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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY

MGT400

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT

GROUP PROJECT REPORT

TITLE :
CHALLENGES IN MANAGING A BMW COMPANY

Prepared by:

No. Name No. Matrics

1. MUHAMMAD NUR FITRI BIN KAMAROZAMAN 2023395949

2. MUHAMAD ILLAHI BIN NORULDIN 2024783339

3.

4.

5.

6.

Prepared for:

Date of Submission:
CHALLENGES IN MANAGING A BMW COMPANY

1. The Race for Technological Innovation: Staying ahead of the technological curve is perhaps
the most critical challenge BMW faces. The industry is witnessing a surge in electric vehicles
(EVs), autonomous driving technologies, advancements in connectivity, and a growing
emphasis on digitization. To keep pace with these developments, BMW must prioritize
investment in research and development (R&D). This translates to significant resources being
funneled towards:

EV Technologies: Enhancing battery technology is key. Extending range, reducing charging

times, and improving battery life through innovations in materials and design are crucial for EVs
to compete with traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. BMW's efforts may involve exploring
solid-state battery technology, which promises faster charging times and potentially higher
energy density. Additionally, developing efficient and scalable charging infrastructure in
collaboration with governments and utility companies is vital for widespread EV adoption.

Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS): Integrating sophisticated ADAS features is

essential. These can include automated emergency braking, lane departure warning, and
adaptive cruise control, contributing to enhanced safety and potentially paving the way for fully
autonomous vehicles in the future. However, BMW must strike a balance between automation
and the joy of driving that is central to its brand identity. Implementing driver-selectable modes
that allow for varying degrees of automation could be a way to cater to both tech-savvy
customers and those who still value a more hands-on driving experience.

Connected Car Features: Developing cutting-edge connectivity features is vital. Imagine

vehicles that seamlessly integrate with smartphones, provide real-time traffic updates and
personalized navigation, offer a variety of in-car entertainment options, and can even self-
diagnose potential issues. This requires expertise in areas like artificial intelligence, big data
analytics, and cybersecurity to ensure a seamless and secure user experience. Additionally,
BMW needs to consider offering tiered subscription models for connected car services, allowing
customers to choose the level of connectivity that best suits their needs and budget.
2. Navigating the Regulatory Maze: As technology evolves, so do the regulations that govern
the automotive industry. Stringent regulations concerning emissions, safety, cybersecurity, and
data privacy are constantly evolving globally. BMW must be adept at navigating this complex
regulatory landscape across different geographies.

Emission Reduction: Meeting or exceeding emission standards remains a crucial challenge.

This necessitates ongoing advancements in engine technology for internal combustion vehicles,
exploring alternative fuel options like hydrogen fuel cells for a cleaner future, and potentially
developing hybrid powertrains that combine the benefits of electric and gasoline engines.

Cybersecurity Measures: As vehicles become more connected, cybersecurity threats pose a

significant concern. Developing robust cybersecurity solutions to protect against hacking and
safeguard sensitive data, such as driver information and vehicle diagnostics, is essential. This
might involve implementing secure communication protocols, encrypting sensitive data, and
regularly conducting security audits to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.

Data Protection Compliance: Data privacy regulations are becoming ever stricter. BMW needs
to ensure that it collects, processes, and stores customer data responsibly and in compliance
with these regulations. This means obtaining explicit consent from users before collecting data,
clearly outlining how the data will be used, and providing customers with the ability to access
and delete their data upon request. By prioritizing data privacy, BMW can build trust with
customers and avoid potential regulatory sanctions.
3. The Supply Chain Metamorphosis: Integrating Innovation Throughout the Production
Ecosystem
Rapid technological advancements have a ripple effect, impacting not just the finished product
but also the entire supply chain and manufacturing process. For BMW to stay ahead of the
curve, ensuring a seamless integration of new technologies into its production lines is crucial.
This requires a multifaceted approach:

Embracing Industry 4.0: The concept of Industry 4.0, characterized by automation, robotics, and
real-time data exchange, is no longer a futuristic vision but a present necessity. By employing
smart factories, BMW can optimize production efficiency and quality control. Imagine production
lines where robots handle repetitive tasks with precision, while data analytics allow for real-time
monitoring of processes and identification of potential bottlenecks. Integrating connected
devices and sensors throughout the manufacturing ecosystem can provide valuable insights,
allowing for predictive maintenance and proactive adjustments to optimize production.

