Teknologi Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman

Part 11

Important diseases on groundnut

and their management
Satriyo Restu Adhi, S.P., M.P.
Program Studi Agroteknologi
Fakultas Pertanian Unsika
2021

1
 Sequences pembelajaran week 9 to 13

Student
discussion
Soybean
diseases &
Groundnut their
(Arachis management
Maize diseases hypogaea)
and their diseases &
Important management management
diseases on
curcubitaceae
– solanaceae &
management

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 Description

Name of course Teknologi Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman

(TPPT)
Lecturers Lutfi Afifah, S.P., M.Si
Satriyo Restu Adhi, S.P., M.P.
Ir. Tatang Surjana, M.S.
Topic content Important diseases on groundnuts & their
management
Number of week 1

Learning outcomes • Students are able to understand the important

diseaseas on groundnuts.
• Students are able to design the management
strategies for groundnuts diseases based on
the characteristics of the pathogens.

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 Background
Kacang tanah dibudidayakan karena biji dan biomasanya dapat
digunakan untuk keperluan pangan, pakan, dan bahan industri.
Kebutuhan kacang tanah di tingkat nasional dari tahun ke tahun terus
meningkat.

Sementara itu, produksi nasional tahunan dalam lima tahun terakhir

(2015-2019) mengalami penurunan dari 605.449 ton menjadi
420.099 ton akibat adanya penurunan luas panen dan produktivitas,
masing-masing dari 454.349 ha menjadi 332.883 ha, dan dari 1,33
t/ha menjadi 1,26 t/ha (Balitkabi, 2021).

Picture: Google Images

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 Important diseases per growth stages of crops

Vegetative phase Generative phase

• Bacterial wilt (10-60%) • Bacterial wilt (10-60%)
• Rust (10-52%) • Rust (10-52%)
• Leaf spot (early & late) (15-80%) • Leaf spot (early & late) (15-80%)
• Peanut stripe-mottle virus (≤ 50%) • Peanut stripe-mottle virus (≤ 50%)

Picture: Google Images

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BACTERIAL WILT A

Causal agents:
Ralstonia solanacearum (bacteria)

B
Flagel

Oval –
Gram-negative bacterua;
spherical berbentuk batang pendek
(bulat)
conidia

Symptoms:
Infection of young plants can result in sudden wilting and death
(leaves still in green); Infection of mature plant result in loss of
turgidity – leaves become light green chlorotic, curl at the tips. C
The vascular system on root become plugged & discolored.
Masses of bacteria ooze are present in water when cut ends of
infected roots/stem.

Favourable conditions for diseases development:

Saphrophyte on soil/debris; aerobic bacteria; sensitif to drought
condition; optimal temperature 25-30°C. Infeksi melalui luka
and/or lubang alami; Wide range hosts (include on weeds).
Plant become wilting , but still green (A);
discolored on infected stem (B); bacterial ooze
(C) (ICRISAT, 2012; Rahau, 2015).

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 Source: Priou et a;., 2011

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 Picture: Balamurugan et a;., 2021

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 LEAF RUST A

Causal agents:
Puccinia arachidis (fungal)

Dark grey – black culture

isolate / mycelium

subglobose, ellipsoidal or obovoid

Symptoms:
Usually found at 6 weeks after planting; Rust infection causes
leaves to turn yellow, dry and curl, but mostly they remain attached
C
to the plant; On the leaves, the pustules are round, 0.5 to 1.5 mm
diameter, and yellow at first, rapidly turning orange and then red-
brown appear on the lower surface;

Favourable conditions for diseases development:

Obligate parasite; source of inoculum (uredospores) spreading by
wind; High RH (above 85%), heavy rainfall and low temperature
(20-25°C) are optimal for development; An optimum temperature
Groundnut rust as it appear in the field (A);
of 20°C, prolonged leaf wetness hours chloro-necro yellowing on leaves (B) orange-red
brown pustules (Hughes, 2014)

