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Wardlaw’s CONTEMPORARY

NUTRITION
ELEVENTH EDITION

smi09965_fm_i-xxvii.indd i 10/06/17 02:36 PM

WARDLAW’S CONTEMPORARY NUTRITION, ELEVENTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019
by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
­Previous editions © 2016, 2013, and 2011. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any
­network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to
­customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 21 20 19 18
ISBN 978-1-259-70996-8
MHID 1-259-70996-5
Senior Portfolio Manager: Marija Magner
Product Developer: Darlene Schueller
Marketing Manager: Valerie L. Kramer
Content Project Managers: Mary Jane Lampe/Samantha Donisi-Hamm
Buyer: Susan K. Culbertson
Designer: Tara McDermott
Content Licensing Specialist: Melissa Homer
Cover Image Credit Source: © Mary-Jon Ludy, Bowling Green State University, Garden of Hope Images
Compositor: SPi Global
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of
the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wardlaw, Gordon M., author. | Smith, Anne M., 1955- author. | Collene,
Angela L., author. | Spees, Colleen K., author.
Title: Wardlaw’s contemporary nutrition / Anne M. Smith, Angela L. Collene,
Colleen K. Spees.
Other titles: Contemporary nutrition
Description: Eleventh edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019]
| Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017022100 | ISBN 9781259709968 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Nutrition—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QP141 .W378 2019 | DDC 612.3—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2017022100

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion
of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and
McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these
sites.

mheducation.com/highered
Brief Contents
Part One Nutrition: A Key to Health
1 Nutrition, Food Choices, and Health 3
2 Designing a Healthy Eating Pattern 37
3 The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective 79

Part Two Energy Nutrients and Energy Balance

4 Carbohydrates 123
5 Lipids 161
6 Proteins 203
7 Energy Balance and Weight Control 237

Part Three Vitamins, Minerals, and Water

8 Vitamins 283
9 Water and Minerals 347

Part Four Nutrition: Beyond the Nutrients

10 Nutrition: Fitness and Sports 411
11 Eating Disorders 449
12 Global Nutrition 481
13 Protecting Our Food Supply 513

Part Five Nutrition: A Focus on Life Stages

14 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding 557
15 Nutrition from Infancy Through Adolescence 599
16 Nutrition During Adulthood 643

About the Cover

The Garden of Hope is a community garden for cancer survivors located at the Waterman Farm at The Ohio State University. Dr. Colleen
Spees, co-author of Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition, leads research efforts at this unique living laboratory that provides cancer survivors
and food-insecure families the opportunity to incorporate a Farm-to-Fork approach while
harvesting fruits, vegetables, and herbs throughout the growing season.
Tomatoes, like those pictured on the front cover, are considered a “functional
food” because they provide health benefits beyond the essential nutrients they
contain. Vitamin C and lycopene, a phytochemical in tomatoes, function as powerful
antioxidants. Lycopene has also been linked to a reduced risk of stroke, some eye
diseases, and certain types of cancer. Tomatoes are also abundant sources of potassium,
a mineral often lacking in the American diet. A dietary pattern rich in potassium and
low in sodium can lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease. Nutrients
and phytochemicals in tomatoes may also boost the immune system and protect
bone health.
The eleventh edition of Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition shows how a primarily
plant-based eating pattern—rich in nutrients and phytochemicals—works to support and
maintain optimal health throughout life. The new Farm to Fork feature in each chapter
outlines the best ways to grow, shop, store, and prepare specific fruits and vegetables to ©Briana Zabala
optimize their nutritional value. This comprehensive and evidence-based perspective on The authors, Anne Smith, Colleen Spees,
nutrition makes learning fun, engaging, and relevant. and Angela Collene at the Garden of Hope.

iii
Dear Students,
Welcome to the fascinating world of nutrition! Because we all eat several times a day
and the choices we make can have a dramatic influence on health, nutrition is our
favorite area of science. At the same time, though, the science of nutrition can seem a
bit confusing. One reason for all the confusion is that it seems like “good nutrition” is
a moving target; different authorities have different ideas of how we should eat, and
nutrition recommendations sometimes change! Do carbohydrates cause weight gain?
Do I need to limit saturated fat? Should we eat foods that contain gluten? Second,
there are so many choices. Did you know that the average supermarket carries about
40,000 food and beverage products? The manufacturers of all those products are
vying for your attention, but typically, the most aggressively marketed items are not
the healthiest. How can you identify a healthy product? Third, as a nation, we eat
many of our meals and snacks away from home. When we eat foods someone else has
prepared for us, we surrender control over what is in our food, where the food came
from, and how much of it goes on our plates. Undoubtedly, you are interested in what
you should be eating and how the food you eat affects you.
Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition is designed to accurately convey changing
and seemingly conflicting messages to all kinds of students. Our students commonly
have misconceptions about nutrition, and many have a limited background in biology
or chemistry. We teach complex scientific concepts at a level that will enable you to
apply the material to your own life.
This marks the eleventh edition of Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition. We
are very excited to introduce you to our newest author, Dr. Colleen Spees! Like our
other authors, she is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist, which means she will help
you to translate nutrition science into practical advice. At The Ohio State University,
Dr. Spees is a valued expert on cancer, nutritional genomics, and food security. We are
thrilled to add her unique perspective and contemporary ideas.
As in previous editions, we have written this book to help you make informed
choices about the food you eat. We will take you through explanations of the nutrients
in food and their relationship to health and make you aware of the multitude of other
factors that drive food choices. To guide you, we refer to many reputable research
studies, books, policies, and websites throughout the book. With this information at
your fingertips, you will be well equipped to make your own informed choices about
what and how much to eat. There is much to learn, so let’s get started!

Anne Smith
Angela Collene
Colleen Spees
Wardlaw’s CONTEMPORARY

NUTRITION
ELEVENTH EDITION

Anne M. Smith PhD, RDN, LD

Department of Human Sciences,
College of Education and Human Ecology
The Ohio State University

Angela L. Collene MS, RDN, LD

Department of Human Sciences,
College of Education and Human Ecology
The Ohio State University

Colleen K. Spees PhD, MEd, RDN, LD, FAND

Division of Medical Dietetics and Health Sciences,
College of Medicine
The Ohio State University
About the Authors
ANNE M. SMITH, PhD, RDN, LD, is an associate professor emeritus at The Ohio State
­University. She was the recipient of the Outstanding Teacher Award from the College
of Human Ecology, the Outstanding Dietetic Educator Award from the Ohio Dietetic
­Association, the Outstanding Faculty Member Award from the Department of Human
Nutrition, and the Distinguished Service Award from the College of Education and Human
Ecology for her commitment to undergraduate education in nutrition. Dr. Smith’s research
in the area of vitamin and mineral metabolism has appeared in prominent nutrition
journals, and she was awarded the Research Award from the Ohio Agricultural Research
and Development Center. She is a member of the American Society for Nutrition and the
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Monty Soungpradith;
©Open Image Studio

ANGELA L. COLLENE, MS, RDN, LD, began her career at her alma mater, The Ohio
State University, as a research dietitian for studies related to diabetes and aging. Other
professional experiences include community nutrition lecturing and counseling, owner
of a personal chef business, and many diverse and rewarding science writing and editing
projects. Her interests include novel approaches to glycemic control, weight ­management,
and—quite predictably for the mother of three little girls—maternal and child nutrition.
Mrs. Collene currently teaches nutrition at The Ohio State University and Ohio Northern
University. She is a member of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

©Tim Klontz, Klontz Photography

COLLEEN K. SPEES, PhD, MEd, RDN, LD, FAND, is an academic instructor and
researcher at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. She earned her Doctorate in
Health Sciences at Ohio State with a research focus on Nutritional Genomics and Cancer
and her Master’s degree in Exercise Science and Health Promotion from Vanderbilt
­University. Her primary focus of teaching and research involves interventions aimed
at providing optimal nutrition for vulnerable populations (http://go.osu.edu/hope). In
addition to teaching nutrition at The Ohio State University, Dr. Spees also developed
and teaches a graduate level Nutritional Genomics course. She is the recipient of several
national awards from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, including the Distinguished
©RALPHOTOSTUDIO Practice Award; Award for Excellence in Oncology Nutrition Research; Outstanding
Dietetic Educator Award; Nutrition Informatics Video Challenge Teaching Award; Top
Innovator in Education Teaching Award; and has been a Content Expert and Reviewer for
the Academy’s Nutritional Genomics & Food Security Position Papers. Dr. Spees is also a
recognized ­Fellow of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

vi
Acknowledgments
It is because of the tireless efforts of a cohesive team of talented professionals that we can bring you the eleventh edition of
Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition. We consider ourselves massively blessed to work with the top-notch staff at McGraw-
Hill Education. We are grateful to Marija Magner, Sr. Portfolio Manager, for her strategic leadership and vast knowledge
of the higher education market. We thank our award-winning Product Developer, Darlene Schueller, who coordinated
the editorial team with her keen eye for detail, strong work ethic, and organizational expertise. We are grateful to our
Content Project Manager, Mary Jane Lampe, and her staff for the careful coordination of the numerous production efforts
needed to create the very appealing and accurate eleventh edition. We thank Samantha Donisi-Hamm, our Assessment
Content Project Manager, for her efforts and assistance. We appreciate the meticulous work of our copyeditor, Marilynn
Taylor; proofreaders, Kay J. Brimeyer and Debbie Trilk; and our Content Licensing Specialist, Melissa Homer. We thank
our Designer, Tara McDermott, who ensured that every aspect of our work is visually appealing—not just on the printed
page but also in a variety of digital formats. Finally, we are indebted to our colleagues, friends, and families for their con-
stant encouragement, honest feedback, and shared passion for the science of nutrition.
Reviewers
In the preparation of each edition, we have been guided by the collective wisdom of reviewers who are excellent teach-
ers. They represent experience in community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutions, and universities. We have fol-
lowed their recommendations, while remaining true to our overriding goal of writing a readable, student-centered text.

