SHORT NOTES

1. FLORESCENT LAMPS
Ans: Florescent lamps or florescent tube is a low pressure mercury vapour gas
discharge lamp that uses florescence to produce visible light.
An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapour, which produces short wave
ultraviolet light that causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow.
These lamps are commonly used in situations which call for general illumination at an
even level such as offices, classrooms, retail stores, hallways and cafeterias, etc.

2. LED LAMPS
Ans: LED stands for light emitting diode. LED lighting products produce light up to
90% more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs. They are todays most energy
efficient and rapidely developing lighting technology.
In LED light an electrical current passes through a microchip, which illuminates the
tiny light sources we call LEDs and the result is visible light.
Quality LED bulbs last longer, are more durable and offer comparable or better light
quantity than other types of lighting

3. HALOGEN LAMPS
Ans: Or tungsten halogen lamp is an incandescent lamp. The halogen lamp consists of a
tungsten filament enclosed of a tungsten filament enclosed in an environment of an
environment of an inert gas like argon and a small amount of the halogen like bromine or
iodine. The combination of the tungsten filament and the halogen results in a chemical
reaction (called regenerative cycle or halogen cycle). The working of the halogen lamp is
based on the principle of thermal radiator, a solid to a very high temperature. The brightness
of the emitted light is proportional to the heating temperature.

4. TYPES OF HALOGEN LAMPS

Ans:
1. BI-PIN : sometimes reffered to as 2pin

Bi Pin halogen light offer precise, perfect lighting for specific industries like science and
arts.

The small size (some are as small as 2 inches) make them very popular, and the more
than 400 individual bulb options allow customers to choose exactly what they need for
their desired usage.

These bulbs must be used in enclosed fixtures.

2. DOUBLE ENDED BULB :

A double ended halogen bulbs is a type of incandescent lightbulb with two filaments.

Double ended halogen bulbs consists of two filaments in one lamp, allowing for higher
wattage with lower operating temperature. Double ended halogen bulbs offer brighter
and white lights. They can be used in any double-ended filament application, such as car
headlights or landscape light. They are also used in stage, theatre and disco lights.
 3. GU 10:

A GU 10 light bulb is a unit which is designed to fit into downward lighting fixtures and
spotlights. However, it should be noted the GU 10 series is actually quite different than a
normal bulb. GU 10 halogen bulbs fit into GU 10 bases, while most halogen lights are
designed to fit into ordinary screw in Edison bases.

The two pronged, twist and look method used by the GU 10 light bulb base is
particularly successful at keeping a bulb light.

4. PAR LIGHT

PAR stands for parable aluminized reflector.

These bulbs have a lamp, reflector, and pressed lens inside the lamp to provide
directional lighting.

They have a shorter body than BR light bulbs with a bowl shape.

PAR light bulbs have soft light, but with a more defined edge than BR bulbs.

5. MR BULBS:

MR bulbs, or multifaceted reflector bulbs, utilize several built in reflectors to direct light
at a precise angle.

Originally designed for use in a multitude of industries and applications including

medical endoscopes, stage lighting, bicycle lighting and more.

5. INCANDESCENT LAMPS
Ans: Incandescent lamps are a type of light bulb that produce light by heating a filament
wire to a high temperature until it glows. They were one of the earliest and most common
forms of electric lighting but have largely been replaced by more energy-efficient
alternatives like LEDs. Incandescent lamps are known for their warm, yellowish light and
simple construction, consisting of a glass bulb containing a filament made of tungsten.
Despite their inefficiency compared to newer technologies, they still find some use in
decorative lighting and certain specialized applications.

6. METAL HALIDE
Ans: Invented by Charles Portues Stienmetz in 1912
Metal halide lamps are a type of high intensity discharge (HID) lighting that uses a mixture of
metal halide salts to produce light.
These lamps contain a quartz arc tube filled with a gas mixture and various metal halides,
including iodides and bromides.
When an electric arc passes through the tube, it excites the gases and metal halides,
resulting in a bright and efficient light output.

