 4
an
The field and the current both have the same direction.
(e) We intend to derive the equivalent of Equation 27.6. We start with
th
ΔV E EA
I= = =
o
R R ρ
du
Then,
I EA / ρ E
u
J= = =
ρ
cu
A A
⎛ V⎞ V
so E = ρ J = ρ⎜ =
⎝ ρ L ⎟⎠ L
P27.69 Since there are 2 wires, the total length is = 100 m. The resistance of
the wires is
⎛ 0.108 Ω ⎞
R=⎜
⎝ 300 m ⎟⎠
( 100 m ) = 0.036 0 Ω
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Chapter 27 229
om
Ai Li Ai Li Ai
A= = =
L Li (1 + δ ) (1 + δ )
.c
The new resistance is
ρL ρLi (1 + δ )
ng
R= = = Ri (1 + δ )2 = Ri (1 + 2δ + δ 2 )
A Ai / (1 + δ ) co
(b) The result is exact if the assumptions are precisely true. Our
derivation contains no approximation steps where delta is
an
assumed to be small.
(a) A thin cylindrical shell of radius r, thickness dr, and length L
th
P27.71
contributes resistance
ng
ρd ρdr ⎛ ρ ⎞ dr
dR = = =⎜
A ( 2π r ) L ⎝ 2π L ⎟⎠ r
o
du
ρ rb dr ρ ⎛r ⎞
cu
R= ∫ = ln ⎜ b ⎟
2π L rc r 2π L ⎝ ra ⎠
ΔV ρ ⎛r ⎞
(b) In this equation = ln ⎜ b ⎟ .
I 2π L ⎝ ra ⎠
2π LΔV
Solving, we get ρ= .
I ln ( rb ra )
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230 Current and Resistance
P27.72 The value of 11.4 A is what results from substituting the given voltage
and resistance into Equation 27.7. However, the resistance measured
for a lightbulb with an ohmmeter is not the resistance at which it
operates because of the change in resistivity with temperature. The
higher resistance of the filament at the operating temperature brings
the current down significantly.
P27.73 Let α be the temperature coefficient at 20.0°C, and α′ be the
temperature coefficient at 0°C. Then ρ = ρ0 [ 1 + α (T − 20.0°C )] and
ρ = ρ ′ [ 1 + α ′ (T − 0°C )] must both give the correct resistivity at any
temperature T. That is, we must have:
ρ0 [ 1 + α (T − 20.0°C )] = ρ ′ [ 1 + α ′ (T − 0°C )]
om
[1]
.c
ρ ′ = ρ0 [ 1 − α ( 20.0°C )]
and setting T = 20.0°C in equation [1] gives:
ρ0 = ρ ′ [ 1 + α ′ ( 20.0°C )]
ng
co
Substitute ρ′ from the first of these results into the second to obtain:
an
Therefore,
1
ng
1 + α ′ ( 20.0°C ) =
1 − α ( 20.0°C )
o
which simplifies:
du
1 1 − [ 1 − α ( 20.0°C )]
α ′ ( 20.0°C ) = −1=
1 − α ( 20.0°C ) 1 − α ( 20.0°C )
u
α ( 20.0°C )
cu
α
α ′ ( 20.0°C ) = → α′ =
1 − α ( 20.0°C ) 1 − α ( 20.0°C )
Therefore,
3.8 × 10−3 ( °C )
−1
α
α′ = =
(
[1 − α ( 20.0°C)] ⎡⎣1 − 3.8 × 10−3 (°C)−1 ( 20.0°C)⎤⎦ )
= 4.1 × 10−3 ( °C )
−1
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Chapter 27 231
dq E ⋅ A A dV dV
I= = = E ⋅ = E = −σ A = σA
dt R ρ ρ dx dx
ρ ρ0 ⎡⎣1 + α (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦ 0 ⎡⎣1 + α ′ (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
om
R= =
A0 ⎡⎣1 + α ′ (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
2
A
.
