Republic of the Philippines

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

College of Industrial Education

Ayala Boulevard cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila 1000

Telefax (02) 523-2293, Tel Nos. (632) 521 – 4063, Website: http://www.tup.edu.ph

SEM 2

Seminar in General Education for Teachers

Second Semester S.Y 2023-2024

Philippine History and Society
ACTIVITY NO. 4
NAME: _____________________________________________ DATE: __________________________
SECTION: __________________________________________ SCHEDULE: _____________________

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
A. Demonstrate understanding of the significant periods in Philippine history.
B. Relate the significant periods of Philippine history with transformation of society

DIRECTION: Answer the following questions:

1. Describe the Earliest people in the Philippines.

2. Explain the following theory of Migration
a. Pygmies- We argue that human pygmy populations and adaptations evolved independently as the result
of a life history trade off between the fertility benefits of larger body size against the costs of late
growth cessation, under circumstances of significant young and adult mortality.
b. Indonesia- Close to 70% of Indonesian migrant workers placed overseas in 2019 came from the Java
region, especially from East Java.
c. Malays- The net migration rate for Malaysia in 2022 was 1.518 per 1000 population, a 1.3% decline
from 2021. The net migration rate for Malaysia in 2021 was 1.538 per 1000 population, a 1.22%
decline from 2020.
3. Explain the influence and impact of Early contact with Asian countries
a. Arabs - Arabic forms an initial basis for understanding many of the most important concepts shared by
members of the larger Muslim umma, or Muslim community, within many diverse cultural communities.
For example, the word sunna.
b. India - Southeast Asia was in the Indian sphere of cultural influence from 290 BCE to the 15th century
CE, when Hindu-Buddhist influences were incorporated into local political systems. Kingdoms in the
southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent had established trade, cultural and political relations with
Southeast Asian kingdoms in Burma, Bhutan, Thailand, the Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula,
Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, and Champa.
c. China - China is often viewed, incorrectly, as if it existed as a monolithic whole over centuries,
possessed the same political and security outlook at each stage of its development, and behaved as a
modern nation state does today. In particular, some observers blithely assert that China always sought
to dominate its world in hard power terms, often succeeded in doing so, and will naturally seek such a
position of dominance in the future.
d. Japan - The first of these impacts started with Japan’s startling victory over China in the Sino-Japanese
War of 1895. Japan’s success in the war with China was a product of the Meiji Restoration of 1868
when the Meiji Emperor and his allies defeated the Tokugawa Shōgun’s forces, moved the capital
from Kyoto to Tokyo and started to modernize the nation.
4. Describe the early Culture of the Philippines (Pre-Spanish period)
The Philippines was inhabited by various indigenous ethnic groups, each with its own language,
customs, and traditions. These groups lived in different regions across the archipelago, fostering a rich
tapestry of cultures. Societies were generally organized into kinship-based structures, with families forming
 the basic unit of society. Leadership roles were often held by elders or individuals with prestige, and some
communities had hierarchies based on wealth or warrior status.

5. Describe the following Economic Policies during the Spanish Period:

a. Taxation - During these times, taxes that were collected from the inhabitants varied from tribute or head
tax of one gold maiz annually; tax on the value of jewelry and gold trinkets; indirect taxes on tobacco,
wine, cockpits, burlas, and powder.
b. Forced Labor - was the forced labor system without compensation imposed upon the local population in
the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. In concept, it was similar to Repartimiento, a forced
labor system used in the Spanish America.
c. Encomiend- was a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the
Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization. Under this system, leaders of the
indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, minerals, or by providing laborers.
d. Galleon Trade or Manila Acapulco Trade- can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and
Manila that was operational from 1565 to 1815. The galleons sailed the Pacific, bringing to the
Americas cargoes of Chinese and other Asian luxury goods such as spices and porcelain in exchange
for New World silver.
e. Tobacco Monopoly- During the first fifty years of its existence, from 1782 to about 1832, this monopoly
was designed to extract maximum return from the sale of tobacco by the maintenance of a state
monopoly in the marketing of tobacco in the domestic market of the Philippines.