7. DIMMABILITY OF LEDS
Ans: LED lamps and LED driver that are dimmable – meaning that they can be dimmed
successfully with a separate (suitable) dimmer installed on their mains supply.
They are widely used in small and residential situations.
Dimmable led lights mean you can adjust according to your needs.
8. RGB AND DYNAMIC LED’S
Ans: RGB LED is an LED module that can produce almost any color using this three primary
additive colours, RED, GREEN and BLUE. The simplest version of an RGB LED has a
combination of 3 separate light emitting diodes in one package, house under a clear
protective lens.
LED lights have revolutionized the world of lighting with their energy efficiency, longevity
and versatility. They consume less energy than traditional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs,
last significantly longer, and emit very little heat, making them ideal for various applications,
including dynamic lighting in interior design.
Dynamic lights refers to lighting systems of fixtures that can be adjusted or programmed to
change in intensity, color, or direction over the time. LED technology lends itself well to
dynamic lighting due to its ability to produce a wide range of colours and its compatibility
with advanced control systems.

9. DIMMERS
Ans: Dimmers are essential device used to adjust the brightness of lights, providing
customizable lighting levels for various settings.
They work by regulating the amount of electrical current flowing to the light source, allowing
the user to create ambiance, and save energy, and extend the lifespan of bulbs. Dimmers
come in various types, including rotary, slide, and touch sensitivity models, and can be
installed in homes, offices, theatres and other spaces, their versatility makes them a popular
choice for creating mood lightings, enhancing productivity and reducing electricity costs.

10. BALLAST

Ans: Ballasts are crucial components in lighting systems, particularly in fluorescent and
HID (high-intensity discharge) lamps.

They serve to regulate the electrical current passing through the lamp, ensuring proper
operation and longevity.

Ballasts perform several functions, including starting the lamp by providing an initial
surge of high voltage, stabilizing the current flow to maintain consistent light output, and
preventing overheating or damage to the lamp.

They come in various types, such as magnetic and electronic ballasts, with electronic
ballasts being more energy-efficient and compact.

Ballasts play a vital role in the efficiency and performance of lighting fixtures, making
them integral to the functioning of many lighting systems.

11. REFLECTORS IN LAMP

Ans: Reflectors in lamps play a crucial role in directing and maximizing the light output
from the light source.
They are designed to efficiently redirect light rays in a desired direction, increasing
brightness, reducing glare, and improving overall illumination.
 Reflectors are commonly used in various types of lamps, including incandescent,
fluorescent, LED, and HID lamps.
They come in different shapes and materials to suit specific lighting needs, such as
aluminum, silver, or polished glass. By harnessing and controlling light distribution,
reflectors enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of lighting systems, making spaces
brighter, more visually appealing, and energy-efficient.

12. DECORATIVE LUMINAIRES

Ans: Decorative luminaires, often referred to simply as decorative lighting or decorative

luminous, are lighting fixtures designed not only to provide illumination but also to
enhance the aesthetic appeal of a space. Unlike standard lighting fixtures, which focus
primarily on functionality, decorative luminaires are intended to be visually appealing
and can serve as decorative elements in their own right.
These fixtures come in a wide variety of styles, shapes, and designs to suit different
tastes and interior design themes. They may feature intricate detailing, elegant finishes,
and artistic elements that make them stand out as focal points in a room.
Decorative luminaires are commonly used in residential, commercial, and hospitality
settings to add ambiance, create mood lighting, and complement the overall décor. They can
range from ornate chandeliers and pendant lights to stylish wall sconces and table lamps.

In addition to their aesthetic appeal, decorative luminaires can also contribute to the overall
lighting scheme of a space, providing task lighting, accent lighting, or general ambient lighting as
needed.

Overall, decorative luminaires play a dual role in interior design, serving both functional and
decorative purposes to enhance the visual appeal and atmosphere of any environment.

SERVICES

1. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FLORESCENT LAMPS

Ans:

Advantages:
1. Energy efficiency: Fluorescent lamps use less energy compared to incandescent bulbs,
resulting in lower electricity bills.
2. Longevity: They typically last much longer than incandescent bulbs, reducing the
frequency of replacements.
3. Brightness: Fluorescent lamps produce a bright, even light, making them suitable for
various indoor settings.
4. Variety: They come in different sizes and colors, providing options for different lighting
needs.

Disadvantages:
 1. Flickering: Some fluorescent lamps can flicker, which may cause discomfort or trigger
migraines in sensitive individuals.
2. Initial cost: Although they save money in the long run, fluorescent lamps can be more
expensive to purchase initially compared to incandescent bulbs.
3. Mercury content: Fluorescent lamps contain small amounts of mercury, posing an
environmental hazard if not disposed of properly.
4. Start-up time: They may take a moment to reach full brightness, unlike incandescent bulbs
that illuminate instantly.

