QUIZ 03

Name: Moaz Raza

Registration Number: FA21-BEE-112
Section: B
Course: Applied Physics For Engineers
Advisor: Mam Samra Syed
Date: 01-01-2022

Q- Application of total internal reflection: Optical fibers?

Ans- Total internal reflection is used in fiber optics which has
number of advantages in telecommunication fields. Fiber optics
consist of hair size thread of glass or plastic through which live
can travel.

The inner part of the fiber optics called cone that career the light
and an outer concentric shell is called cladding. The cone is
made up of glass or plastic of relatively high index of refraction.
The cladding is made up of glass or plastic but of relatively low
refractive index. Light entering from one end of the cone strikes
cone cladding boundary at an angle of incidence greater then
critical angle and is reflected back into the cone. In this way
light travels many kilometer with small loss of energy.
Optical fiber uses this reflection to "trap" fiber in the core of the
fiber by choosing core and cladding materials with the proper
index of refraction that will cause all the light to be reflected if
the angle of the light is below a certain angle. We call that "total
internal reflection."

There is an angle that for any given fiber defines total internal reflection.
At higher angles a ray of light will still be refracted but not enough to be
reflected back into the core, so it is lost in the cladding of the fiber.
Below that angle, it will be reflected back into the core of the fiber and
transmitted to the end of the fiber. The angle of total internal reflection
defines the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber, a standard fiber
specification.