Supplier Ecosystem Transformation: Managing relationships with suppliers takes on new

meaning in this dynamic environment. Collaboration with a diverse network of innovative
suppliers is critical. BMW needs to partner with companies actively investing in R&D for
materials, components, and technologies that align with its strategic goals. Open
communication and joint development efforts will foster a collaborative environment, fostering
innovation and accelerating the integration of new technologies into production lines.
Additionally, the rise of regional variations in regulations and consumer preferences might
necessitate working with a wider network of geographically-diverse suppliers. This requires
robust communication and coordination across the entire supply chain network.

Sustainability and Ethical Sourcing: As environmental consciousness rises, BMW cannot ignore
the sustainability implications of its supply chain. Integrating sustainable practices throughout
the process, from material sourcing to manufacturing, is paramount. This could involve
collaborating with suppliers who utilize recycled materials, implement energy-efficient production
processes, and adhere to ethical labor practices. By prioritizing sustainability, BMW not only
aligns itself with evolving consumer expectations but also mitigates potential reputational risks
associated with unethical sourcing practices.
The transformation of the supply chain presents both challenges and opportunities for BMW.
Successfully navigating this shift requires a multi-pronged approach, embracing technological
advancements, fostering close collaboration with suppliers, and prioritizing sustainability
throughout the production ecosystem.

4. Building a Talent Pipeline for the Future of Mobility

The rapid evolution of technology in the automotive industry demands a skilled workforce with
an entirely new set of expertise. Gone are the days when traditional mechanical engineering
knowledge sufficed. To maintain its competitive edge, BMW needs to attract, retain, and
develop talent with skills in areas such as:

Software Development and Data Analytics: Connected cars and autonomous driving
technologies heavily rely on software. Expertise in areas like coding, software architecture, and
cybersecurity is becoming increasingly important. Data analytics plays a crucial role in
extracting insights from the vast amount of data generated by connected vehicles. This data can
be used for personalized customer experiences, predictive maintenance, and optimizing product
development.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Integrating AI and machine learning into vehicles
requires a workforce comfortable working with these technologies. From implementing AI-
powered driver assistance features to personalizing in-car experiences, expertise in this area is
key to future innovation.

Digital Marketing and Customer Engagement: The way customers interact with car brands is
changing. BMW needs talent adept at creating engaging digital experiences through targeted
marketing campaigns, social media engagement, and interactive online platforms.

Attracting such a diverse talent pool requires a multi-pronged strategy:

Investing in Employee Training: Upskilling and reskilling existing employees is crucial. Offering
continuous training programs in relevant technologies can empower current staff to adapt to the
changing landscape.

Fostering a Culture of Continuous Learning: Cultivating a company culture that values

continuous learning and skill development attracts talent and encourages employees to keep
their skillsets relevant. This could involve offering internal learning platforms, mentoring
programs, and opportunities to attend relevant conferences and workshops.

Creating a Competitive Employer Brand: In a competitive talent market, BMW needs to position
itself as an attractive employer. This can be achieved by highlighting its commitment to
innovation, its focus on sustainability, and its track record of employee development.
Additionally, offering competitive salaries, benefits packages, and a positive work environment
can make BMW stand out from the competition.