6. Describe the following aspect during the Spanish Period

a. Political Changes- Introduction of Catholicism and the establishment of a highly centralized government.
Spanish colonization brought about a profound transformation in the religious and political landscape
of the country.
b. Religious influence - Catholicism rapidly spread during the early years of Spanish colonialism, in part
due to a lack of otherwise centralized religious institutions, other than Islam in the south, which might
have challenged it.
c. Social Transformation- During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, the social structure was
hierarchical and based on a system of caste and race. The Spanish colonial authorities divided the
population into various social classes based on their ancestry, occupation, and ethnicity.

7. Identify and explain factors that paved way for the development of NATIONALISM among the Filipinos.
8. Identify and explain policies implemented during the American Occupation.
9. Describe how the Japanese colonize the Philippines.
10. Explain the following forms of Government. Cite example for each.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT DEFINITION EXAMPLE

a. Democracy A system of government by the Presidential Elections, Referendum.

whole population or all the eligible
members of state, typically through
elected representatives.
b. Aristocracy The highest class in certain Duke, Duchess, Baron, Baroness,
societies, especially those holding etc.
hereditary titles or office.
c. Monarchy A system of government in which Saudi Arabia is governed by a
one person reigns, usually a king or monarchy: a nation or state having
queen. a monarchical government
d. Parliamentary The president is elected every 5 An example of a parliamentary
years by an electoral college republic is Germany, which has a
composed of members of national president as its head of state.
parliament and state legislatures.
e. Presidential Is a form of government, in which a
head of government, typically with
the title of president leads an
executive branch that is separate
from legislative branch in systems
that use separation powers.
f. Federal It is refer to the national
government. The voting age is
 determined by the federal
government while the driving age is
decided on a state basis.
g. Military Is relating to the armed forces of a AFP, Army, Navy, etc.
country.
h. Revolutionary Is someone who supports abrupt,
rapid and drastic change.
i. De Jure Used to distinguish between For example, Germany has
situations determined by legal designated German as its de jure
status as opposed to situations official language.
determined by practice.
j. De Facto Something generally accepted or
agreed to without any formal
decision in its favor.
k. Civil Include the ensuring of peoples' The prohibition of discrimination
physical and mental integrity, life based on race, ethnicity, religion,
and safety; protection from and gender.
discrimination on grounds such as
race, gender, national origin, colour,
sexual orientation, ethnicity,
religion, or disability.

11. Describe the forms of government during the different period in Philippine history:
a. The Pre Spanish Government - Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos lived in
villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or datus.
b. The Spanish Government - The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish
colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the
Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in
Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican.
c. The Revolutionary Government- Was a revolutionary government established in the Spanish East
Indies on June 23, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, by Emilio Aguinaldo, its initial and only
president.
d. The American Government- The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands
(Spanish: Gobierno militar estadounidense de las Islas Filipinas; Tagalog: Pamahalaang Militar ng
Estados Unidos sa Kapuluang Pilipinas) was a military government in the Philippines established by
the United States on August 14, 1898.
1. The Military Government- By protecting the country from terrorism and other forms of threats,
irrespective of their civilian or military nature, the armed forces of the Philippines play an
important role in ensuring peace and harmony.
2. The Civil Government- On July 1st, 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippines
Act, which provided the Philippines with limited autonomy. On July 4, 1902, the United States
Government replaced the Philippines military government with a civilian administration
headed by William Howard Taft.
3. The Commonwealth Government - A presidential system of government with a unicameral
legislature was provided for in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
Through the National Assembly, it was empowered to adopt laws for the Philippines, known
as the Commonwealth Act.

e. The Japanese Government- The Philippines was occupied by Japan for almost 3 years during the
World War II in the 1940s. During this period, a new government structure, often referred to as a
puppet government, was set up by the Japanese military authorities, and a number of Filipinos served
in it.
f. Third Philippine Republic- When the United States recognized the Philippines' independence, the
Third Republic of the Philippines was established. It was preceded by the Second Republic, under
Japanese Occupation, the Commonwealth, and Aguinaldo's First Republic.

