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Chapter Four - Integration
Chapter Four - Integration
Chapter Four - Integration
Compiled Note for Calculus for Economists (ECON 2011) By: Behailu Z. Page-1
ARSI UNIVERSITY – DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
Property #4: The indefinite integral of constant times a function is the Solution:
constant times the indefinite integral of the function. Recall that marginal cost is the derivative of the total cost function
and that fixed cost is cost at a zero production level. So we want to
∫ 𝒌𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 where 𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
find TC from the given MC.
Property #5: The indefinite integral of the sum/difference of two
functions is the sum/difference of the indefinite integrals. We find the indefinite integral of 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝑸𝟐 + 𝟐𝑸 and determine
the arbitrary integration constant using TC when Q=0 is given to be
∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 $2000. Therefore,
Examples: consider the indefinite integrals of the following 4.3. Techniques of Integration (Reading Assignment)
4.3.1. Integration by Substitution
𝒂) ∫ 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
4.3.2. Integration by Part
4.3.3. Integration by Partial Fraction
𝒃) ∫(𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏
𝒄) ∫ (𝒆𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪 4.4. The Definite Integral
𝒙 The definite integral is used to compute areas, probabilities, average
𝟒 −𝟐
𝒅) ∫ ( 𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝑪 values of functions, future values of continuous income streams, and
𝒙 𝒙
many other quantities.
Compiled Note for Calculus for Economists (ECON 2011) By: Behailu Z. Page-2
ARSI UNIVERSITY – DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
𝒂
Let 𝒇 be a continuous function on an interval [𝒂, 𝒃], the definite
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒂) − 𝑭(𝒂) = 𝟎
integral of 𝒇 from 𝒂 to 𝒃 is denoted as: 𝒂
Compiled Note for Calculus for Economists (ECON 2011) By: Behailu Z. Page-3
ARSI UNIVERSITY – DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
The shaded area is the area that we want to compute. We can easily
work out that the curve crosses the x-axis at x = -2 and x = 2. To find
the area, therefore, we integrate the function between -2 and 2.
You may also be asked to find the area between the curve and the y-
= 10.67 sq. unit axis. To do this, integrate with respect to y.
Areas under the x-axis will come out negative and areas above the x-
axis will be positive. This means that you have to be careful when
finding an area which is partly above and partly below the x-axis.
Compiled Note for Calculus for Economists (ECON 2011) By: Behailu Z. Page-4
ARSI UNIVERSITY – DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
4.5. Economic Applications of Integrals
4.5.1. Consumers and Producers Surplus
An inverse demand function 𝑷 = 𝒇(𝑸), represents the different
prices consumers are willing to pay for different quantities of a good.
Consumer surplus is a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount
the buyer actually pays for it. Total benefit to consumers, called
consumers’ surplus, is depicted by the shaded area in the following
graph.
Mathematically,
𝑸
Producer’s surplus = 𝑷𝑸 − ∫ 𝒈(𝑸)𝒅𝑸
𝟎
Solution:
𝟗
Mathematically,
Consumer’s surplus = ∫ (𝟏𝟏𝟎 − 𝑸𝟐 )𝒅𝑸 − 𝑷𝑸
𝑸 𝟎
Consumer’s surplus = ∫ 𝒇(𝑸)𝒅𝑸 − 𝑷𝑸 𝟏 𝟗
(𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑸 + 𝑸𝟑 ) 𝟎 = [𝑭(𝟗) − 𝑭(𝟎)] − 𝑷𝑸
𝟎 𝟑
And similarly, the inverse supply function 𝑷 = 𝒈(𝑸), represents the = (𝟕𝟒𝟕 − 𝟎) − (𝟐𝟗)(𝟗) = 𝟒𝟖𝟔
prices at which producers will supply different quantities of a good.
Example: Given an inverse supply function as 𝑷 = (𝑸 + 𝟔)𝟐 and
Producer surplus is an economic measure of the difference between assuming that at market equilibrium at 𝑸 = 𝟑 estimate the
the amount a producer of a good receives and the minimum amount producer’s surplus.
the producer is willing to accept for the good. Solution:
𝟑
Producer’s surplus = 𝑷𝑸 − ∫ ((𝑸 + 𝟔)𝟐 )𝒅𝑸
𝟎
Compiled Note for Calculus for Economists (ECON 2011) By: Behailu Z. Page-5
ARSI UNIVERSITY – DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
A producer’s marginal cost is given as 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟖 𝑸𝟐 − 𝑸 + 𝟑𝟐𝟎. What
𝑷𝑸 − (𝑸 + 𝟔)𝟑 𝟎 = 𝑷𝑸 − [𝑭(𝟑) − 𝑭(𝟎)]
𝟑 is the 𝑻𝑪 of producing 2 extra units if 6 units are currently being
𝟏 produced?
= [(𝟑)(𝟖𝟏)] − (𝟗𝟑 − 𝟔𝟑 ) = 𝟕𝟐
𝟑
Solution
4.5.2. Total Function Derivation from Marginal Function 𝟖 𝟖
𝟏
Using integrals total functions and their values can be estimated from 𝑻𝑪(𝟖) − 𝑻𝑪(𝟔) = ∫ (𝑴𝑪)𝒅𝑸 = ∫ ( 𝑸𝟐 − 𝑸 + 𝟑𝟐𝟎) 𝒅𝑸
𝟔 𝟔 𝟖
a given marginal functions. Take a look at into the following practical 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
[ 𝑸 − 𝑸 + 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝑸] 𝟔
application exercises: 𝟐𝟒 𝟐
𝟏
A firm’s Marginal Cost function is given as 𝑴𝑪 = 𝑸𝟐 − 𝟔𝑸 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟑
where 𝑸 is the unit of output produced. Fixed cost is given to be
$𝟐𝟖𝟎. Find the 𝑻𝑪 as a function of 𝑸. A firm’s marginal revenue is 𝑴𝑹 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝑸 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑸𝟐 , then
find the total revenue 𝑻𝑹
Solution: Solution:
𝟐
𝑻𝑪 = ∫(𝑴𝑪)𝒅𝑸 = ∫(𝑸𝟐 − 𝟔𝑸 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓 )𝒅𝑸 𝑻𝑹 = ∫(𝑴𝑹)𝒅𝑸 = ∫ (𝟒𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝑸 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑸 ) 𝒅𝑸
Compiled Note for Calculus for Economists (ECON 2011) By: Behailu Z. Page-6