5. Keeping Pace with Evolving Customer Demands: A Critical Challenge for BMW
In the age of rapid technological advancements, the automotive industry isn't the only one
undergoing a metamorphosis. Customer expectations are also shifting dramatically. For a
company like BMW, renowned for its luxury vehicles and established brand identity, keeping
pace with these evolving desires presents a significant challenge. Here's how BMW can
navigate this dynamic landscape and continue to provide exceptional customer experiences:
Understanding the Changing Customer: The first step is understanding the evolving customer.
Today's consumers are increasingly tech-savvy and expect a seamless integration of
technology into their car ownership experience. This includes features like smartphone
connectivity, real-time traffic updates, personalized navigation, and in-car entertainment options.
They may also value the ability to remotely access vehicle information, schedule service
appointments, and even initiate self-diagnostics. BMW must prioritize research into customer
preferences and leverage data analytics to gain insights into these evolving expectations.
Delivering Personalized Experiences: The focus is shifting from a one-size-fits-all approach to
personalization. Customers are looking for experiences tailored to their individual needs and
preferences. BMW can achieve this by offering customizable driving modes, personalized in-car
entertainment options based on user profiles, and subscription-based services for connected
car features. Imagine a customer who prioritizes performance receiving driving suggestions for
scenic routes, while another who values comfort can have their preferred climate settings pre-
loaded.
Building a Seamless Digital Experience: A seamless digital experience goes beyond just in-car
technology. BMW needs to ensure a smooth user journey across all touchpoints, whether it's
browsing online configurations, scheduling test drives through a mobile app, or interacting with
customer service via a chatbot. Implementing a unified digital ecosystem that integrates
seamlessly across platforms will be crucial. This can include features like online scheduling for
service appointments, real-time tracking of vehicle repairs, and personalized recommendations
for maintenance needs.
Embracing Transparency and Trust: Building trust with customers is paramount in the digital
age. BMW needs to be transparent about data collection practices, clearly outlining how
customer data is used and ensuring robust cybersecurity measures are in place. Providing
customers with control over their data and allowing them to easily access and delete information
upon request fosters trust and loyalty.
Innovation that Meets Customer Needs: While technological advancements are exciting, staying
ahead of the curve is only meaningful if it translates to real benefits for consumers. BMW's
innovations should be customer-centric, addressing their pain points and enhancing their driving
experience. For example, imagine a new feature that utilizes real-time traffic data and AI to
suggest alternate routes or automatically adjust driving profiles to optimize fuel efficiency.
Investing in Customer Feedback: Actively soliciting and analyzing customer feedback is vital.
BMW can utilize surveys, online forums, and social media platforms to gather insights into
customer experiences. By actively listening to customer feedback, the company can identify
areas for improvement and prioritize development efforts that address real-world issues.
Content for Group Project

1. Introduction

Background Company

BMW's story starts with the roar of airplane engines, not the purr of luxury cars. In 1916,
Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke AG (BFW) emerged to build aircraft engines for World War I.
Though short-lived, BFW laid the groundwork. Meanwhile, another player, Rapp
Motorenwerke, focused on similar wartime production. Interestingly, the iconic blue and white
quadrants of the BMW logo have their roots in Rapp's design. Following Germany's defeat, the
Treaty of Versailles hampered aircraft production for both companies. In 1918, Rapp became
Bayerische Motoren Werke GmbH (BMW), but it wasn't until 1922 that BFW officially
merged with BMW, transferring its engine operations and name. March 7, 1916, BFW's
founding date, marks BMW's official birth.

Post-war limitations forced diversification. Motorcycles became BMW's new focus. In

1923, the iconic R 32 motorcycle roared to life, achieving success and solidifying BMW's
reputation for innovation on two wheels. By 1928, BMW was ready for four wheels. The Dixi, a
small car based on the Austin Seven, marked their entry into the automobile market. Over the
next few years, BMW established itself as a manufacturer of reliable and sporty vehicles. World
War II, however, saw a return to aircraft engine production. After the war's devastation, BMW's
factories were severely damaged. Yet, the company persevered.