Roseann Berg Virginia B. Gray Dana Scheunemann

Foothill College California State University Milwaukee Area Technical College
Shawn Bjerke Long Beach Shannon Seal
Minnesota State Community and Julie Kennel Front Range Community College
­Technical College The Ohio State University James Stevens
Priscilla Burrow Carol Mack Front Range Community College
University of Colorado, Denver Erie Community College/North Dana Wu Wassmer
Iveta D. Dinbergs Sudeep Majumdar Cosumnes River College
Middlesex Community College Temple College

Student-Informed Reviews
We are very pleased to have been able to incorporate real student data points and input, derived from thousands of
our SmartBook® users, to help guide our revision. SmartBook heat maps provided a quick visual snapshot of usage
of portions of the text and the relative difficulty students experienced in mastering the content. With these data, we
were able to hone not only our text content but also the SmartBook probes.

With the eleventh edition of Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition we remember its founding author, Gordon M. Wardlaw.
Dr. Wardlaw had a passion for the science of nutrition and the research that supports it and demonstrated an exceptional
ability to translate scientific principles into practical knowledge. This skill is what made his book truly “contemporary.”
He was tireless when it came to staying current and relevant to a changing world. It has been a privilege for all of us to
join Dr. Wardlaw as coauthors of this textbook. For Anne Smith, he was an extraordinary colleague, mentor, and friend.
Angela Collene was blessed to have been one of his graduate students at The Ohio State University, when she first began
to assist with revisions to his books. Colleen Spees was a student in Dr. Wardlaw’s first nutrition class at The Ohio State
University and now holds his previous tenure-track position. Like so many other students, colleagues, and friends, we
remember Dr. Wardlaw as a source of vast knowledge, good humor, and inspiration. The best way we know to honor our
dear friend and mentor is to carry on his legacy of outstanding textbooks in introductory nutrition. Wardlaw’s Contempo-
rary Nutrition will continue to evolve and reflect current trends and breakthroughs in nutrition science, but Dr. Wardlaw’s
fingerprints will remain on every page.

vii
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Test
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File

Connecting Teaching
and Learning
Dietary Analysis Auto-Graded Assignments Within Connect
One of the challenges many instructors face with teaching
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I can use the case and the diet plan, and then only assign
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smi09965_fm_i-xxvii.indd x 07/12/18 01:37 PM

 Final PDF to printer

Connecting Students Confirming pages

to Today’s Nutrition Chapter 8: Vitamins 321

free vitamin B-12 then combines with intrinsic factor. The vitamin B-12–intrinsic factor
Understanding Our
complex travels Audience
the length
Ask the RDN is a new feature in every chapter that answers
of the small intestine to the ileum, where vitamin B-12 is
questions about topics that may seem to have conflicting viewpoints.
finally absorbed.
This feature will highlight the ability of the RDN to translate the latest
We have written If any of these
Wardlaw’s steps fails Nutrition
Contemporary or is altered, absorption
assuming that can drop to 1% to 2%. In these
cases,a the person usually takes monthly injections scientific findings into easy-to-understand nutrition information. Chapter 1: Nutrition, Food Choic
our students have limited background in college-level biology, of vitamin B-12, uses nasal gels of the
vitamin to bypass
chemistry, or physiology. We havethebeen
needcareful
for absorption,
to includeorthetakes megadoses of a supplemental form
(300 times the RDA). In this latter case, the vitamin B-12 absorption ASKdefect THEis RDN: overcome Who’s the Expert?
essential science foundation needed to adequately comprehend
by providing enough of the vitamin via simple diffusion across the intestinal tract.
certain topics in nutrition, such as protein synthesis in Chapter 6. The
About 95% of cases of vitamin B-12 deficiencies in healthy people result from defec-
science in thistive
textabsorption,
has been presented in afrom
rather than simple, straightforward
inadequate
Dear RDN: I am interested in making positive changes to my eating pattern to reach a healthy
dietary intakes. This
weightisandespecially
feel better. Howtrue
can Ifor
find a qualified nutrition expert who will give me personalized
manner so that undergraduate
older people. As students can master
we age, stomach the
acid material and
production declines, and our
nutrition stomachs have a
advice?
apply it to theirdecreased
own lives.ability
The Concept Mapsthe
to synthesize andintrinsic
detailed,factor
annotated You haveB-12
needed for vitamin already made a big step toward better nutrition by taking this nutrition course! The
absorption.
information in this textbook is written by authors who are all qualified nutrition experts, namely
figures bring complex topics into view for students from any major. registered dietitian nutritionists (RDN). The textbook and your instructor will provide a solid
foundation in nutrition, but be aware that some people call themselves “nutritionists” without
FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B-12
Featuring the Latest Guidelines
qualified training in nutrition. The best approach to finding answers about your personal
nutritional state is to consult your primary care provider, registered dietitian (RD), or registered registered dietitian (R
Vitamin B-12 participates in a variety of cellular processes. Thenutritionist
dietitian most (RDN).important
The RD/RDN has been certified by the Commission on Dietetic has completed a bacca
and Research function is folate metabolism. Vitamin B-12 is required to convert Registrationfolate
of the Academy
coenzymes of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) after completing rigorous classroom
and clinical training in nutrition. The RD/RDN must also complete continuing education. The RD
program approved by
Council for Education i
into the active forms needed for metabolic reactions, such as DNA synthesis. Without
credential was recently updated to RDN to better reflect the scope of practice of dietitians. While Dietetics (ACEND), per
1200 hours of supervis
vitamin B-12,
Nutrition is a dynamic field.reactions that require
A vast quantity certainconstantly
of research active forms of folate do signify
both titles not thetakesameplace in we will use RDN when referring to dietitians in this book.
credential,
practice, passed a reg
You can begin your search for a local RDN by asking your primary care provider or calling your
the cell. Thus, a deficiency of vitamin
reshapes our knowledge of nutritional science. The eleventh B-12 can result in symptoms of a folate deficiency,
health insurance company for a referral. You can also find an RDN by using the AND national examination, and comp
including elevated homocysteine levels and macrocytic anemia.referral service, called Find a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist. This service links consumers with continuing education r
edition has been carefully updated to reflect current scientific
Another vital function of vitamin B-12 is maintaining the myelin sheath
qualified nutrition that insu-
practitioners who provide reliable, objective nutrition information. Visit the registered dietitian nu
understanding, as well as the latest health and nutrition guidelines. website, www.eatright.org, and click on “Find an Expert.” (In Canada, visit the Dietitians of Canada (RDN) The RDN is the
lates neurons. Initial neurological symptoms of vitamin B-12 deficiencies include irregu-
website, www.dietitians.ca, and click on “Find a Dietitian.”) Enter your ZIP code or state to display formerly abbreviated R
For everydaylar dietmuscular
planning, students
actions andwill learn about
impaired the Eventual
reflexes. Dietary destruction of thein myelin
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your area. Select additional specialties that may apply to your specific needs. was updated to better
Guidelines forcauses
Americans, MyPlate,
paralysis and Healthy
and, perhaps, People
even death. In2020.
the past, vitamin The
B-12 website will display a eventu-
deficiencies list of providers. A professional with the RD or RDN credential after of practice of the dietit
his or her name is a qualified nutrition expert who is trained to help you separate facts from fads with the new name of
In discussionsally
about
led tospecific
death,nutrition
mainly dueconcerns, the most recent
to the destruction of nerves. and optimize your health with better food choices. You can trust an RDN to translate the latest organization for dietitia
data and recommendations from the Academy of Nutrition scientific findings into easy-to-understand nutrition information. of Nutrition and Dietet
I hope this answer was helpful. We will use this feature, “Ask the RDN,” in every chapter to
and Dietetics, American Heart Association, American Diabetes
VITAMIN B-12 DEFICIENCY answer questions about topics that may seem to have conflicting viewpoints.
Association, National Academy of Medicine, and American
Your nutrition expert,
PsychologicalThe fatal consequences
Association have beenofincluded
vitamin B-12in thisdeficiency
edition. can be observed in a disease known pernicious anemia The anemia that
as pernicious anemia. The word pernicious means “leading to death.” Indeed,
Anne M. Smith , PhD,before the
RDN, LD (author) results from a lack of vitamin B-12
discovery that consuming large doses of raw liver—a rich source of vitamin B-12—could absorption; it is pernicious because of
associated nerve degeneration that can
be used to treat this particular disease, many people did die from it. Pernicious anemia
result in eventual paralysis and death.
is characterized by macrocytic anemia (with all the usual signs of anemia), sore mouth,
depression, back pain, apathy, and severe nerve degeneration The that can leadCabinet
Medicine to tingling
in the extremities, weakness, paralysis, and, eventually, death from heart
feature presents failure.
People with pernicious anemia usually do not lack vitamin informationB-12 on in their diets. Medicine
Instead, they suffer from an autoimmune disease that destroys the stomach cells that
produce gastric acid and intrinsic factor. The resulting malabsorption of vitamin B-12
common medications Cabinet
used to treat diseases
is responsible for all the symptoms of the disease. Because we are able to store some
that have a nutrition
vitamin B-12,
Newsworthy Nutrition, symptoms
a feature in each of nerve
chapter,destruction
highlightsdo not develop for years. Unfortunately,
the Confirming pages Some medications may limit
substantial nerve destruction often occurs before connection.
clinical signs of deficiency, These such as vitamin B-12 absorption. Antacids or
use of the scientific method in recently published research studies
anemia, are detected. The nerve destruction is irreversible. features highlight the other medications used to inhibit acid
that relate to the chapter topics. In addition, assignable questions secretions will increase the pH within
Pernicious anemia, which affects about 2% of older adults, waysismedications
the most common
in Connect take learning a step further by asking students to read the stomach, thereby limiting release
cause of vitamin B-12 malabsorption. Other causes are age-related can affect atrophy of the acid-
nutritional
primary literature and apply
producing cells what
of thethey have and
stomach learned.
bacterial overgrowth in▲status,
Chapter 3: The Humanthe small
Body: intestine.
A Nutrition When
Perspective 103 of B-12 from protein. People who have
as well as ways
An RD or RDN is a qualified nutrition expert trained to help you separate facts from fads, and
ulcers or reflux may take these drugs.
acid production is low, bacteria normally present in the large foodintestine
optimize your health
and nutrients may colonize
with better food choices. You can trust an RDN, like this supermarket dietitian,
Metformin, a popular medication for
Newsworthy the smallNutrition
intestine and compete with our intestinal cells forcan
to translate the latest scientific findings into easy-to-understand
vitamin
affect B-12how absorption.
nutrition information.
controlling diabetes, may reduce
Certain medications also impair vitamin B-12 absorption (see Medicine Cabinet in B-12 absorption. With any of these
Probiotics provide relief from constipation medications work.
margin). medications, you should check with
Up to 25% of adultsInadequate intake
suffer from functional of vitamin
constipation, B-12 is
a problem rarely responsible for deficiency, but it can occur.
characterized your primary care provider to see if
by infrequent orVegan dietsmovements
difficult bowel supply little vitamin
not due B-12
to a physical unless
cause. they include vitamin B-12–enriched–food
Typically, supplemental B-12 is recommended.
functional constipation is treated with medications that can have side effects or lead
(e.g., soy milk) or supplements. Infants breastfed
to dependence. In this study, 40 adults with functional constipation were randomly by vegetarian mothers are at risk for
©Peter Dazeley/Photographer’s Choice/Getty
vitamin
assigned to receive a daily B-12 deficiency
probiotic accompanied
supplement containing by anemia
Lactobacillus reuteri and long-term nervous system prob-
or placebo for 4lems,
weeks. By the end Images
such as ofdiminished
the study period, subjects
brain who received
growth, the
degeneration of the spinal cord, and poor
probiotics reported increased frequency of bowel movements (5.3 per week), compared
intellectual
with subjects who development.
received a placebo (2.7 per week).The problems
No adverse mayreported.
effects were have their origins during pregnancy if
smi09965_ch01_002-035.indd 27