1. The Katipunan -Following Masonic rituals and ideals, a group of Filipinos intent in overthrowing Spanish rule
established itself in 1892 with the goal of planning armed resistance and terrorist assassinations in complete secrecy.
2. The Biak na Bato Republic - Overall, the Biak-na-Bato plan was a style of leadership marked by grace and the
diligent care of true patriotism, which served to temper the government's authoritarian beginnings through self-
imposed constraints
3. The Dictatorial Government - After Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from exile in Hong Kong on May
24, 1898, he formally established the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines (Spanish: Gobierno Dictatorial de
Filipinas), an insurgent government in the Spanish East Indies during the Spanish–American War.

4. The Revolutionary Government - Was a revolutionary government established in the Spanish East Indies on June
23, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, by Emilio Aguinaldo, its initial and only president.
5. The First Philippine Republic- The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), now officially remembered as
the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos,
Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898).

12. Describe the administration and accomplishment of the following presidents:

a. Pres. Manuel Roxas- Roxas became a member of the Capiz Municipal Council in 1917, serving until
1919. From 1919 to 1922, he was the youngest provincial governor in Capiz. In 1922, Roxas was
elected to the Philippines' House of Representatives and has served as Speaker for twelve years in a
row.
b. Pres. Elpidio Quirino- During his six years as president, Quirino had experienced significant postwar
reconstruction, broad economic growth and an increase in US trade assistance.
c. Pres. Ramon Magsaysay- In order to defeat communistMarxist movements in Southeast Asia, South
Asia and the Pacific Southwest, he founded a treaty organization called the SEA Treaty Organization,
which is also referred to as the Manila Pact of 1954. He transformed Malacaang into an "house of the
people" in his term, opening its doors to the general public.
d. Pres. Carlos Garcia- The revival of the Filipino culture has also been a focus of the Garcia
administration. The Republic's Cultural Award has been established for that purpose. Filipino artists,
scientists, historians, and writers have been awarded the prize to this day.
e. Pres. Diosdado Macapagal- Macapagal was trying to stamp out corruption and boost growth in the
Philippines when he became president. He introduced the first land reform law in the country, placed
the peso on the free exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls.
f. Pres. Ferdinand Marcos- He chose to serve as his own defense minister and was able to exert a direct
influence on military leadership. He has also significantly increased the budget of the military, making
use of them in public projects such as building schools.
g. Pres. Corazon Aquino- She's a woman president from the Philippines. As president, Aquino led the
drafting of a 1987 Constitution that limited President's powers and reinstituted bicameral Congresses
in order to remove previous dictatorial government structures.
h. Pres. Fidel Ramos- Economic growth and stability have been observed in the Philippines. Ramos' vision
of "Philippines 2000" led the country to become a new industrialised country in the world and a tiger
cub economy in Asia. Ramos ended the government's monopoly over the skies and opened aviation to
new players.
i. Pres. Joseph Estrada - Estrada created the Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force (PAOCTF) to
minimize, if not totally eradicate, car theft and worsening kidnapping cases in the country. The
Philippine National Police has achieved a record high trust rating of +53 % with the assistance of this
task force.
j. Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo- During his presidency, Macapagal worked to combat corruption and
promote economic growth in the Philippines. In addition to establishing the country's initial law on land
reform, he set up a free currency exchange market for the peso and liberalised controls on
international money supply and imports.
k. Pres. Benigno Simeon Aquino- By establishing a K12 education system, Quino has brought about the
reform of the country's primary educational system. He enacted the Reproductive Health Bill, providing
universal access to methods on contraception.
l. Pres. Rodrigo Duterte- The victory of Duterte in the 2016 presidential election was a result of his
electoral campaign. During his presidency, his domestic policy focused on combating the illegal drug
trade by initiating the controversial war on drugs, fighting crime and corruption, and intensified efforts
against terrorism and communist insurgency.
13. Describe the following:
a. Malolos Constitution- In 1899, the First Philippine Republic, which lasted from 1899 to 1901, drafted and
adopted the Malolos Constitution, the first Philippine Constitution, which was the first of its kind in Asia.
The Philippines had been governed by the laws of the United States during the American occupation.
 b. 1935 Constitution- In 1935, the Philippines adopted a constitution that established a Republic with
separate branches of government to provide for citizens' rights and responsibilities, including
provisions on citizenship, suffrage, natural resources, civil service as well as relations with the US.
c. 1973 Constitution- The 1973 Philippines Constitution lays down the national territory, principles and
policies of the state, citizenship criteria as well as fundamental rights and protection for persons.
d. 1973 Constitution- The 1973 Philippines Constitution lays down the national territory, principles and
policies of the state, citizenship criteria as well as fundamental rights and protection for persons.
e. 1987 Constitution- In the Philippines, the Constitution of 1987 is the basic law. It sets up the structure,
policies, roles and duties of the Philippines government. It contains the Bill of Rights (article III), and
sets out the State's obligations to promote and uphold social justice and human rights (article XIII).