In 1948, the Isetta, a microcar, helped with post-war mobility. Gradually, BMW
transitioned back to luxurious vehicles. The success of the 1960s New Class sedans, particularly
the 2002, cemented their reputation for high-performance luxury cars. Since then, BMW has
continued to innovate and expand, becoming a leader in electric vehicles and autonomous
driving technologies. Their journey is a testament to adaptation and a commitment to engineering
excellence.
Organization Chart
 2. Content (Technological Implementation, Changes or Development)
Technological Implementation
● The fast-charging, long-range battery
BMW is the world’s first car maker to bring wireless charging to the market, eliminating
the hassles of plug-in charging for drivers and enabling a more streamlined and user-friendly
experience. Simply park over a pad and your car charges, just like refueling, but easier. Their
new system delivers 3.6kW of power efficiently.
Lithium-ion batteries
Typically used in portable devices, electric accumulators use lithium as their active
material. Their high energy density means they last longer and discharge less. They also
enable electric cars to perform better between recharges.
Solid-state batteries
These batteries are made from solid materials such as ceramics. They offer numerous
advantages. They deliver higher energy density and faster recharging, while reducing the
risk of fire.
Sodium-ion batteries
Less expensive than lithium-ion, these batteries use sodium and could reduce overall
costs. However, they may not offer the same performance in terms of range and charging
time as lithium-ion batteries. These advances promise to make electric cars more
efficient, safer and more affordable, contributing to wider adoption and a more
sustainable future.

● Autonomous driving systems

Autonomous driving systems are innovations that enable drivers to drive in complete
safety. They are spread over several levels: level 0 (no automation), levels 1 and 2 are driver
assistance systems, levels 3 is conditional driving automation, level 4 are semi-autonomous
systems and level 5 is full driving automation. Some examples include Automatic emergency
braking (AEB) which is sensors to detect obstacles and adapt to the situation like:

❖ Lane keeping system : camera follows road lines to help the driver stay in the right lane
❖ Lane departure warning system :cameras detect electric vehicles in blind spots
❖ Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) : radar to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in
front

● Digital dashboards and touch screens

Touchscreens are larger and offer more functions such as satellite navigation, Wi-Fi
connectivity, voice control. They can therefore access information more quickly. This is also due
to higher resolutions and faster response times than before. Manufacturers have adapted perfectly
to the needs of the market, offering increasingly intuitive interfaces that make it easier for
novices to access the latest innovations. Menus and controls are ever easier to understand, so
drivers can concentrate fully on the road.

❖ Braking energy regeneration

It enables the electric vehicle to recover energy when braking, thus increasing its range. It
also benefits from smoother braking.
❖ Advanced driver assistance
Advanced assistance covers active safety, comfort and driver convenience, with the aim
of preventing accidents. They include head-on collision avoidance systems, automatic
parking systems, and assisted navigation systems.

● Innovative aerodynamic designs

The aim is to improve the energy efficiency of electric vehicles. Numerous design
innovations are appearing:
❖ More refined shapes: most electric vehicles have smooth, flowing shapes to reduce
aerodynamic drag.
❖ The addition of moving parts such as active fins to improve aerodynamics.
❖ The use of lightweight materials such as carbon fiber.

● Intelligent lighting
Safety, visibility and aesthetics are the latest innovations in intelligent lighting aim to
combine and meet the function such as adaption in driving conditions and vehicle direction, it
also follow the movement of the steering wheel and offer a range of over 600 m, and it also has
high visibility and low energy consumption.