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 Long germ tube

Source: Mondal & Badigganavar (2015)

Source: Mondal & Badigganavar (2015)

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 LEAF SPOT / TIKKA DISEASES
Causal agents:
Cercospora arachidicola (early leaf spot); Cercospora personata
(late leaf spot) (fungal)
Seperti gada bersekat

C. personata
C. arachidicola

Symptoms:
B
Primary symptoms are appearing in 30 days of plants. C. arachidicola
spot are almost circular to irregular (1-10mm) surrounded by bright
yellow halo & dark brown center; C. personata spot are small (1-6
mm) almost circular and dark colored spot (more severe between
flowering until harvesting 60-harvest)

Favourable conditions for diseases development:

Soil borne diseases; spread by wind; primary infection caused by Early leaf spot (A); Late leaf spot (B)

conidia founf on the plant debris in the soil; spore are viable in the soil
for a long time; High RH and low temperature is essential for initiating
the fungal infection; High nitrogen increases diseases intensity.

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 Kumar at al. (2016)

C. arachidicola C. personata

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 (Kumar & Thirumalaisamy, 2016)

C. arachidicola C. personata

Konidiofornya bersekat Konidiofornya tidak bersekat

C. arachidicola C. personata
Picture: Google Images

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 Perfect stages /
sexual stages name

Cercospora arachidis
Nama di Indonesia
(asexual stages)

Disease cycles of early leaf spot,

caused by Cercospora arachidicola,.
(Prepared by Nancy Browning)

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 Perfect stages /
sexual stages name

Cercospora personata
Nama di Indonesia
(asexual stages)

Disease cycles of late leaf spot,

caused by Cercospora personata,.
(Prepared by Nancy Browning)

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 Diseases Monitoring
Diseases Monitoring
Bacterial wilt Disease incidence
Leaf rust Disease severity
Leaf spot Diseases severity
Peanut stripe virus Disease incidence
Peanut mottle virus Disease incidence

Disease severity score for Cercospora leaf spot disease of groundnut (Ngegba et al., 2016)

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 Diseases Monitoring

(Kamble & Patil, 2019)

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 Integrated strategies for diseases management
Strategies BW Rust LS Desc.
Based on diseases cycle and/or their
Best planting time √ √ √
charachteristic
For soilborne pathogens & foliar
Crop rotation √ √ √ diseases, with non-host (other family
e.g. millet, cowpea, sorghum)
Dipilih tergantung ketersediaan
Resistant varieties √ √ √ varietas & tingkat keparahan di lokasi
tanam serta potensi hasil
Managing micro climate (canopy, RH,
Spacing management √ √ √
tempt., air)
Soil tillage and/or media For soilborne pathogens (bacterial
√ - √
treatment wilt & leaf spot)
Pemupukan berimbang (nitrogen
Fertilizer management √ √ √ berlebih meningkatkan tikka
diseases)
Managing micro climate (RH, tempt.,
Water management √ √ √
porosity, air)
Reduced weeds (alternative hosts &
Good sanitation √ √ √ voluntir), plant debris, equipment,
menghindari luka mekanis (bakteri)
Aplikasi pestisida nabati/bahan alam
Botanical pesticides - √ √
After monitoring disease intensity,
Chemical pesticides √ √ √ preventive to eradicative

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PLANTING MATERIAL

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PLANTING MATERIAL

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BOTANICAL PESTICIDES

Source: Kamble & Patil, 2019

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BOTANICAL PESTICIDES Source: Ngegba et al., 2016

Tridax procumbens Tithonia diseversifolia

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FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT

Pemupukan berimbang
menekan intensitas penyakit
layu

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CHEMICAL PESICIDES

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 STUDENT ASSIGNMENT

Individual
• Resume materi, submit via classroom

• Tambahkan bahasan di resume mengenai:

• Penyakit virus belang (PStV - Peanut stripe virus & PMV - Peanut mottle
virus)
• serta aflatoxin pada kacang tanah.

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