This study demonstrated that taking a probiotic supplement can significantly increase
the frequency of bowel movements among adults with functional constipation.
Source: Ojetti V and others: The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in adults with xi
chronic functional constipation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 23(4):387, 2014.

The large intestine is home to a large population of bacteria (over 500 different
Untitled-5 321 08/21/17 06:54 PM
species). While the stomach and small intestine have some bacterial activity, the large
smi09965_fm_i-xxvii.indd xi 11/08/17 10:58 AM
intestine is the organ most heavily colonized with bacteria. Starting at infancy, the diet
Connecting with a
Personal Focus Revised pages

Chapter 12: Global Nutrition 501

Valuing Our Food Supply FARM to FORK Bananas

When you enjoy tropical fruits, you are eating globally. Store
The most common tropical fruits are bananas, • Bananas continue to ripen after harvest and are
pineapples, mangos, and papayas—imported from often harvested when immature and green. These

In this edition, we introduce a new Farm to Fork feature. Each Ecuador, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Hawaii. Bananas are
the most consumed fruit in the United States—more
bananas will ripen in 5 to 7 days if left at room
temperature.
than apples and oranges combined! • Store ripe bananas in the refrigerator. Although
chapter spotlights a food item and traces its path to our plates. Grow
their skins will turn brown, the flesh will stay fresher
for days.
• Although bananas grow on “banana palms,”
Where does it grow? How do you select the most flavorful and bananas do not grow on trees. Banana palms are
actually a perennial herb. Prep
• Bananas do not grow from a seed but instead from • Plantains serve as the main carbohydrate source
nutritious foods? What are the best ways to store and prepare a bulb or rhizome. After planting a banana palm in a
subtropical environment, it can take up to 12 months
for 20 million individuals globally. Harvested when
green, plantains are skinned, then steamed, baked,

foods to maximize nutritional value? to literally enjoy the fruits of your labor.
• Because bananas grow in tropical climates, they are
not seasonal fruits but rather continue to grow all
year long.
Shop
©Corey Hochachka/Design Pics
or fried.
• In the Caribbean, fried plantains are a staple. For
a healthier recipe, try baked plantains. Use ripe
plantains, spotted with brown or black spots,
and slice after peeling. Coat a nonstick baking
sheet with cooking spray and lay the plantains in

Applying Nutrition on a
rows. Cook at 450°F for 15 minutes, flipping them
• There are two main categories of bananas. Plantains frequently.
(or cooking bananas) are starchy, and Cavendish • Celebrate bananas as the perfect on-the-go snack,
(or dessert bananas) are the sweet, yellow bananas lunch box treat, or sliced treat on top of cereal,
most commonly sold at the supermarket.

Personal Level
yogurt, or whole wheat pancakes.
• To increase your antioxidant content when eating
bananas, look beyond Cavendish bananas. Red
bananas and niños, or Lady Fingers, provide
greater vitamin C, potassium, calcium, manganese,
carotenoids, and zinc than the common Cavendish. © Shutterstock/Nataliia K
Revised pages
Throughout the eleventh edition, we reinforce the fact that each Source: Robinson J. “Tropical Fruits: Make the Most of Eating Globally,” in Eating on the Wild Side. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013.

person responds differently to nutrients. To further convey the

importance of applying nutrition to their personal lives, we include
many examples of people and situations that resonate with Rate Your Plate
of the labor force in the informal sector of the economy and an increasing proportion in
the formal sector. Of the 3 billion people in the world living on less than $2 a day, 70%
are women. Clearly, economic opportunities for women and education regarding family
planning must be augmented.
college students. We also stress the importance of learning to Empowerment of women is critical to improve the level of nutrition security, increase
I. Rate
the production Your Beverage
and distribution Choices
of food and other agricultural products, and enhance
intelligently sort through the seemingly endless range of nutrition living conditions in general. Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals aims to
Water is the key component in the guidelines that have been developed by the Beverage Guidance Panel (Table 9-10). These rec-
achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Increasing women’s access
messages to recognize reliable information and to sensibly apply to education,
ommendations give guidance on the health and nutritional benefits as well as the risks of various beverage categories. The basis
information and communication technologies, economic resources, and
of the Beverage Guidance System is that fluids should not provide a significant amount of the energy nutrients in a healthy diet.
governance More
reduces poverty,
specifically, thepromotes development,
system recommends achieves provide
that beverages genderless
equality, protects
than 10% of total calories consumed for a 2200 kcal diet.24
it to their own lives. Our goal is to provide students the tools they women’s human rights, and eliminates violence against women. Although paid women
workers outside
TABLE of 9-10
agriculture increased
■ The Beverage from 35%
Guidance in 1990 to 41% in 2015, women con-
System
tinue to experience significant gaps in terms of poverty, Recommended
labor market and wages, and
need to eat healthfully and make informed nutrition decisions after participation Level
in private and public decision making. There
Category* is still
Servings perplenty
Day of room for
Revised pages
Revised pages
improvement.
they complete the class. Many of these features can be assigned 1 Water 50 fluid ounces (1.7 liters)

2 Tea or coffee, unsweetened 0 to 40 fluid ounces

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
and graded through Connect to help students learn and apply the Over the years,
(0 to 1.4 liters)

3 changes inLow-fat
agricultural
and skimpractices have had0 many
milk and soy positive
to 16 fluid ouncesresults
(0 to on the
information and engage with the text. availability of food aroundbeverages
ever, there have been
the world. Along with the positive
significant negative impacts. Most
effects on farming, how-
0.5 liter)
significant among these are

Chapter 10
Chapter 1: Nutrition, Food Choices, and Health 29 4 Noncalorically sweetened 0 to 32 fluid ounces
the depletion of topsoil, contamination
beverages (dietof groundwater, decline
drinks) of family farms, neglect
(0 to 1 liter)

5 Calorie beverages with some 0 to 8 fluid ounces 100% fruit

nutrients (100% fruit juices, juices (0 to 0.25 liter)
alcoholic beverages, whole milk, 0 to 1 alcoholic drink for women
CASE STUDY Typical College Student and sports drinks) 0 to 2 alcoholic drinks for men

