Nicole L.

Maningo XI-PASCAL : General Biology I

Chapter VI: Photosynthesis

REVIEW!
1. Which of the following components is not used by both plants and cyanobacteria to carry out
photosynthesis?
a. chloroplasts c. carbon dioxide
b. chlorophyll d. water

2. What two main products result from photosynthesis?

a. oxygen and carbon dioxide c. sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen
b. chlorophyll and oxygen d. sugars/carbohydrates and carbon dioxide

3. In which compartment of the plant cell do the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
a. thylakoid c. outer membrane
b. stroma d. mesophyll

4. Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct?

a. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks. c. The space surrounding thylakoids is called
b. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded stroma.
membranes. d. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll.

5. Which of the following structures is not a component of a photosystem?

a. ATP Synthase
b. Antenna molecule
c. Reaction center
d. Primary electron selector

6. How many photons does it take to fully reduce one molecule of NADPH+ to NADPH?
a. 1 c. 4
b. 2 d. 8

7. Which complex is not involved in the establishment conditions for ATP Synthase?
a. Photosystem I c. Photosystem II
b. ATP Synthase d. Cytochrome complex
8. From which component of light-independent reactions does NADPH form most directly?
a. Photosystem II c. Cytochrome complex
b. Photosystem I d. ATP Synthase

9. Which molecule must enter the Calvin cycle continually for the light-independent reactions to take place?
a. RuBisCo
b. RuBP
c. 3-PGA
d. CO2
e.
 CRITICAL THINKING

1. What are the roles of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis?

In photosynthesis, ATP has been referred to as currency for energy in cells because it plays an important role. It is
used during the light dependent reactions to split water into oxygen, electrons and protons by using light energized
electrons. Then these electrons are transferred through the embedded electron transport chain (ETC) in the thylakoid
membrane which causes an up take of protons into the lumen of thylakoid thereby creating a proton gradient. This leads to
an accumulation of protons hence formation of ATP by enzyme known as ATP synthase; it uses adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Consequently, ATP acts like a donkey transporting sunlight’s energy on its back, and
this occurs through storage in high-energy phosphate bonds.

NADPH, which is also known as another important compound for photosynthesis, serves as a reducing agent that
indirectly fuels Calvin cycle by-passing high-energy electrons to it. ATP thus produced in electron transport chain removes
the electrons taken from water while pumping protons out of thylakoid thereby creating a proton gradient. This proton
gradient generates ATP and reduces NADP+ to NADPH. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme NADP+ reductase,
which combines ETC’s electron transfer to NADP+ resulting in the formation of NADPH. During carbon fixation process
in Calvin cycle, high-energy electrons of NADPH are used to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.

The conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates is necessary for building organic molecules needed for plant
growth and sustenance. Both ATP and NADPH are required for all these reactions occurring simultaneously. The
synthesis of sugar molecules during the Calvin cycle is facilitated by ATP whereas reduction of carbon dioxide is only
feasible when there is enough supply of NADPH. The close coupling between these two compounds leads to effective
utilization of solar energy leading to efficient production of organic compounds hence plants grow and develop organisms
such as animals feed on glucose where they get energy from this molecule that has been synthesized through photosynthesis
thus making them survive well in their respective ecological niches.

2. Why are stromata usually more abundant in the lower epidermis of the leaf?

One of the primary causes of the predominance on lower epidermis is conservation of water. Putting stomata under
the leaf parts can prevent water loss from the plant via transpiration. Due to the fact that sweet wine is kept in darker and
more protected areas of the chamber than the wine collected from the upper part, which could get direct sunlight and wind
exposure, the stomata positioned there prevents excessive evaporation. This aspect of the irrigation system overall supports
the biocenosis functioning, especially in the situation with drought or high temperature.

Besides that, openings of stomata on the lower epidermis have been ensured for them to face the least of damage in
terms of photodamage. Thus, keeping stomata from direct lighting, the lower eyepiece of a plant ensures the plant won't
lose water or become structurally harmed due to the dangerous sun heat or brightness. The hint is thus made that this
construction ensures the proper opening and closure of stomata, which in turn, lead to the oxygen exchange that is a
necessary process for getting photosynthesis and plant health at large.