14. Identify the different article of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Briefly explain each article.

The 18 articles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:

National Territory (I)- The archipelago of the Philippines is composed of all islands and waters included therein, as
well as any other territory within which the Philippines have sovereign rights or jurisdiction.
Declaration of Principles and State Policies Principles (II) - The basic ideological principles and policies that underlie
the Constitution are set out in this statement.
Bill of Rights (III) - By limiting the legal powers of the State, it is designed to establish a relationship between an
individual and the state which determines his or her rights.
Citizenship (IV)- Naturalborn Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth, without performing any act in order to
obtain or maintain their national nationality.
Suffrage (V)- Any citizen of the Philippines who has not been previously prohibited by law, having attained a
minimum age of 18 and residing in the Philippines for at least one year shall be entitled to exercise this right.
Legislative Department (VI)- It is the responsibility of the legislative branch of government to make laws in the
country.
Executive Department (VII)- The principal administrative unit of the Executive Office of the State Government, which
is responsible for a wide range of functions.
Judicial Department (VIII)- The judicial branch of government refers to a system of courts in the country. Judiciaries
are responsible for interpreting and applying a country's laws in particular cases, and can also be invested with the
power to strike down laws that it deems unconstitutional.
Constitutional Commissions (IX)- The Commission for Civil Service, the Commission for Elections and the
Commission for Audit. Section 2. No other office or job shall be held by a member of the Constitutional Commission
during his time in office.
Local Government (X)- Counties, municipalities, or cities and towns, which are also known as boroughs in Alaska
and parishes in Louisiana. The counties are divided into municipalities in some States.
Accountability Of Public Officers (XI)- A public office is a public trust. At all times, public servants and workers must
be accountable to the citizens, serve them with a high degree of accountability, integrity, loyalty, efficiency, act in
accordance with patriotic justice as well as live modestly.
National Economy and Patrimony (XII)- The three objectives of the national economy, i.e. equity, growth and
productivity, as well as strategies and guidelines for achieving these objectives, such as developing a selfreliant
economy, promoting industrialization and full employment or protecting Filipino.
Social Justice and Human Rights (XIII)- Respect, protection and promotion of human rights are carried out for all.
Everyone's entitled to the same opportunities and resources that are needed for his or her success.
Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports (XIV)- The State must provide quality education for all
and does everything to reach out the farthest community to educate each citizen of the country for free as much as
possible.
The Family (XV) - The Law on Conjugal Property Relations, Rules for the Determination of filiation as well as the
rules applicable to support, guardianship and adoptions.
General Provisions (XVI) - Balance sheet items consisting of funds held by a company as assets for the purpose of
paying in due course expected losses.
Amendments or Revisions (XVII) - An amendment shall be broadly defined as a change which, without changing the
basic principles at issue, is inserted, reduced or deleted.
 Transitory Provisions (XVIII) - That the incumbent members of the Constitutional Commissions shall continue in
office for one year after the ratification of this Constitution under their existing appointments at the discretion of the
appointing power.