Nutrition: Fitness and Sports

Andy is like many other college students. He grew up on a quick bowl of
cereal and milk for breakfast and a hamburger, French fries, and cola for
lunch, either in the school cafeteria or at a local fast-food restaurant. At dinner,
he generally avoided eating any of his salad or vegetables, and by 9:00 p.m.
he was deep into bags of chips and cookies. Andy has taken most of these
habits to college. He prefers coffee for breakfast and possibly a chocolate
bar. Lunch is still mainly a hamburger, French fries, and cola, but pizza and
tacos now alternate more frequently than when he was in high school. One
thing Andy really likes about the restaurants surrounding campus is that, for
a few cents more, he can make his hamburger a double or get extra cheese
and pepperoni on his pizza. This helps him stretch his food dollar; searching
out large-portion value meals for lunch and dinner has become part of a
typical day. Now that he is in college, some of Andy’s calories come from
alcohol. He will have a beer with dinner a couple nights a week and will binge
on a six-pack or more while tailgating before Saturday football games.
Provide Andy some advice about his eating pattern. Start with his positive habits and then provide some constructive criticism,
based on what you now know.
Answer the following questions, and as you make suggestions for Andy, think about your favorite food choices, why they are
your favorites, and whether these are positive choices.
1. Start with Andy’s positive habits: What healthy choices are being made when Andy eats at local restaurants?
2. Now provide some constructive criticism:
6 Calorically sweetened beverages 0 to 8 fluid ounces (0 to
(regular soft drinks) 0.25 liter)
Untitled-7 501 08/21/17 07:01 PM
*Categories established based on their possible health benefits or risks.
Source: Adapted from Popkin, et al. “A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the
©Hoby Finn/Getty Images
United States.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83:529, 2006
1. Think of all the beverages you drank yesterday, from the time you woke up to the time you went toAre you
bed. Do ayour
sedentary
best to individual looking to start a personal
What Would You Choose?
recall the types and amounts of your fluid intake in the space below. fitness program? Do you participate in recreational sports,
such as intramural volleyball? Or are you a competitive athlete
You are gearing up to run your first half-marathon in a few who would like to take your performance to the next level?
weeks. From your long training runs, you know that physi-
One thing is certain: at every level of fitness, sensible nutrition
cal and mental fatigue may set in a few miles before the
and physical activity complement each other in the pursuit of
finish. You’ve practiced great dietary patterns throughout
training but have trouble eating during your runs. You want wellness.
©Dinodia Photos/Almay 2. Next to each beverage choice you listed for question 1, indicate its category from the Beverage Guidance System.
to try one of those sports nutrition products to help get you Some individuals fall into the trap of thinking that
3. Did you come close to thethrough
recommendation to consume
the last few 50 fluid
miles. What ounces
would you(1.7 liters) of
choose tofluid
takein the form of water yesterday?
participation in sports alleviates the need to pay close attention
along during the race to help you make it to the finish line?
to eating habits. As you will learn in this chapter, adequate
a Clif Shot® Turbo energy gel with 100 milligrams caffeine, dietary patterns and hydration have a big impact on physical
22 grams of carbohydrate, and electrolytes
performance.servings Revised pages
4. How many fluid ounces of your beverages fit into categories 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6? Did you exceed the recommended
b PowerBar ProteinPlus® energy bar with 23 grams of
per day for these categories?
protein Most athletes are on the lookout for any advantage, whether
real or perceived, that might enhance performance and give
c Powerade® sports drink with electrolytes, vitamins, and
14 grams of carbohydrate them the winning edge. For this reason, athletes are likely

Challenging Students to
a.
b.
c.
What are some of the negative aspects of items available at fast-food restaurants?
Why is ordering the “value meals” a dangerous habit?
What healthier substitutions could he make at each meal?
5. What changes could you make in your beverage choicesTMto follow the Beverage Guidance Systemtargets

2.8 Nutrition and Your Health

d Essential Amino Energy drink with branched-chain
does following the Beverage Guidance System contribute to good health?
amino acids
more closely? How quackery and misinformation. As you try to
for nutrition
sort fact from fiction, be sure of this: long-term health promotion
and maintenance should include adherence to evidence-based

Think Critically d.
e.
List some healthier choices he could make at fast-food restaurants on campus.
What concerns would you share about Andy’s weekly alcohol intake? Food Labels and Diet Planning
Think about your choice as you read this chapter, then
see What the Dietitian Chose at the end of the chapter.
dietary and physical activity practices.
Overall, making informed 409
choices about foods, beverages,
and dietary supplements can optimize many aspects of
Complete the Case Study. Responses to these questions can be provided by your instructor. In addition to these required components, manufacturers can
physical performance, from preventing fatigue to gaining
choose to list polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, potas-
The pages of Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition contain Untitled-8 409
muscle nutrient
sium, and others. Listing an additional
the food is fortified with that nutrient
discover
to recovering
or ifhow
a claim
becomes from
is made
physical08/21/17
workouts.
required
about
activity
if In this chapter, you will
the
benefits
07:04 PM the entire body and how
numerous opportunities for students to learn for fiber,more
calcium, and about
of fruit puts you on the right path for meeting recommendations
fruit intake. Even though it may seem that
health benefits of the specific nutrient.
nutrition relates to physical performance. This information is
Remember that the Daily Value is a generic standard used on
coffee gets your brain going in the morning, your brain is fueled best the food label. The percentage important for the
of the Daily everyday,
Value (% Dailyrecreational
Value athlete who exercises
themselves and their diet and to use theirbynew knowledge
carbohydrates, ofalso show that eating break-
not caffeine. Studies
Understand how athletes can optimize
or % DV) is usually given for each
performance
centages by
are based
nutrientweight
to manage per serving.
or justThese
on a 2000-kcal diet and must be adjusted
to have per-fun. It is crucial, however, for
fast prevents overeating later in the day. Read more about the best 10.8 elite athletes for whom a fraction of a second can make the
nutrition to improve their health. These pedagogical breakfast choices in theelements
What the Dietitian Chose recommendations
consuming foods and fluids before, during,
exercise.
and after
for people who require considerably more or less than 2000 kcal
per day with respect to fat and difference betweenintake.
carbohydrate first and DVs second
are place. A sports dietitian
at the end of this chapter. mostly set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutri-issues of individual athletes
include Critical Thinking, Ask the RDN, Case Studies, Nutrition 10.9
List several ergogenic aids and describe their effects, if any,
on an athlete’s performance.
can assist in adapting
ent standard seen in the various age and gender categories for
a specific nutrient.
the unique
regarding overall health, nutrient requirements, performance

and Your Health, What Would You Choose?, ⊲ FiveandSimpleNewsworthy

Tips to Avert Weight Gain
Serving sizes on the Nutrition Facts
goals, panel must
physique be consistent
characteristics,
among similar foods. This means that all brands of ice cream, for
preferences.
barriers to success, and food
• Eat breakfast. Rev up your metabolism with a protein source example, must use the same serving size on their label. These
Nutrition. Many of the thought-provoking topics such as highlighted
an egg or Greek yogurt, atinleast one serving of whole
grains such as a breakfast cereal, and a fruit such as a banana.
serving sizes may differ from those of MyPlate because those on
food labels are based on more typical portion sizes. In addition,

these features are expanded upon in the online
in Connect.
▲ Research has shown that gourmet coffee beverages, such as lattes
• Plan resources found
ahead. Eat a balanced meal or snack every 3 to 4 hours.
• Limit liquid calories. Drink water instead of high-calorie soft
food claims made on packages must follow legal definitions. A long
list of definitions for nutrient claims allowed on food labels is given
in Table 2-10. For example, if a product claims to be “low sodium,” it
drinks, fruit juice, alcohol, or coffee; if you drink alcohol, limit it to
1 or 2 drinks per day.
must have 140 milligrams of sodium or less per serving.
Many manufacturers list the Daily Values set for dietary com-
411

and cappuccinos, can increase calorie consumption by about 200

kcal per day.18 ©BananaStock/PunchStock
xii Although many students skip it, breakfast is the most important
meal of the day. Starting the day off with a serving of lean protein
(e.g., an egg, Canadian bacon, Greek yogurt, or protein shake), a
fortified whole-grain breakfast cereal, skim milk, and a serving
• Stock the fridge and pantry. Keep a stash of low-calorie, ponents such as fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate on the Nutri-
nutritious snacks such as string cheese, pretzels, light tion Facts panel. This can be useful as a reference point. As noted,
microwave popcorn, and fruit (fresh, canned, or dried). they are based on 2000 kcal; if the label is large enough, amounts
• Exercise regularly. Find a friend to work out with you. Untitled-5 411
based on 2500 kcal are listed as well. As mentioned, DVs allow 07/19/17 03:12 PM
consumers to compare their intake from a specific food to desir-
Experts recommend 30 minutes of moderate exercise at least
able (or maximum) daily intakes.
5 days a week.
Changes to Nutrition Labels Approved
©Photodisc/Getty Images
Connecting to Engaging
Visuals
Attractive, Accurate Artwork
Illustrations, photographs, infographics, and tables in the text were
created to help students master complex scientific concepts.

• Many illustrations were updated or replaced to Omega-3 Family Linoleic acid (the essential
omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic
inspire student inquiry and comprehension and acid (the essential omega-3 fatty acid) Omega-6 Family
Alpha-linolenic acid
to promote interest and retention of information. must be consumed as part of the diet
because the body lacks the enzymes Linoleic acid
­Several were also redesigned to use brighter required to make them.
colors and a more attractive, contemporary style.
• In many figures, color-coding and directional
When the essential fatty
arrows make it easier to follow events and acids are obtained from the
­reinforce interrelationships. Process descriptions Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) diet, the body can use them
to make other, nonessential
appear in the body of the figures. This pairing fatty acids. These eventually Arachidonic acid
of the action and an explanation walks students give rise to a variety of
eicosanoids that regulate
­step-by-step through the process and increases Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) body functions.
teaching effectiveness.

The final result is a striking visual program that

holds readers’ attention and supports the goals of clarity, ease
of comprehension, and critical thinking. The attractive layout and
design of this edition are clean, bright, and inviting. This creative
presentation of the material is geared toward engaging today’s
visually oriented students.
(b)
Food Item Protein % RDA for 70 kg Male
and Amount grams (56 grams)

Quinoa, cooked, 1 cup 8.4 15%

Grains

Whole wheat bread, 1 slice 3.5 6%

FIGURE 6-6 ⊲ Food sources of pro-
(a) White rice, ½ cup 2.1 4%
tein. (a) The fill of the background color
(none, 1/3, 2/3, or completely covered) Edamame, cooked, 1 cup 18.5 33%
Vegetables

within each group on MyPlate indicates

the average nutrient density for protein Kidney beans, ½ cup 6.7 12%
in that group. (b) The bar graph shows
Sweet potato, cooked, medium 2.1 4%
the protein content of several foods
from each food group compared to the Peach, 1 medium 1.4 3%
RDA for a 70-kilogram male. Overall, the
Fruits

dairy group and the protein group con- Banana, 1 medium 1.3 2%
tain many foods that are nutrient-dense
Cantaloupe, cubed, 1 cup 1.3 2%
sources of protein. The fruits group
­provides little or no protein (less than Yogurt, Greek, nonfat, 5.3 ounces 13.6 24%
1 gram per serving). Food choices from
Dairy

the vegetables group and grains group 1% low-fat milk, 1 cup 8.2 15%
provide moderate amounts of protein
Cheddar cheese, 1 ounce 6.5 12%
(2 to 3 grams per serving). The dairy
group provides much protein (8 to 10 grams Chicken, breast, roasted, 3 ounces 23.8 43%
per serving), as does the protein group
Protein