2. TYPES OF FLORESCENT LAMP FIXTURES

Ans: Fluorescent lamp fixtures come in various types, each designed for specific purposes:

1. Recessed Troffers: These fixtures are recessed into the ceiling grid and provide uniform
lighting in commercial and institutional settings like offices, schools, and hospitals.

2. Surface-Mounted Fixtures: Mounted directly onto the ceiling or wall surface, these
fixtures are common in residential, commercial, and industrial spaces.

3. Strip Lights: These fixtures consist of long, narrow tubes arranged in a row, often used in
industrial settings, warehouses, and garages.

4. High Bay Fixtures: Designed for high-ceiling environments, such as warehouses and
gymnasiums, these fixtures provide powerful illumination over large areas.

5. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs): CFL fixtures are typically smaller and can replace
traditional incandescent bulbs in residential and commercial settings, fitting into standard
light sockets.

6. U-Bend Fixtures: These fixtures use U-shaped fluorescent tubes and are often found in
offices and retail spaces where space-saving is essential.

7. Circline Fixtures: Circular fluorescent tubes are used in these fixtures, which are
commonly seen in kitchens, bathrooms, and utility rooms.

8. Emergency Ballast Fixtures: Equipped with battery backup systems, these fixtures provide
illumination during power outages, commonly found in emergency exit signs and safety
lighting.
Each type offers unique features and benefits, catering to diverse lighting needs in various
environments.

3. INSTALLATION STEPS FOR PAR HALOGEN LAMPS

Ans: Installing PAR (Parabolic Aluminized Reflector) halogen lamps is relatively
straightforward. Here's a general guide:

1. Safety first: Make sure the power to the fixture is turned off before you begin.

2. Choose the right lamp: Ensure you have the correct size and wattage of PAR halogen lamp
for your fixture.
 3. Remove the old lamp: If there's an existing lamp in the fixture, carefully remove it by
twisting or pulling it out, depending on the type of fixture.

4. Insert the new lamp: Carefully insert the new PAR halogen lamp into the fixture, making
sure it's properly seated. Avoid touching the glass with your fingers, as oil from your skin can
cause the lamp to fail prematurely.

5. Secure the lamp: If your fixture has retaining clips or screws, use them to secure the lamp
in place. Make sure the lamp is stable and won't move around.

6. Turn on the power: Once the lamp is installed securely, restore power to the fixture and
test the lamp to ensure it's working properly.

7. Adjust as necessary: If the fixture allows for angle adjustment, you may need to adjust the
position of the lamp to achieve the desired lighting effect.

8. Dispose of the old lamp: If the old lamp is burnt out, make sure to dispose of it properly
according to local regulations for hazardous waste.

Remember, always refer to the specific instructions provided with your PAR halogen lamp
and fixture for the most accurate guidance. If you're unsure about any step of the
installation process, it's best to consult a professional electrician

4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGS OF HALOGEN LAMPS

Ans:
Advantages:
Instantaneous lighting: They provide full brightness immediately upon switching on.
Compact size: Can be made in small sizes, making them suitable for spotlights and task
lighting.
Affordable: Generally cheaper to purchase compared to metal halide lamps and some other
lighting options.
Dimmable: Can be easily dimmed to adjust the level of brightness.

Disadvantages:
Short lifespan: Typically have a shorter lifespan compared to metal halide lamps and some
other types of lighting.
High energy consumption: Less energy-efficient compared to metal halide lamps and LED
lights.
Heat output: Generate a significant amount of heat, which can be a concern in small or
poorly ventilated spaces.
Limited color options: Offer a limited range of color temperatures and less natural color
rendering compared to metal halide lamps.

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS

Ans: Advantages of Incandescent Lamps:
1. Low initial cost: They are typically the cheapest option to purchase.
S2. Instant light: They provide immediate illumination when switched on.
 3. Warm light: They emit a warm, familiar glow that many find appealing.
4. Easy dimming: They can be easily dimmed to create different lighting atmospheres.
5. Compatibility: They are compatible with most lighting fixtures and dimmer switches.