15. Explain the meaning of society and culture.

A society is the group of people who live together in a community with shared traditions, values and
institutions. Culture is the way in which social norms and behaviour are found within a society, e.g. customs,
habits, beliefs or regulations.

16. Identify and explain the components of culture.

Values and beliefs- The values embedded in the culture are vital to spreading and training its beliefs. Beliefs are the
foundation or convictions that people believe to be true. There are certain beliefs in society, but there is also a shared
bond of values.
Norms- Formal and informal rules on the acceptability and appropriateness of certain types of behaviour within a
culture.
Symbols- Language, gesture, values, customs, heritage, music, colours and so on are cultural elements that can be
expressed in a range of different ways but not limited to.
Language- This is one of the most significant elements in any culture. It's the way people talk to each other, form
relationships, and develop their sense of community.
Rituals- Established procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the life course. Thus, rituals reflect and
transmit from one generation to the next culture's norms and additional components.

17. Explain the characteristics of culture.

Learned - The way humans behave, and most of their behavior comes from other people.
Transmitted - Human societies share five key characteristics with each other. It means that culture is learned, shared,
symbolic, incorporated and dynamic.
Based on Symbols - Language, gestures, values, customs, heritage, music, colors and so on are but a few examples
of symbolic culture elements.
Changeable - It is a dynamic and evolving phenomenon, which may be shaped and influenced over time, rather than
an unchanging or unchanged aspect of the organisation.
Integrated - When the essence of another culture is adopted by people from a culture, while keeping it theirs.
Ethnocentric - They are primarily interested in economic, political, and social events from the point of view of their
own groups.
Adaptive - Exists to enable Cultural Evolution for the good of people and planet.

18. Explain the following and cite example.

a. Cultural Relativism- It refers to the fact that we don't judge culture according to our own standards of
what's right or wrong, weird or normal. In contrast, in its own cultural context, we should try to
understand the cultural practices of other groups.
Example: In some countries, such as China, it's acceptable to stare at other people in public, or to be very
close to them in public places.

b. Ethnocentrism- The act of judging another culture and believing that the values and standards of one's
own culture are superior.
Example: Judge other people based on their looks.

c. Xenocentrism- Filipino xenocentrism, or the tendency to value foreign cultures over their own, is a
phenomenon that has been observed in the Philippines.
Example: The image of Paris as the fashion capital of the world.
 Republic of the Philippines
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
College of Industrial Education

Ayala Boulevard cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila 1000

Telefax (02) 523-2293, Tel Nos. (632) 521 – 4063, Website: http://www.tup.edu.ph

SEM 2

Seminar in General Education for Teachers

Second Semester S.Y 2023-2024

Philippine History and Society
ACTIVITY NO. 4

I. Create a 50 item multiple choice type of test with Rationalization based on the written test activity.
Example:
1. A subculture that blends in harmony with the dominant culture usually uses this group process.
A. Assimilation
B. Transmission
C. Amalgamation
D. Accommodation

Answer: A – Assimilation
Rationalization:
Assimilation is a gradual process by which a person or group belonging to one culture adopts the practice of another,
thereby becoming a member of that culture.
Amalgamation refers to a sociological process by which two different culture blend together and a new culture
originates. This process is also referred to as the melting pot theory, since when two ingredients are made to melt in
a pot, they both lose their distinct individual identity and anew substance is formed with a different flavor.
Accommodation is the term used by sociologist to describe a process by which competing and conflicting individuals
and groups adjust their relationships to each other in order to overcome the difficulties which arises in competition,
contravention, or conflict,
Transmission is a one-way system in which culture is passed onto a person through certain channels.

2. Which among the following constitutes a quorum in each House of congress?

A. A majority of each house.
B. One third of the members of each house
C. two-thirds of the member of each house
D. Three fourths of the member of each house
Answer: A – Majority of the Quorum
Rationalization: House of Representatives: Section 74: Quorum: A majority of the member of the House shall
constitute a quorum. Senate: Section 44: A majority of the Senators shall constitute a quorum.