(7 grams per serving). ©Nutrition data from Tuna, canned, 3 ounces 20.1 36%
USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Ref-
Peanuts, 1 ounce 6.9 12%
erence, Release 26.

xiii
Connecting with
the Latest Updates
Global Changes
• Throughout this new edition we have replaced the term
diet in most cases with the term eating pattern or dietary
­pattern. This reflects the emphasis on “healthy eating
patterns” in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. As we
discuss healthy eating patterns throughout the text,
you will notice more emphasis on the problems of
­overconsumption of added sugars and less emphasis on
problems from the consumption of dietary cholesterol.
• In addition, we have replaced the term calorie with
­kilocalorie when referring to specific energy amounts. For
example, the Concept Check for Section 1.4 now reads:
What are the energy (kilocalorie) values for each of the
“energy nutrients?”
• All images of the Nutrition Facts Label have been updated
to the new format approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration in 2016.
• A new feature, Ask the RDN (Registered Dietitian
­Nutritionist) appears in every chapter and addresses
­questions we frequently hear students asking about food
and nutrition topics covered in the popular media. We use
the Ask the RDN in Chapter 1 to set the stage, ­answering
the important question “How can I find a qualified
­nutrition expert who will give me personalized nutrition
advice?” Each feature is answered and signed by one of
the authors, who are all Registered Dietitian Nutritionists!
Along these same lines, we have emphasized RDNs as the
nutrition experts throughout the text.
• Another new feature, Farm to Fork, appears in every chapter
and presents practical information on how to grow, shop
for, store, and prepare various fruits and vegetables to
obtain and preserve their flavor and nutrients.
• The last section of each chapter, Nutrition and Your Health, is
now a numbered section (e.g., Section 1.8 in Chapter 1) for
easier navigating especially within the digital ­components
of the text.
• The term physician or doctor has been replaced with
primary care provider, and references to the Institute of
Medicine have been updated to its new name, National
Academy of Medicine.
• The Case Study Solutions have been removed from
all chapters, so that the Case Study can be used as an
­assignable project. Instructors can time the release of the
solutions on Connect.
• Further Readings are now superscripted as footnotes in the
text.
xiv
Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions
Chapter 1: Nutrition, Food Choices, and Health
• Figures 1-2 and 1-3 are new and illustrate USDA data
from 2014 for vegetable and dairy product consumption,
respectively. Figure 1-3 also compares 2014 dairy product
consumption with that in 1974.
• Figure 1-4 provides an update on the 10 leading causes of
death in the United States in 2014 as reported by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention in June 2016.
• In Section 1.4 on math concepts, practical examples of
metric system conversions have been added. Examples
include the conversion of grams of sugar in Greek yogurt
to teaspoons and milliliters of water to cups.
• Section 1.6, What Is the Current State of the North
­American Eating Patterns and Health?, has been updated
to reflect recent changes in obesity trends. Figure 1-7 show-
ing the percentage of adults who were obese in 2015 as
well as other obesity statistics, has been updated. The most
recent report, F as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens ­America’s
Future 2013, is discussed. The Newsworthy Nutrition feature
has been updated to “No Decrease in Adult Obesity Rates
from 2005 to 2014,” summarizing research published in the
Journal of the American Medical Association in 2016.
• The Case Study: Typical College Student has been revised to
include alcohol in the dietary pattern.
• The Further Readings have been updated with seven new
articles.
Chapter 2: Designing a Healthy Eating Pattern
• The What Would You Choose feature has been expanded
to include snacks as well as beverages and asks which
snack combination provides the best amount of calories,
­nutrients, and energy for an afternoon snack.
• The Newsworthy Nutrition, “Effect of healthy eating ­attitude
at the supermarket,” is new and is a summary of research
published in the Journal of the Academy of ­Nutrition and
Dietetics in 2014.
• Significant changes in Chapter 2 revolve around the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In Section 2.2, the entire
subsection, Dietary Guidelines—The Basis for Menu Plan-
ning, has been revised. To help students understand
the political issues surrounding the Guidelines, we have
included a discussion of the process used to establish
them. Figure 2-1 is adapted from the Dietary Guidelines
and illustrates typical food choices that can be shifted

to more nutrient-dense options. The five foundational
­guidelines of the Dietary Guidelines are outlined and Key
Recommendations are illustrated in Figure 2-2.
• The chapter title has changed to Designing a Healthy ­Eating
Pattern, and Section 2.2 highlights the Guidelines’ new
emphasis on “Healthy Eating Patterns” with the following
new subsections: Shifting to Healthy Eating Patterns;
­Importance of Calorie Balance Within Healthy Eating
­Patterns; Food Components to Include in Your Healthy
­Eating Pattern; and Food Components to Limit in Your
Healthy Eating Pattern. The new Figure 2-3, Comparing
current eating patterns in the United States to the Dietary
Guidelines, is directly from the Guidelines report.
• The Farm to Fork feature in Chapter 2 highlights carrots
and beets, two colorful vegetables that fit into the
Dietary ­Guideline to eat a variety from all five vegetable
­subgroups—dark green, red and orange, beans and peas,
starchy, and others.
• Several updates have been made to the Section 2.3,
MyPlate—A Menu Planning Tool. A new subsection, Build
a Healthy Eating Style, includes ideas and tips to help
­create a healthier eating style. Categories include 1) All
Food and Beverage Choices Matter—Focus on Variety,
Amount, and Nutrition, 2) Choose an Eating Style Low in
Saturated Fat, Sodium, and Added Sugars, 3) Make Small
Changes to ­Create a Healthier Eating Style (introduces the
new MyPlate feature, MyWin), and 4) Support Healthy
Eating for Everyone.
• Figure 2-6 is an improved illustration of what counts as a
serving and the use of standard objects to estimate ­serving
size. Dice have replaced the golf ball as visual cues for
items such as butter or peanut butter.
• The focus and caption for Figure 2-7 have been changed
to illustrate that all dairy is not the same. This bar graph
­compares the difference in kilocalories from various types
of milks and the added calories from fat and sugar in
­various milks compared to fat-free milk.
• The What’s Cooking? USDA Mixing Bowl, an interactive tool
for consumers who are ready to make a change and need
help with healthy meal planning, cooking, and grocery
shopping, has been added to the list of Additional MyPlate
Resources.
• Margarine has been deleted and/or replaced with peanut
butter in Table 2-7, Putting MyPlate into Practice.
• Section 2.3 includes the new Ask the RDN feature, which
answers the question of how to follow the Mediterranean
Diet eating plan.
• New information on Diet and Nutrition Apps has been
added to Section 2.7 and includes a link to the Academy
of Nutrition and Dietetics’ science-based reviews of the
most popular diet and nutrition apps for phones and
tablets.
Connecting with the Latest Updates xv
• Section 2.8, Food Labels and Diet Planning, includes a new
subsection on Labeling of Food Allergens. Also Figure 2-12
has been updated in accordance with the revised Nutrition
Facts Label and includes information about the new line
for Added Sugars.
• There are eight new Further Readings in Chapter 2.
Chapter 3: The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective
• The new Farm to Fork feature describes the benefits of
cranberries, which help to prevent infections of the
­gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
• Figures 3-8, 3-10, 3-12, 3-14, 3-16, and 3-21 have been
updated to an infographic style to more clearly explain key
features of the gastrointestinal tract.
• In Section 3.9, the newest taste sensation—oleogustus—is
defined, and the Newsworthy Nutrition feature has been
updated to present recent research on the effects of
­probiotics on bowel regularity.
• Section 3.11 has been updated with current terminology
and the latest statistics on the relationships between
­nutrition and genetics. Readers will find an expanded
and updated collection of web resources for further
­information on genetics.
• The Nutrition and Your Health feature in Section 3.12
includes updated information on treatments for irritable
bowel syndrome.
• The new Ask the RDN feature explores the question of
whether a gluten-free diet is an effective weight-loss method.
• In the Rate Your Plate activity, we now provide a link to an
interactive tool to generate a medical family tree.
• To provide students with additional resources, Chapter 3
includes 13 new Further Readings.
Chapter 4: Carbohydrates
• New to Section 4.2, the relationship between gut
­microbiota and fiber intake are described.
• The new Farm to Fork feature focuses on an excellent
source of dietary fiber—potatoes!
• In Section 4.3, the idea of consuming fruits and vegetables as
juice is discussed as an answer to the Ask the RDN question,
Is juicing healthier than eating whole fruits or vegetables?
• Also in Section 4.3, energy and sports drinks are added to
emphasize these as growing sources of added sugar in the
United States.
• Table 4-1 was added to highlight the main differences
between whole and refined grains.
• A new table of lactose-containing food sources has been
added in Table 4-2.
xvi Connecting with the Latest Updates
• What Are FODMAPs? is a new information box in Section 4.4
and explains this group of fermentable carbohydrates and lists
several websites that provide practical information on foods to
avoid and foods to include when restricting FODMAPs.
• The section on glycemic index has been shortened,
­glycemic load introduced, and an emphasis placed on the
role of lifestyle management of glucose control added.
• The “To sugar or not to sugar” content describes the pros and
cons of consuming refined sugar and artificial sweeteners.
• Section 4.6 provides a list of the updated Dietary
­Guidelines’ recommendations for carbohydrate intake as
part of a healthy eating pattern.
• Also featured in Section 4.6 is a new Newsworthy Nutrition,
“Americans are decreasing consumption of sugar-sweetened
beverages,” based on research published in 2013.
• The Nutrition and Your Health featuring diabetes includes
updated information on insulin pumps and highlights the
Diabetes Prevention Program.
• The CDC National Diabetes Statistics Report, as well as the
Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Health
implications of dietary fiber, have been updated in the
­Further Readings along with eight new articles.
Chapter 5: Lipids
• On the whole, Chapter 5 has been reorganized to improve
flow of information. Some figures and text content
have been moved so that all of the information on food
sources of lipids appears in Section 5.3 and all of the
­recommendations for fat intake appear in Section 5.7.
• Throughout the chapter, to reflect updated advice from the
Dietary Guidelines and the American Heart Association’s
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations, we emphasize that the
quality of fat in the diet is just as important as the total
amount of fat in the diet. In addition, we have removed
any outdated recommendations about specific limits for
dietary cholesterol intake.
• Section 5.1 has been expanded to introduce students to
some of the core terminology in the chapter.
• The structures of lipids in Figures 5-1 and 5-4 and the
Concept Map are now displayed as ball-and-stick models,
which give students a sense of the three-dimensional shape
of lipids and how that might affect their functions.
• Figure 5-3 has been revised to more accurately ­represent
the relationships among key omega-3 and omega-6 fatty
acids. Likewise, the Lipids Concept Map, now in ­Section 5.2,
has been simplified to show how the various forms of
­lipids are related to each other.
• In Section 5.3, we point out that partially hydrogenated
oils are no longer generally recognized as safe for use in
food products.
• Figure 5-5 now combines MyPlate with the bar graph
­representation of food sources of fat.
• In Section 5.6, we have added a new subsection on the role
of lipids in regulating body processes. Information about
eicosanoids, which had previously appeared elsewhere in
the chapter, is now presented in this section.
• Table 5-5 has been updated with the latest Diet and Lifestyle
Recommendations from the American Heart Association,
which were released in 2013.
• A new Figure 5-17 translates the American Heart
­Association’s Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations into
­
practical terms: dinner!
• A new subsection within Section 5.7 summarizes the
advice of public health authorities on fish consumption.
Also, a new subsection discusses dietary patterns that
­promote cardiovascular health.
• In Section 5.7, we have included a new Ask the RDN
­feature about the health benefits of coconut oil.
• The content of the Nutrition and Your Health section has been
simplified to focus less on medical treatments and more on
dietary strategies to lower risk for cardiovascular disease.
• Chapter 5 has been updated with 12 new Further Readings.
Chapter 6: Proteins
• The What Would You Choose feature has been updated to
focus more on consuming at least 20 to 30 grams of ­protein
at a given meal to optimize muscle protein growth.
• Several updates have been made to Section 6.3, Protein in
Foods. Statistics on the consumption of animal products in
developing countries have been updated.
• Figure 6-6, Food Sources of Protein, has been ­reformatted
to include information about sources of protein on
MyPlate.
• Figure 6-7 is new and illustrates beef, pork, and poultry
production in developed and developing countries.
• A new box feature, Evaluating Protein Quality, summarizes
the new method (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid
Score [DIAAS]) for assessing the quality of dietary proteins
that is recommended by the FAO.
• Practical tips on using legumes as a source of protein are
listed in the Farm to Fork feature.
• Figure 6-10 has been expanded to display eight separate
images to represent the eight common food allergens.
• Content on the effects of high protein intakes has been
moved to this section.
• The new protein intake recommendations from the Dietary
Guidelines are outlined in Section 6.6, including the shifts
recommended to increase variety in protein food choices
and to make more nutrient-dense choices. Section 6.6 also
includes a discussion of current research showing that a
more equal distribution of protein at each meal is important
in maintaining body composition and bone health and in
regulating glucose.