● Smartphone connectivity
Smartphone integration is becoming increasingly fluid and intuitive. New features such
as wireless charging and compatibility with voice assistants are emerging. In addition to the
features seen on all new electric cars, automakers are adding more specific functions to
connectivity systems. Artificial intelligence enables autonomous driving, energy management
and personalization of the driver experience. Current and future innovations include screen
projection, wireless charging, compatibility with voice assistants, navigation based on artificial
intelligence, music streaming services, voice control of vehicle functions, and also the 5G and
Wi-Fi 6.
Changes
An internal combustion engine (oil-based) BMW conversion is a major undertaking that
usually calls for specialized knowledge. Converting a BMW car from petrol to electric is a
complex and potentially expensive process. It requires knowledge of automotive technology,
electrical systems and regulatory compliance. It is also important to consider the potential impact
on the warranty and resale value of the vehicle. Below shows the changes of technologies which
from petrol-run vehicle to electric car:
Engine Removal: The car's internal combustion engine must be taken out, along with any related
parts such as the cooling system, exhaust system, and fuel tank.
Installation of Electric Motor: The internal combustion engine must be removed and replaced
with an electric motor, controller, and related parts. The weight, dimensions, and power
requirements of the vehicle must be met by the electric motor.
Battery Installation: In order to power the electric motor in the car, a high-capacity battery pack
must be fitted. To make room for the battery pack, the vehicle's chassis may need to be modified
or reallocated.
Electrical System Integration: The vehicle's electrical system must be modified to accommodate
the electric motor, controller and battery. This includes connecting the motor to the battery,
installing charging ports and integrating electronic controls.
Modification of the cooling system: Electric motors and batteries generate heat during operation
and require an efficient cooling system to maintain optimal temperatures. This may require
modification or addition of vehicle cooling components.
Testing and Certification: Once the conversion is complete, the vehicle must be tested to ensure
it meets the safety and regulatory standards for electric vehicles. This may include emissions
testing, safety inspections and certification processes.

Development
BMW Group's 2013 i3 model launch marked the start of the company's transition to more
environmentally friendly transportation. After ten years, the business has seen a major change in
direction as well as an increase in the use of EVs. For the entire year 2023, the BMW Group is
expected to have a modest increase in sales. In 2023, completely electric cars and high-end
luxury models such as the new BMW i7*, new BMW 7 Series, new BMW XM*, and updated
BMW X7 will be the primary growth drivers. Following in BMW's series of electrification
initiatives is the introduction of the BMW i5, an additional completely electric vehicle model
that will be offered for sale in all major automotive markets. BMW predicts that the introduction
of the i5 will lead to further rise in EV sales, in line with the increasing demand for its electrified
cars. Sales growth for its luxury automobile brand Rolls Royce has been constant at 1% over the
last few months, despite the brand's output being very different from that of its sister premium
brands. The Rolls Royce Spectre, the company's first-ever fully electric luxury vehicle, has been
delivered to a select few customers, marking another significant step forward in the brand's
electrification journey.

Positive Impact
❖ Industry

BMW has made significant progress in electrifying its vehicle lineup, reaching the
milestone of 1,000,000 electrified vehicles on the road by 2022. This achievement underscores
BMW's commitment to sustainability and its proactive response to the shifting landscape of the
automotive industry. The company's electrified offerings encompass a diverse range of vehicles,
including the innovative BMW i3, designed with a lightweight carbon fiber-reinforced plastic
body for enhanced efficiency. Additionally, BMW offers plug-in hybrid variants of popular
models like the 3 Series and X5, providing customers with options that combine electric power
with traditional combustion engines for versatility and extended driving range. Through these
efforts, BMW aims to address consumer concerns and drive the transition towards a sustainable
and electric future for mobility. BMW's commitment to sustainability extends beyond vehicle
production to include initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions throughout the entire
lifecycle of its products. This holistic approach underscores BMW's dedication to environmental
responsibility and underscores its role as a pioneer in shaping the future of electromobility on a
global scale. The total energy use of the BMW Group in 2022 was 6.3 million MWh, which was
2.8% less than the year before. The deployment of energy-saving strategies throughout its
operations was largely responsible for this accomplishment. One noteworthy example is the
installation of LED lighting in sixteen plants, a move intended to improve efficiency and lower
energy consumption. When compared to traditional lighting systems, LED lighting is known for
its longer lifespan and lower energy usage, which adds up to significant energy savings over
time. BMW exhibits its dedication to reducing its environmental footprint and maximizing
operational effectiveness throughout its manufacturing plants by adopting such sustainable
measures. BMW's proactive approach to sustainability and its continuous efforts to promote
positive change within the automotive sector are reflected in this reduction in energy use.