Disadvantages of Incandescent Lamps:

1. Short lifespan: They have a relatively short lifespan compared to other lighting
technologies.
2. Energy inefficiency: They waste a significant amount of energy as heat, making them
inefficient.
3. Higher energy costs: Their inefficiency leads to higher electricity bills over time.
4. Environmental impact: They contribute to carbon emissions and environmental
degradation due to their energy inefficiency.
5. Government regulations: Many countries have phased out or are phasing out
incandescent bulbs due to their environmental impact and energy inefficiency, limiting their
availability.

6. INSTALLATION AND USE OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS

Ans: Installation Process of Incandescent Lamps:
1. Turn off the power: Ensure that the power to the light fixture is switched off at the circuit
breaker or fuse box.
2. Remove the old bulb: If there's an existing bulb in the fixture, carefully unscrew or remove
it.
3. Insert the new bulb: Hold the new incandescent bulb by its base and carefully insert it into
the socket, ensuring it is securely in place.
4. Test the bulb: Turn the power back on and test the bulb to ensure it lights up properly.
5. Secure the fixture: If necessary, replace any covers or shades and ensure the fixture is
secure.

Uses of Incandescent Lamps:

1. General lighting: Incandescent lamps are commonly used for general lighting purposes in
homes, offices, and various indoor spaces.
2. Task lighting: They are suitable for providing focused lighting for specific tasks such as
reading or cooking.
3. Decorative lighting: Incandescent bulbs are often used in decorative fixtures and lamps
due to their warm glow.
4. Accent lighting: They can be used to highlight specific objects or areas in a room, adding
visual interest.
5. Outdoor lighting: Incandescent lamps are used in outdoor fixtures such as porch lights or
garden lights to illuminate exterior spaces.

7. COMPARISON BETWEEN LED LAMPS AND INCANDESCENT LAMP

Ans: Difference between LED Lamps and Incandescent Lamps:

1. Light Output:
- LED Lamps: Emit light using a semiconductor diode, producing directional light.
- Incandescent Lamps: Emit light by heating a filament wire until it glows, producing
omnidirectional light.
 2. Energy Efficiency:
- LED Lamps: Highly energy-efficient, converting most of the energy into light rather than
heat.
- Incandescent Lamps: Inefficient, as a significant portion of energy is wasted as heat.

3. Lifespan:
- LED Lamps: Have a much longer lifespan, typically lasting tens of thousands of hours.
- Incandescent Lamps: Have a relatively short lifespan, typically lasting around 1,000 hours.

4. Heat Generation:
- LED Lamps: Generate very little heat, making them safer and more comfortable to touch.
- Incandescent Lamps: Produce a significant amount of heat, which can be a safety concern
and contribute to discomfort.

5. Environmental Impact:
- LED Lamps: Produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions and have a lower environmental
impact due to their energy efficiency and longer lifespan.
- Incandescent Lamps: Contribute to higher carbon emissions and environmental
degradation due to their energy inefficiency and shorter lifespan.

6. Cost:
- LED Lamps: Initially more expensive to purchase, but the lower energy consumption and
longer lifespan result in cost savings over time.
- Incandescent Lamps: Initially cheaper to purchase, but the higher energy consumption
and shorter lifespan lead to higher overall costs.

7. Color Temperature and Quality:

- LED Lamps: Offer a range of color temperatures and high color rendering index (CRI),
providing more options for lighting preferences.
- Incandescent Lamps: Emit a warm, pleasing light, but with less control over color
temperature and CRI compared to LEDs.

8. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF METAL HALIDE LAMP

Ans: Advantages of Metal Halide Lamps:
1. Brightness: Metal halide lamps produce bright, white light, making them suitable for
outdoor and large indoor spaces.
2. Efficiency: They are more energy-efficient than traditional incandescent lamps, providing
more lumens per watt of electricity consumed.
3. Color Rendering: Metal halide lamps offer good color rendering properties, making them
suitable for applications where accurate color representation is important, such as in retail
environments.
4. Longevity: They have a relatively long lifespan compared to some other types of lighting
technologies.
5. Versatility: Metal halide lamps can be used for a variety of applications, including street
lighting, stadium lighting, indoor commercial lighting, and aquarium lighting.