Student Learning Outcomes
Chapter 1 is designed to allow you to:
Describe how our food choices are affected by the flavor,
1.1
texture, and appearance of food; routines and habits; early
experiences and customs; advertising; nutrition and health
concerns; restaurants; social changes; economics; and
physiological processes affected by meal size and
composition.
©Corbis/Punchstock
1.2
Identify diet and lifestyle factors that contribute to the 15 leading
causes of death in North America.
Define the terms nutrition, carbohydrate, protein, lipid (fat),
1.3
alcohol, vitamin, mineral, water, phytochemical, kilocalorie
(kcal), and fiber.
Determine the total calories (kcal) of a food or diet using the
1.4
weight and calorie content of the energy-yielding nutrients,
convert English to metric units, and calculate percentages, such
as percent of calories from fat in a diet.
Another random document with
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 IV.

Dunque non c’era più dubbio: il professore Teofoli era innamorato

(spiritualmente, platonicamente) della contessa Giorgina Serlati.
Questa malattia (non si poteva chiamarla con altro nome) l’aveva
côlto in villa Ermansi e la contessa Susanna n’era dolente ed
indispettita. Può darsi che nel suo dolore e nel suo dispetto entrasse
un po’ di gelosia, poichè la Ermansi, senza essersi mai sognata che
la sua relazione con Teofoli uscisse dai confini d’un’onesta intimità,
s’era avvezza a considerare il buon professore come cosa sua e non
desiderava ch’egli stringesse dimestichezza con altre famiglie. Ma
sarebbe ingiusto il negare che i suoi sentimenti fossero dettati da
una sincera amicizia. Le spiaceva veder incamminarsi per una via
senza uscita un brav’uomo a cui ell’era affezionata, e avrebbe voluto
salvarlo finch’era in tempo. Bisogna convenire però che l’impresa
non era facile. Mettere in guardia un innamorato contro la sirena che
lo affascina è probabilmente un aggiunger esca al fuoco ed è poi
quasi sempre un farselo nemico. D’altra parte il dire a una donna
galante che non lusinghi un suo corteggiatore pel male che potrebbe
derivarne a lui è come parlare a un sordo. La donna galante non
consentirà mai, senza una suprema necessità, ad assottigliare la
schiera dei suoi cicisbei. Se ce ne sono di quelli che soffrono, di
quelli che muoiono, tanto peggio per loro. Così le pratiche della
contessa Ermansi non riuscirono che a render più freddi i suoi
rapporti con Teofoli e con la Serlati. Il professore continuava a
frequentar casa Ermansi, ma era sulle spine quando non ci trovava
la Serlati, e quando ce la trovava non aveva pace finchè non l’era
seduto vicino. La Serlati, dal canto suo, si godeva a mettere in
burletta la Ermansi, e ne imitava i modi, i gesti, la voce, e la
chiamava dottoressa e maestra di buoni costumi.
Ma insomma, si domanderà, che cos’era questa Serlati? E a quale
scopo faceva ammattire quel povero Teofoli che non era giovine, che
non era bello, che non apparteneva alla società ov’ella brillava come
uno degli astri più fulgidi?
La contessa Giorgina Serlati era una civetta; e questa parolina di
sette lettere è grave di significato. Essa è nel medesimo tempo
un’accusa e un’attenuante. Perchè le civette di prima qualità, le
civette di razza (e la Serlati era una di queste) hanno, voglia o non
voglia, qualche cosa di spontaneo e d’irresponsabile che disarma le
collere e tempera i rancori. Gli avvocati della forza irresistibile non
potrebbero trovar campo più propizio alle loro eloquenti perorazioni.
Quand’una è nata civetta, ella è tale senz’accorgersene, senza
volerlo; vicina ad un uomo qualunque sia, sfoggerà le sue arti di
seduzione, non perchè quell’uomo le piaccia, ma perchè non può a
meno di far così. E se gli uomini saranno parecchi, avrà per
ciascuno una preferenza, un’attenzione particolare. In un salotto, in
un ballo, confiderà a questo il ventaglio mentre accorda un valzer a
quello, permetterà che uno raccolga un suo guanto e che un altro
raccolga un suo fiore, s’appoggerà voluttuosamente sul cavaliere
che le dà il braccio, e lascerà cader uno sguardo pieno di simpatia
sullo spasimante timido e sconosciuto che s’è messo sul suo
cammino per vederla passare, per toccar un lembo della sua veste,
per essere avvolto dal suo respiro. Susciterà desideri a cui non
partecipa, speranze ch’ella non si sogna di appagare, rivalità che
non si cura di estinguere, inconsapevole del male che fa, pronta a
mostrare uno stupore ingenuo e sincero se vi sia chi osi
rinfacciarglielo, perch’ella è convinta di far piuttosto del bene come
fa il sole quando risplende sui forti e sugli umili. E il peggio si è che
s’ella tenta correggersi e per un momento accenna a riuscirvi, ella
perde le sue maggiori attrattive, onde quelli stessi i quali le
rimproveravano la sua civetteria, le rimproverano il suo sussiego e la
sua mancanza di naturalezza, e a lei non resta altro partito da
prendere che di tornare ciò ch’era prima.
Quest’era il caso della contessa Serlati. Per civetta era una civetta
adorabile; se si fosse forzata a divenire una donna savia, assestata,
casalinga, sarebbe parsa una creatura insignificante e melensa.
Certo che non erano da invidiare coloro che si abbruciavano a’ suoi
raggi, e il professore Clemente Teofoli era da invidiare meno di tutti.
L’incontro della Serlati era stato per lui un colpo di sole ben più grave
di quello che aveva minacciato l’esistenza del suo collega Dalla
Volpe. Ella lo aveva sin dal primo istante domato con la sua bellezza
e con la sua grazia, ell’aveva fatto vibrare in lui delle corde che non
avevano vibrato mai, gli aveva aperto lo spiraglio d’un mondo ignoto
al paragone del quale impallidivano anche le visioni luminose del
vero in cui soltanto s’era fino allora appuntata la sua pupilla. Se si
fosse chiesto a Teofoli che cosa desiderava, a che cosa credeva
potesse approdare questa sua passione, egli non avrebbe saputo
rispondere. O forse avrebbe risposto che non pretendeva nulla, che
gli bastava viver presso a quella donna incantevole, pendere dalle
sue labbra, inebbriarsi allo splendore de’ suoi occhi. E
probabilmente, nell’entusiasmo che scalda i primordi dell’amore,
avrebbe soggiunto che da quando la conosceva si sentiva la fantasia
più feconda, l’intelligenza più alacre, e che l’opera da lui meditata
nelle lunghe vigilie sarebbe giunta meglio a maturità ora che un
dolce sorriso gli era in pari tempo inspirazione e compenso.
Gl’innamorati cominciano col creder sempre così.
In quanto alla Serlati non c’era punto da maravigliarsi ch’ella
accettasse gli omaggi di Teofoli come accettava quelli di tutti gli altri.
E non era neanche così strano ch’ella mostrasse di aggradirli in
modo speciale. La sua vanità era stata singolarmente lusingata
dall’impressione fulminea ch’ella aveva prodotto sopra un uomo
d’età matura, di costumi austeri, dedito interamente agli studi e
celebre in Italia e fuori. Poichè le donne possono essere indifferenti
alla dottrina e all’ingegno; non sono mai indifferenti alla celebrità. La
contessa Giorgina pensava con ragione che di spasimanti della
risma di Montalto ella ne avrebbe trovati a dozzine, ma che i Teofoli
erano pochi e che non era piccola soddisfazione per lei l’averne uno
aggiogato al proprio carro. Aggiungasi un’ultima particolarità della
nostra bella contessa. Ell’aveva uno spirito leggero, superficiale; pur
non si poteva negarle una certa prontezza e versatilità, una certa
curiosità di sapere e d’apprendere. È poi naturale che queste doti
non accoppiate a nessuna perseveranza, a nessuna fermezza
riuscissero all’unico risultato di alloggiare nella sua povera testolina
una serie di nozioni confuse e mal digerite.
Ecco, per esempio, a Parigi l’era venuto il ghiribizzo di studiar
scienze fisiche e aveva preso alcune lezioni da uno scienziato che la
corteggiava. Ma le prime difficoltà l’avevano sbigottita; se l’era presa
col maestro che non sapeva insegnare, e gli aveva dato il ben
servito e come professore e come galante. Più tardi, a Roma, era
stata assalita da un nuovo capriccio. Avrebbe voluto imparare la
pittura, ma avrebbe voluto impararla presto, non in modo da far dei
quadri originali ma in modo da poter far delle copie. Non doveva