❖ Environment

You may travel short distances and through cities almost completely emission- and noise-free
when you drive locally emission-free, such as in the case of electric cars (EVs). This transition to
electric vehicles not only lowers CO2 emissions but also dramatically lowers noise pollution,
creating a calmer and more hygienic urban environment. By adopting e-mobility, people can
help reduce the environmental impact of transportation and provide a model of ecologically
friendly mobility that others can emulate. Urban dwellers can live better thanks to electric
vehicles, which provide a practical solution to the problems of air pollution and noise in crowded
regions. A cleaner and more sustainable future for transportation is also promoted by the shift to
e-mobility, which is in line with larger sustainability objectives. Understanding the
environmental advantages of e-mobility can encourage wider adoption and support programs
targeted at creating a greener, quieter, and more sustainable urban environment through
education and awareness.

❖ Customers

Your electric car may be easily and conveniently charged from the comfort of your home
with a personal wallbox. Your EV only has to be plugged in for the night to wake up with a fully
charged battery and be ready to go on your regular travels. Numerous benefits result from using
this method, including time savings from avoiding the need to frequently visit public charging
stations and constant, dependable charging of your electric vehicle. By making charging electric
vehicles accessible and hassle-free, this seamless integration of charging infrastructure into your
daily life not only improves convenience but also promotes the adoption of electric vehicles.

○ Negative Impact
 Environment
● Battery Production and Disposal
The production of EV batteries involves the extraction and processing of raw
materials, including lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have environmental
consequences such as habitat destruction, water pollution, and carbon emissions.
Additionally, the disposal of EV batteries at the end of their life cycle presents challenges
related to recycling and waste management, as battery recycling processes can be energy-
intensive and may result in the release of toxic substances if not handled properly.

● Increased Electricity Demand

The widespread adoption of EVs could potentially strain existing electricity grids,
especially during peak charging times, leading to increased demand for electricity
generation and distribution infrastructure. If not managed effectively, this could result in
higher energy consumption and associated environmental impacts, particularly if
additional electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.

Customers

● Can’t drive as far in an electric car.

Although battery technology is improving all the time, this is a fact at the
moment. The best electric cars now have ranges of well over 300 miles between charges.
But many have a range of just 150 miles or less between charges, which means they are
much more suited for use in cities and on short, local journeys, rather than for long-
distance travel. And to recharge them, they need at least half an hour of charging at a
dedicated, high-voltage charging point - the kind you see at motorway services. Compare
that with the time it takes to fill the tank of a petrol or diesel-engined car and the fact that
many new cars can now go 500 miles or more between refills and it’s obvious that fossil
fuels still have a distinct advantage in this area. Using the heater or air con in an electric
car will also have an impact on their range, and batteries hold less charge when it’s cold.
● Long charging time
 Charging an EV typically takes longer than refueling a gasoline vehicle. Even with
fast-charging technology, fully charging an EV battery can take anywhere from several
minutes to several hours, depending on the charging station and the vehicle's battery
capacity. Customers may perceive long charging times as inconvenient, especially if they
are accustomed to the quick refueling process of traditional vehicles.
● Lack of charging points
One of the main concerns for EV owners is range anxiety, the fear of running out of
battery charge before reaching their destination. The lack of charging points exacerbates
this concern, as drivers may worry about finding a charging station when needed,
especially during long journeys or in unfamiliar areas.
Therefore, Malaysia still lacks Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations to
accommodate the growing demand for such stations as there are only about 1,000 EV
charging stations compared to the targeted 10,000 stations by 2025.