ρ 1 + α (T − T0 )
.c
= 0 0
A0 1 + α ′ (T − T0 )
ng
For copper (for T0 = 20.0°C): ρ0 = 1.700 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m ,
co
α = 3.900 × 10−3 °C−1 , and α ′ = 17.00 × 10−6 °C−1 . Then,
ρ0 0 1 + α (T − T0 )
R=
an
A0 1 + α ′ (T − T0 )
(1.700 × 10 )( 2.000) ⎡⎢ 1 + ( 3.900 × 10 °C−1 ) ( 80.00°C ) ⎤
th
−8 −3
R= ⎥
π ( 0.1000 × 10 ) ⎢⎣ 1 + ( 17.00 × 10
−3 2 °C−1 ) ( 80.00°C ) ⎥⎦
−6
ng
R = 1.418 Ω
o
du
P27.76 The wire has length , and radius r; its cross-sectional area is A (πr2, if
circular), which is proportional to r2. Because both and r change with
a temperature variation ΔT according to L = L0 ( 1 + α ′ΔT ) , the cross-
u
cu
ρ0 0
Calling R0 = at temperature T0, we have
A0
ρ0 0 ρ0 ⎡1 + α (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦ 0 ⎡⎣1 + α ′ (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
R0 = →R= ⎣
A0 ⎡⎣1 + α ′ (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
2
A0
ρ 0 ⎡⎣1 + α (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
= x
A0 ⎡⎣1 + α ′ (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
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232 Current and Resistance
which gives
1 + α (T − T0 )
R = R0
1 + α ′ (T − T0 )
P27.77 (a) Think of the device as two capacitors in parallel. The one on the
⎛ ⎞
left has κ 1 = 1 , A1 = ⎜ + x ⎟ . The equivalent capacitance is
⎝2 ⎠
κ 1 ∈0 A1 κ 2 ∈0 A2 ∈0 ⎛ ⎞ κ ∈0 ⎛ ⎞
+ = ⎜⎝ + x ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ − x ⎟⎠
d d d 2 d 2
∈0
= ( + 2x + κ − 2κ x )
om
2d
(b) The charge on the capacitor is Q = CΔV
.c
∈0 ΔV
Q= ( + 2x + κ − 2κ x )
ng
2d
The current is
co
dQ dQ dx ∈0 ΔV ∈ ΔVv
I= = = ( 0 + 2 + 0 − 2κ ) v = − 0 (κ − 1)
dt dx dt 2d d
an
The negative value indicates that the current drains charge from
th
∈0 ΔVv
the capacitor. Positive current is clockwise (κ − 1) .
d
ng
ρ d
(a) The resistance of the dielectric block is R = = .
o
P27.78
A σA
du
κ ∈0 A
The capacitance of the capacitor is C = .
d
u
cu
d κ ∈0 A κ ∈0
Then RC = = is a characteristic of the material
σA d σ
only.
(b) The resistance between the plates of the capacitor is
κ ∈0 ρκ ∈0
R= =
σC C
=
(75 × 10 16
Ω ⋅ m )( 3.78 )( 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N ⋅ m 2 )
14.0 × 10−9 F
= 1.79 × 1015 Ω
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Chapter 27 233
m
P27.79 The volume of the gram of gold is given by ρ = .
V
m 10−3 kg
V= = = 5.18 × 10−8 m 3 = A ( 2.40 × 103 m )
ρ 19.3 × 103 kg m 3
ρ ( 2.44 × 10 Ω ⋅ m ) ( 2.4 × 10 m )
−8 3
R= = −11
= 2.71 × 106 Ω
A 2.16 × 10 m 2
⎡ ⎛ eΔV ⎞ ⎤ ΔV
P27.80 Evaluate I = I 0 ⎢exp ⎜ ⎟ − 1 ⎥ and R = with
⎣ ⎝ kBT ⎠ ⎦ I
om
I0 = 1.00 × 10–9 A, e = 1.60 × 10–19 C, and kB = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
.c
Parts (a) and (b): The following includes a partial table of calculated
values and a graph for each of the specified temperatures.
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234 Current and Resistance
om
.c
ng
co
ANS. FIG. P27.80(ii)
an
ΔV ( V ) I (A) R (Ω)
ng
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Chapter 27 235
om
.c
Challenge Problems
ng
1 dρ
P27.82 (a) We are given α =
co
ρ dT
dρ T ρ
∫
= ∫ α dT . We integrate, on both
an
Separating variables,
ρ0 ρ T0
temperature T.