esser così difficile il copiare. Un artista famoso che le bazzicava per
casa ebbe l’insigne onore di dirigere quella mano gentile. Dopo
qualche settimana la contessa perdette la pazienza. — Di questo
passo, — ella esclamò infastidita, — ci vorranno cinquant’anni
perchè io arrivi a dipingere passabilmente una testa.
L’artista, vedute le disposizioni della sua allieva, pensava che
anzichè cinquanta gliene sarebbero voluti cento, e glielo fece
intendere. Ma siccome aveva più spirito dello scienziato francese,
glielo fece intender con garbo, offrendosi di avviarla in uno studio
diverso, quello dell’archeologia.
La contessa accettò con trasporto. L’archeologia studiata a Roma,
sotto una guida esperta e simpatica! Ma era una di quelle fortune da
non lasciarsi scappare. E poi il dedicarsi all’archeologia era un
prender due piccioni a una fava; era uno studiare, con la storia dei
monumenti, la storia di Roma, senza noia di libri, nelle condizioni più
propizie possibili, parte in carrozza, parte a piedi, quasi sempre
all’aria aperta. In conseguenza di ciò la bella contessa fu vista tra i
ruderi della città eterna, insieme col celebre artista, intenta a prender
note sul suo taccuino, ora al Campidoglio, ora al Foro Romano, ora
al Palazzo dei Cesari, o al Colosseo, o alle Catacombe, o alle Terme
di Caracalla. Per i primi due giorni l’accompagnò il marito. Diavolo!
Non era mica conveniente che una signora della sua età girasse
sola per Roma con un estraneo. Ma que’ due giorni misero a troppo
dura prova le forze del conte Serlati. Alzarsi presto la mattina,
trascurare i suoi cavalli e il suo club per veder quattro sassi e sentir
degli sproloqui sui primi abitatori del Lazio e sulla fusione dell’arte
greca con l’arte romana? Ah, non era affare per lui. Ed egli tentò di
persuader sua moglie che non sarebbe stato nemmeno affare per
lei. Ma ella tenne fermo. Non era così volubile, sebbene la dicessero
tale; non intendeva troncare uno studio così bene incominciato. In
quanto a lui, chi lo costringeva a seguirla? Non credeva ch’ella
sapesse custodirsi da sola? Riluttante sul principio, il conte finì col
lasciarsi persuadere. E la eccentrica signora continuò le passeggiate
archeologiche col suo cicerone. Continuò per un paio di settimane,
miracolo di perseveranza, chi consideri il suo carattere. È vero che
badando alle chiacchiere dei maligni, la bella contessa e il celebre
artista non si occupavano soltanto di archeologia. A ogni modo,
passate le due settimane, la contessa Giorgina dovette riconoscere
che anche l’archeologia ha i suoi inconvenienti. O le bisognava
trascurare i suoi alti doveri sociali, o rinunciare ad aver mai un
momento di quiete. Arrivava dalle sue conoscenti ansante, trafelata;
i suoi adoratori non la trovavano mai in casa; la sera, nei salotti, le
accadeva di esser côlta da un’invincibile sonnolenza. Le amiche la
canzonavano. Sei matta? Vuoi diventar socia dell’accademia dei
Lincei? Non ti accorgi che per poco che la duri sarai la favola del
paese? E non capisci che ti comprometti? Che ti si crede più
invaghita dell’archeologo che dell’archeologia? Se vedessi poi come
ti sciupi la pelle! Perdi ogni freschezza, finirai col farti la carnagione
di quelli che stanno esposti all’aria ed al sole.
Questo pronostico recò il colpo di grazia alla vocazione della
contessa per lo ricerche archeologiche.
Pareva anzi che si fossero acquetate in lei definitivamente le
curiosità intellettuali e ch’ella fosse rassegnata a esercitar le sue
forze soltanto nel campo della galanteria ove non c’era chi potesse
contrastarle la palma. Ma l’incontro con Teofoli a Sant’Eufemia
riaccese uno de’ suoi fuochi di paglia. Alcune parole ch’egli disse
una sera intorno a Spinoza la invogliarono della filosofia. Quello
doveva essere uno studio attraente, quando si potesse avere un
professore come Teofoli, un uomo che rendeva chiari i soggetti più
astrusi. O se Teofoli avesse voluto! Figuriamoci se non voleva!
Sarebbe stato per lui un onore, una felicità. Egli si metteva a sua
disposizione e adesso in campagna e più tardi in città, alle ore che
lei desiderava, anche tutti i giorni.... anche tutto il giorno se a lei
fosse piaciuto — egli concluse con enfasi e infiammandosi in volto.
Troppe grazie!... a lei bastava una infarinatura, quella che può
occorrere a una donna, specialmente sulle dottrine di Spinoza.
Perchè a una donna dovesse occorrere specialmente la
conoscenza, sia pure superficiale, delle dottrine di Spinoza è
piuttosto difficile a intendere. Ma Teofoli non volle contraddire alla
sua bella discepola e si accinse con molto fervore a spiegarle i
principii cardinali su cui si appoggiano l’Etica e il Trattato teologico
politico del sommo Olandese. Questi dotti colloqui succedevano per
solito nel giardino degli Ermansi, nell’ora in cui gli altri usavano
ritirarsi nelle proprie camere, e vi partecipava la cagnetta Darling, la
quale aveva un debole per le gambe del professore, e non avrebbe
rinunziato per tutto l’oro del mondo a mordergli almeno i calzoni.
Onde accadeva sovente che i discorsi sull’Ente assoluto e sulla
legge di causalità fossero interrotti dalle sommesse e quasi
carezzevoli proteste del filosofo minacciato nella sua integrità
personale e dalle rampogne più severe della contessa contro il poco
rispettoso quadrupede. Talvolta c’erano altri motivi di distrazione. La
Serlati aveva qualche suggerimento da dare al professore Teofoli
circa alla sua toilette. Quella cravatta col fiocco fisso non era di buon
gusto; quei polsini staccati dalla camicia non si usavano più; quei
colletti troppo alti erano da notaio, eccetera, eccetera. L’ottimo
professore pendeva dalle labbra della sua scolara e s’impegnava a
seguirne in tutto e per tutto i consigli. — Chi non imparerebbe con
una tal maestra? — egli diceva entusiasta. Ed ella replicava
compiacente e lusinghiera: — È cosa reciproca, caro Teofoli, è cosa
reciproca.... Mutuo insegnamento.
Quelle erano ore deliziose per Teofoli. C’era però il rovescio della
medaglia. Quando la contessa era insieme col marchese di Montalto
e con altri giovinastri della stessa risma, ospiti come lei degli
Ermansi, ella dimenticava interamente la filosofia ed il filosofo. O se
ne ricordava soltanto per scherzarne.... scherzi senza dubbio
argutissimi, ma che il nostro egregio amico gustava limitatamente,
quantunque egli si affrettasse a dichiarare che tutto stava bene su
quella bocca di rosa.
Già, per disinvolto che volesse parere, alcune cose gli mettevano
addosso un’inquietudine, un cruccio grandissimo. Si rodeva di non
poter seguirla nelle sue cavalcate con quei capiscarichi, ma più di
tutto si rodeva se nel dopo pranzo, allorchè l’intera compagnia era
raccolta sul terrazzo, la bella donnina si allontanava in silenzio e
scendeva in giardino con Montalto o con altri perdendosi in quei viali,
in quei boschetti ove poche ore prima egli l’aveva intrattenuta in dotti
ragionamenti frammezzati di silenzi, di sospiri, di discrete allusioni
che dovevano farle capire la sua passione rispettosa e profonda. Chi
sa se Montalto sarebbe stato così riservato? Il professore Teofoli se
la prendeva col conte Ercole, il marito, il quale fumava
tranquillamente discorrendo di cani e di cavalli con Ermansi senza
neppur badare alla moglie. Ah mariti, mariti! Paion fatti apposta per
tirarsi addosso le disgrazie. Però Teofoli non poteva a meno di fare
in cuor suo qualche rimprovero anche alla contessa Giorgina. Che
gusto doveva trovarci una donna come lei a prestare orecchio a dei
libertini che non avevano nè ingegno, nè spirito, nè coltura? Oh, su
questo punto Teofoli non s’ingannava. Egli aveva buon naso. Di
Montalto, per esempio, egli parlava ex informata conscientia;
avendolo avuto anni addietro per scolaro all’Università. Uno scolaro
che non assisteva mai alle lezioni, che doveva ripeter tre o quattro
volte gli esami e a cui si finiva coll’accordare il passaggio per non
vederselo più davanti agli occhi. Ecco, la contessa Giorgina faceva
male, proprio male a perdere il suo tempo con quel balordo.... Ah se
Teofoli avesse potuto immaginarsi che Montalto dava del balordo a
lui, e che, in quel momento, un giudice imparziale sarebbe stato in
un bell’impiccio a dire chi dei due avesse ragione!