The fact that stomata are located on the underside of the leaf face extends the leaf by the entrance of dust and
pollutants in the stomata. Leaf particles are positioned on their tops, due to the fact that wind and airflow immigrate on
other surfaces and come to rest on leaf substance. Penancing stomata on the lower epidermis rather than on the upper
epidermis can mean that the stomata aren’t obstructed as much at all. Thus, the plants can do photosynthesis easily and
without difficulty. The allocation of the stomata in the leaf also boosts carbon dioxide absorbance. The CO2 level localizes
usually close to ground surface because of wind and the green vegetation surrounding the plants. On the other hand,
locating the stomata on the lower side ensures the optimization of such a gradient, making it easier for plants to assimilate
CO2 for photosynthesis. Therefore, this demonstrates how the plant is capable of fixating the carbon for photosynthesis and
also metabolism.
 3. Why does it take three turns of the Calvin Cycle to produce G3P, the initial product of photosynthesis?

The Calvin Cycle which takes up carbon dioxide and converts it into organic molecules by cycling three times produces one
molecule of G3P (Glyceraldehyde Phosphate), the output of photosynthesis. Each Cycle the Carbon atom of CO2 molecule
in incorporated into an organic compound, RuBisCO aka ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), that forms two molecules of 3-
phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). At the following stages, G3P is produced from each 3-PGA molecule during series of
consecutive enzymatic conversions. Since the Calvin Cycle only produces one molecule of carbon dioxide per cycle, three
complete cycles are mandatory to get a net gain of a single G3P molecule, hence revealing the cycle’s efficiency of chasing
atmospheric carbons into energy molecules plants can use.

Chapter VII: Cellular Respiration

REVIEW!
1. The energy currency used by cells is __________.
a. ATP
b. ADP
c. AMP
d. adenosine

2.A reducing chemical reaction__________.

a. reduces a compound to a simpler form
b. adds an electron to the substrate
c. removes a hydrogen atom from a substrate
d. is a catabolic reaction

3. What occurs during the second half of glycolysis?

a. ATP is used up
b. Fructose is split into two
c. ATP is made
d. Glucose becomes fructose

4.What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group??
a. oxygen
b. ATP
c. B Vitamin
d. carbon dioxide

5. What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?

a. They become part of a fermentation pathway
b. They go to another pathway for ATP Production
c. They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric acid cycle

6. GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of?

a. Isocitrate into a-ketoglutarate
b. Succinyl CoA into succinate
c. Fumarate into malate
d. Malate into oxaloacetate
 7. How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. four
8. What compound receives electrons from NADH?
a. FMN
b. Ubiquinone c1
c. Cytochrome
d. Oxygen

9. Chemiosmosis involves________________.
a. The movement of electrons across the cell membranes
b. The movement of hydrogen atoms across a mitochondrial membrane
c. The movement oh hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane
d. The movement of glucose through the cell membrane

10. Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?
a. Lactic acid fermentation
b. Alcohol fermentation
c. Mixed acid fermentation
d. Propionic fermentation

CRITICAL THINKING

4. What is the primary difference between a circular pathway and a linear pathway?

In a circular route, the final product of a reaction is also the starting material. The pathway is self-perpetuating as
long as any of its intermediates are available. Circular paths can contain several entry and exit points, making them ideal for
amphibolic pathways. In a linear pathway, one trip completes the pathway, while the second journey is an independent
occurrence; with no recycling of intermediate metabolites back to the starting substrate.

5. Why do we still need energy when we sleep?

During somnolence, our bodies stay somewhat active with vital functions that need energy to sustain human life.
While the total metabolic rate declines at night, crucial processes like repairing tissues, regulating hormones, and keeping
the brain functioning go on. Energy is necessary for supporting these biological tasks such as preserving cellular integrity,
controlling body temperature and aiding neural activities like memory consolidation and dreaming. Also, fundamental
bodily operations including respiration, blood circulation and digestion persist through slumbering hours requiring energy
to keep them running. Thus, in a state of repose our bodies continue to use up energy when executing critical chores
indispensable for healthiness and wellness.

6. What is the difference primary difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration?

Fermentation generates ATP only via the glycolysis pathway in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis
happens in the cytoplasm of cells and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, which generates a tiny
amount of ATP and NADH. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate ferments into a variety of organic end
products, including ethanol and lactic acid. These organic molecules serve as the final electron acceptors,
allowing the regeneration of NAD+ required for glycolysis to proceed. Thus, fermentation regenerates NAD+
and sustains glycolysis, but with a lower ATP production than aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration, in contrast, uses an alternate final electron acceptor, such as nitrate, sulfate, or
another inorganic molecule, rather of oxygen. This enables for the continuing of electron flow through the
ETC, albeit at a lower redox potential than oxygen. As a result, ATP is produced by substrate-level
phosphorylation during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, as well as via the electron transport chain, but at a
lower yield than aerobic respiration.

In conclusion, while both fermentation and anaerobic respiration generate energy in the absence of
oxygen, they differ in their reliance on glycolysis vs the use of several components of cellular respiration, such
as the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.