3. Conclusion and Recommendation

○ Conclusions
. In conclusion , the diffusion of Electric Vehicles across the world represents a significant
shift towards sustainable transportation and a greener future.As countries and industries embrace
the benefits of EV technology,we are witnessing a rapid evolution in the automotive sector that
prioritize environmental conservation and energy efficiency.The increasing adoption of EVs not
only driven by technological advancement but also by a growing awareness of the need to reduce
carbon emissions and consumers are recognizing the importance of transitioning towards cleaner
transportation options,and EVs are at the forefront of this transition.While challenges such as
range anxiety,cost,and charging infrastructure remain,the momentum behind EVs in
undeniable.With ongoing research and innovation,coupled with supportive policies and
inventives ,the future of electric mobility looks promising.In conclusion,the diffusion of EVs in
the world not just trend but a transformative movement towards a cleaner ,more sustainable
transportation ecosystem.By embracing EV technology and investing in its growth,we can pave
the way for more environmentally friendly and energy efficient future for generation come.

● Recommendations

● More recommendation for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of sustainable transportation solutions,offering
numerous benefits for the environment and society.While significant progress has been made in
promoting EV adoption,there are still challenges that need to be addressed in this article,into
recommendations to further enhance the adoption and integration of electric vehicles into our
daily lives.

● Research and Development Funding

Investing in research and development for advanced battery technologies,charging infrastructure
and vehicle to grid integration is crucial for the continued growth of the electric vehicle
industry.Funding innovative projects can drive technological advancements and improve the
performance and efficiency of EVs.
● Conduct a model project.
The implementation of a model project are very effective for assess the feasibility and impact of
EV introduction and to implement capacity the building mentioned above.Model projects can
allow to collect information needed for full EV development and to strengthen the
implementation capacity of related agencies.It is advisable to use support from developed
countries to implement the model project.

4. References
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says ministry. The Star.

 https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/06/13/country-still-lacking-in-ev-

charging-stations-says-ministry#:~:text=CYBERJAYA%3A%20Malaysia

%20stills%20lack%20Electric,to%20our%20market%20and%20country.

● Idris Nagri. (2024, January 16). BMW’s CFO announces a “tipping point” in the

company’s transition to electric vehicles - The CFO. The CFO.

https://the-cfo.io/2024/01/16/bmws-cfo-announces-a-tipping-point-in-the-

companys-transition-to-electric-vehicles/

● BMW Group Electromobility. (2023). Bmwgroup.com.

https://www.bmwgroup.com/en/innovation/drive-technologies/electromobility.ht

ml

● Transformation to E-mobility: BMW Group’s Munich plant to produce

exclusively all-electric models from the end of 2027. (2024). BMW Group

PressClub.

https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0439003EN/transformati

on-to-e-mobility:-bmw-group%E2%80%99s-munich-plant-to-produce-

exclusively-all-electric-models-from-the-end-of-2027?language=en

● Swallow, T. (2023, April 11). BMW Group is a growing force for electric vehicle

adoption. Evmagazine.com; BizClik Media Ltd.

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vehicle-adoption

● Thompson, T. (2023, October 4). The Future of BMW Technology: What To

Expect In The Next Decade! Motorwerks Auto Group; Motorwerks Auto Group.
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next-decade/

● People’s, Y. (2017, November 2). Electric Cars. Young People’s Trust for the

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to-electric-cars

● BMW Group Supply Chain - Due Diligence & Suppliers. (2023). Bmwgroup.com.

https://www.bmwgroup.com/en/sustainability/supply-chain.html

● Helmers, E., & Marx, P. (2012). Electric cars: technical characteristics and

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https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-24-14

● BMW Sustainability. BMW Sustainability in vehicles & materials |

BMW.com.my. (n.d.).

https://www.bmw.com.my/en/more-bmw/sustainability/vehicles-materials-

production.html

● BMW electric cars. BMW Electric Cars: Explore EV Benefits & Technologies.

(n.d.). https://www.bmw.com.my/en/electric-cars.html

● 10 innovations that promise to revolutionize electric car technology.(2023).

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la-technologie-des-voitures-electriques/
5. Appendices