ng
Thus ρ = ρ0 e ( 0 )
α T −T
du
ρ ≈ ρ0 ⎡⎣1 + α (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
cu
P27.83 A spherical layer within the shell, with radius r and thickness dr, has
resistance
ρdr
dR =
4π r 2
The whole resistance is the absolute value of the quantity
rb
b ρdrrb ρ r −1 ρ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ρ ⎛ 1 1⎞
R = ∫a dR = ∫r = =− − + = −
a
4π r 2 4π −1 ra
4π ⎜⎝ ra rb ⎟⎠ 4π ⎜⎝ ra rb ⎟⎠
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236 Current and Resistance
om
The whole resistance is that of all the slices:
ρ dx
∫ w ( y + ( y – y ) ( x / L ))
L L
.c
R = dR =
x=0 0
1 2 1
(( y – y1 ) / L dx )
ng
L
=
ρ L
w y 2 – y1 ∫x=0
2
y1 + ( y 2 – y1 ) ( x / L )
co
du so
With u = y1 + ( y 2 – y1 ) x this is of the form ∫u ,
an
L
ρL
ln ⎡⎣ y1 + ( y 2 – y1 ) ( x / L ) ⎤⎦ x=0
th
L
R=
w ( y 2 – y1 )
ng
ρL ρL y
=
w ( y 2 – y1 )
( ln y 2 – ln y1 ) = ln 2
w ( y 2 – y1 ) y1
o
du
(b − r ) = (b − a )
cu
y h
ANS. FIG. P27.85
From this, the radius at a distance y from the base
y ρdy
is r = ( a − b ) + b . For a disk-shaped element of volume dR = :
h π r2
h
ρ dy
R= ∫
π 0 ⎡( a − b ) ( y h ) + b ⎤ 2
⎣ ⎦
du 1 ρ h
Using the integral formula ∫ ( au + b ) 2 =−
a ( au + b )
, R=
π ab
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Chapter 27 237
qω
P27.2
2π
P27.4 1.05 mA
P27.6 (a) 5.57 × 10–5 m/s; (b) The drift speed is smaller because more
electrons are being conducted.
P27.8 (a) 99.5 kA/m2; (b) The current is the same; (c) The current density is
smaller; (d) 0.800 cm; (e) I = 5.00 A; (f) 2.49 × 104 A/m2
(a) 2.21 × 10–7 m; (b) The potential of the nearest neighbor is very small
om
P27.10
compared to the 2 MV accelerating potential, so repulsion within the
beam is a small effect.
.c
P27.12 0.256 C
500 mA
ng
P27.14
P27.16 6.43 A
co
P27.18 1.29
1/4
an
mR 4 ⎛ ρm ⎞
P27.20 (a) ; (b)
ρρm π ⎜⎝ ρm R ⎟⎠
th
atoms
P27.24 (a) 5.58 × 10–2 kg/mol; (b) 1.41 × 105 mol/m3; (c) 8.49 × 1028 ;
m3
o
P27.28 1.98 A
cu
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238 Current and Resistance
P27.46 (a) 2.1 W; (b) 3.42 W; (c) It would not be as safe. If surrounded by
thermal insulation, it would get much hotter than a copper wire.
P27.48 $0.319
P27.50 (a) 0.530; (b) 221 J; (c) 15.1°C
P27.52 See P27.52 for full explanation.
P27.54 ~ $1
P27.56 (a) 17.3 A; (b) 22.4 MJ; (c) $0.684
P27.58 276°C
P27.60 (a) Lightbulb A = 576 Ω and Lightbulb B = 144 Ω; (b) 4.80 s; (c) The
om
charge is the same. It is at a location that is lower in potential;
(d) 0.040 0 s; (e) The energy is the same. Energy enters the lightbulb by
electric transmission and leaves by heat and electromagnetic radiation;
.c
(f) $1.98
P27.62 (a) See the table in P27.62(a); (b) 9.93 × 10−7 Ω ⋅ m; (c) The average value
ng
is within 1% of the tabulated value of 1.00 × 10−6 Ω ⋅ m given in Table
co
27.2.
P27.64 (a) Any diameter d and length related by d 2 = 4.77 × 10−8 , where d ( )
an
3
and are in meters; (b) Yes; for V = 0.500 cm of Nichrome, = 3.65 m
th
P27.68 (a) V/L in the positive x direction; (b) 4 ρL/π d2; (c) Vπ d 2 / 4 ρL;
o
⎛V⎞ V
(d) V/ρL in the positive x direction; (e) ρ J = ρ ⎜ ⎟ = = E
du
⎝ ρL ⎠ L
P27.70 See P27.70(a) for the full explanation; (b) The result is exact if the
u
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Chapter 27 239
1 + α (T − T0 )
P27.76 R = R0
1 + α ′ (T − T0 )
P27.78 (a) See P27.78 for full explanation; (b) 1.79 × 1015 Ω
P27.80 (a) See Table P27.80 (i), (ii), and (iii); (b) See ANS. FIG. P27.80 (i), (ii),
and (iii).
P27.82 (a) ρ = ρ0 eα (T −T0 ) ; (b) ρ ≈ ρ0 ⎡⎣1 + α (T − T0 ) ⎤⎦
ρL ⎛y ⎞
P27.84 ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
w ( y 2 − y1 ) ⎝ y1 ⎠
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
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