Disadvantages of Metal Halide Lamps:

 1. Warm-up Time: Metal halide lamps require a warm-up period to reach full brightness,
which can be a drawback in situations where instant illumination is needed.
2. Flickering: In some cases, metal halide lamps may flicker or experience color shifting as
they age, affecting the quality of light output.
3. Maintenance: They require regular maintenance, including cleaning and sometimes re-
aiming, to ensure optimal performance.
4. UV Emissions: Metal halide lamps emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can cause fading
of materials and may require UV filtering in certain applications.
5. Temperature Sensitivity: Metal halide lamps are sensitive to changes in temperature and
may experience performance issues in extreme hot or cold environments.

9. COMPARISON BETWEEN METAL HALIDE LAMPS AND HALOGEN LAMPS

Ans: Metal halide lamps and halogen lamps differ in several key aspects:

1. Light Output and Efficiency:

- Metal halide lamps are more efficient and produce higher light output compared to
halogen lamps for the same amount of energy consumed. They provide a bright, white light
suitable for various applications.
- Halogen lamps are less efficient and produce less light output for the same amount of
energy compared to metal halide lamps. They emit a warm, yellowish light.

2. Lifespan:
- Metal halide lamps generally have a longer lifespan compared to halogen lamps. They can
last up to 10,000 hours or more.
- Halogen lamps have a shorter lifespan, typically ranging from 2,000 to 5,000 hours.

3. Warm-up Time:
- Metal halide lamps require a few minutes to reach full brightness after being switched on.
- Halogen lamps provide instant illumination without any warm-up time.

4. Applications:
- Metal halide lamps are commonly used for outdoor lighting, such as in stadiums, parking
lots, and streetlights, as well as in indoor applications like warehouses and retail spaces.
- Halogen lamps are often used for accent lighting, task lighting, and in residential settings
for general illumination in areas such as living rooms, kitchens, and bedrooms.

5. Color Rendering:
- Metal halide lamps typically offer better color rendering properties, providing a more
natural and true-to-life representation of colors.
- Halogen lamps have good color rendering but may not be as accurate as metal halide
lamps.

6. Cost:
- Metal halide lamps tend to be more expensive upfront compared to halogen lamps.
- Halogen lamps are usually more affordable to purchase initially.
 Overall, the choice between metal halide lamps and halogen lamps depends on factors such
as the specific lighting requirements, energy efficiency goals, budget constraints, and desired
lighting characteristics for a particular application.

DEFINE

1. WATTAGE
Ans: A Watt is the unit of measures for calculating the power of a circulate or work done
per unit times. Is the unit of power or radiant flux in the international system of unit (SI),
equal to 1 joule per second. The wattage of the piece of the electrical requirement is the
amount of electrical power which is produced or used expressed in watts.

2. LUMINOUS INTENSITY
Ans: The quality of visible lights that is emitted in unit time per unit solid angle. The unit for
quality of light following from a source in any one second is called the lumen.
The measure of the power of the emitted light, by a light source in a particular direction per
unit solid angle is called as luminous intensity.

3. LUMENS
Ans: A lumen is the measure of the amount of brightness of a lightbulb. The higher the
number of lumens, the brighter the light bulb. The word lumen comes from Latin language
i.e., ‘an opening’.
The lumens (symbol – IM) is the unit of luminous flux, a measure of the perceived power of
visible light emitted by a source, in the international system of unit (SI).

4. COLOR RENDITION INDEX

Ans: Color rendering, expressed as a rating from 0-100 on the color rendering index (CRI),
describes how a light source makes the color of an object appears to humans eye and how
well suitable variations in the color shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating is, the
better its colour rendering ability. Color rendering scores can help designers determine how
well colour will look when illuminated by a particular white light.

5. COLOR TEMPERATURE
Ans: Colour temperature is a way to describe the light appearance provided by the light
bulb. It is measured in degree of Kelvin (K) on a scale from 1000 to 10000. Typically, Kelvin
temperatures from commercial and residential lighting applications fall somewhere on a
scale from 2000K to 6500K. the lower the number, the warmer the light. A typical warm
white light bulb for use in living rooms and bedroom would have a color temperature
between 2700K – 3200K. Cool white bulbs are anywhere upwards of 4000K.

6. LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
Ans: Light distribution refers to the way that light spreads across a given area. It is a
defining characteristic of LED lights, boat lights, and other lighting fixtures since it affects
their overall effectiveness and efficiency.
The patterns define how light is dispered from a fixture and is defined by the point at which
50% of the fixtures luminous intensity is met.