V.
Sarebbe un’offesa alla verità l’affermare che, dopo la villeggiatura, i
colloqui filosofici della Serlati con Teofoli procedessero molto
regolarmente. Le occupazioni della bella contessa non lo
permettevano. Quantunque la sua dimora a X fosse piuttosto un
esperimento che altro, ed ella si fosse accomodata provvisoriamente
in un quartierino ammobigliato, ella non intendeva vivervi nell’ombra
e aveva quindi da far visite e da riceverne, da conferire con la sarta,
con la modista, col gioielliere, da prepararsi insomma a passar bene
il prossimo carnevale. Inoltre, con tutto il rispetto per Spinoza, ella
era forzata a confessare che lo trovava più noioso del bisogno. Non
si sarebbe potuto, a tempo opportuno, occuparsi di Darwin, di
Spencer?... Ma sicuro; il professore non desiderava di meglio. Egli
ammirava que’ due illustri pensatori; anzi con Darwin era stato e con
Spencer era in corrispondenza; figuriamoci se non si sarebbe
volentieri fatto interprete del loro pensiero con la contessa Giorgina!
— Va bene, va bene, — ella disse — sarà per la quaresima.
Se, per le gravi ragioni che sappiamo, la Serlati non si dedicava con
fervore agli studi, è innegabile però ch’ella seguitava a mostrarsi
singolarmente benevola al nostro professore. Gli aveva regalato una
sua fotografia ch’egli custodiva come una reliquia dentro un cassetto
per non esporla a sguardi profani; lo invitava a desinare da lei un
paio di volte per settimana, lo riceveva anche di giorno, a qualunque
ora, quand’era in casa, lo avvertiva delle sere ch’ella andava a
teatro, lo eccitava a lasciarsi presentare a due o tre famiglie che
avrebbero aperto i loro salotti in carnevale. Queste sollecitazioni
trovavano in principio il Teofoli renitente; egli pensava alle sue care
abitudini, alle sue serate tranquille, al suo studio, a’ suoi fidi
compagni; ma d’altra parte se quello era l’unico modo di veder
spesso la contessa Giorgina, se, rifiutando, si correva il pericolo di
disgustarla? Ond’egli fece violenza alla sua indole e comparve
qualche volta a teatro e consentì a frequentare qualche nuovo
salotto. Non che vi si divertisse; ah questo no. A teatro egli badava
poco alla scena; dal suo posto di platea guardava al palchetto della
Serlati ch’era sfolgorante di bellezza e di grazia e intorno alla quale
c’era un nugolo di adoratori. Per andare a salutarla egli avrebbe
voluto cogliere un momento in cui non ci fosse nessuno, ma questo
momento non capitava mai e gli conveniva pur risolversi a entrare
nel palchetto pieno. E dopo esser riuscito con fatica a darle la mano
sedeva in un angolo, assordato dal cinguettìo di tutta quella gioventù
frivola ed elegante che discorreva di balli, di toilettes, di sposalizi,
d’intrighi amorosi. Tuttavia la contessa Giorgina non lo dimenticava,
e rivolgendosi a lui con la sua voce flautata gli chiedeva il suo parere
sullo spettacolo. E siccome per poco ch’egli fosse stato attento era
stato certo più attento di lei, egli si accingeva ad esprimere
coscienziosamente i propri giudizi, ma gli era forza smetter subito, o
perchè la sua interlocutrice passava ad altro argomento, o perchè la
porta del palchetto s’apriva a nuovi visitatori. Naturalmente i primi
arrivati dovevano cedere il posto, e così, a mano a mano, quelli
giunti dopo si avanzavano dal fondo alla fronte del palco e si
avvicinavano al posto d’onore. Ma non ci rimanevano un pezzo,
cacciati com’erano dai sopravvenienti. Teofoli attendeva anch’egli il
suo turno, sedeva per un istante a fianco o dirimpetto alla contessa,
e poi se ne tornava alla sua poltroncina, o più sovente abbandonava
addirittura il teatro, riportandone un misto d’impressioni dolci ed
amare. Egli aveva un bel dire a sè stesso che una donnina come la
Serlati non poteva a meno di aver una folla di relazioni, e ch’era da
aspettarsi di vederla cinta da uno stuolo di spasimanti; aveva un bel
dire che tutte lo signore giovani, avvenenti, ricche, spiritose sono
quasi costrette a menar l’identica vita; ciò non bastava a calmar
l’inquietudine de’ suoi nervi. La Giorgina (tra sè e sè egli la chiamava
così) a ventidue o ventitrè anni appena avrebbe avuto necessità di
una guida, non avrebbe dovuto esser lasciata esposta a tutte le
tentazioni. Quel suo marito era d’una leggerezza! Non si curava
nemmeno d’assumere informazioni sul conto di quelli ch’eran
presentati a sua moglie! E ce n’erano d’ogni specie; ufficiali e
forestieri per la massima parte, gente che di punto in bianco avrebbe
preso il volo per lidi ignoti e che dalla instabilità del domicilio era resa
pressochè irresponsabile.
In società Teofoli faceva le medesime riflessioni, aveva le medesime
angustie che in teatro. Non era possibile giungere fino alla contessa
che oltrepassando una barriera di galanti cosmopoliti. Con la sua
innata affabilità che diceva: — Buona sera, Teofoli, — lo eccitava ad
accostare una sedia, e a mettersi anch’egli nel suo circolo. Ma
quand’egli cedeva alla tentazione non tardava a trovarsi a disagio,
egli uomo più che maturo fra tanti giovani, egli uomo grave fra tanti
scapati. Si vedeva squadrato dalla testa ai piedi, notava un fondo
d’ironia perfino nella deferenza che gli si mostrava.
Involontariamente correva col pensiero alla sua cameretta raccolta,
alla sua solitudine pensosa, alla sua biblioteca, a’ suoi quaderni, alla
sua grande opera storico-filosofica a cui le mutate abitudini
gl’impedivano di attendere come avrebbe dovuto. E suo malgrado lo
assaliva un rimpianto di quei tempi tranquilli, di quelle laboriose
giornate che gli costavano tanto minor fatica delle distrazioni
presenti. Allora le sue distrazioni si limitavano alle passeggiate con
Dalla Volpe e con Frusti, che ormai gli tenevano il broncio, alle due
sere per settimana passate dalla Ermansi, che diveniva sempre più
fredda verso di lui, che non gli mandava neanche più le sue rose
dopo che aveva saputo ch’esse andavano a finire dalla bella
contessa Giorgina. Tutta, tutta la vita di Teofoli era cambiata. E per
causa di chi? Per causa della Serlati.
A mente fredda egli formava mille propositi eroici. Avrebbe diradato
le sue visite, avrebbe cercato di esonerarsi dagl’inviti a pranzo, non
sarebbe andato nè a teatro, nè in società, luoghi che non erano fatti
per lui. Oh sì. Proprio negl’istanti in cui la sua risoluzione pareva più
salda, qualche incidente imprevisto lo costringeva a mutar consiglio.
È più facile a un gran generale di perdere una battaglia che a una
civetta sopraffina di perdere un adoratore. Un istinto infallibile
l’avverte del pericolo e le suggerisce il rimedio. La contessa Giorgina
non intendeva rinunziare agli omaggi di Teofoli, ch’era certo il più
vecchio, il meno chic de’ suoi vagheggini, ma ch’era anche il più
illustre, quello che forse le voleva più bene di tutti, quello a ogni
modo che non badava ad altre donne che a lei. E allorchè le
sembrava ch’egli mirasse a emanciparsi, ella lo legava a sè con uno
sguardo, con un sorriso, con una parola, con una preferenza
spiccata. Le preferenze femminili, già si sa, sono servigi richiesti a
ciascuno secondo le sue attitudini. Un giorno ella gli mandò un
bigliettino così concepito:
“Caro Teofoli. Potreste stasera accompagnarmi a teatro? Non si
tratta che di accompagnarmi e di restare al massimo una
mezz’oretta in palco con me fin che capiti qualcheduno. In ogni caso,
sul tardi verrà mio marito che ha non so quale impegno subito dopo
pranzo, ma sarà libero prima delle undici. Se non mi manderete a dir
nulla in contrario, vi aspetterò per le otto e mezza a casa mia.
Scusate e prendete la mia indiscrezione come una prova della mia
amicizia.„

VI.

Il professore era a casa Serlati alle otto e un quarto. Sulle scale egli
trovò il conte Ercole che lo salutò cordialmente. — Bravo,
professore. Lo ringrazio anch’io della sua gentilezza. Alla Giorgina
non sarebbero mancati i cavalieri, ma noi abbiamo preferito lei.
— È un onore, un onore grandissimo, — biascicava Teofoli.
Il conte Ercole sorrise. — Basterà che rimanga finchè principia il
turno delle visite. Non avrà tanto da aspettare. Mia moglie conosce
ormai mezza città.
— Pur troppo, — avrebbe voluto rispondere il professore. Ma si
contentò di protestare ch’egli era ben lieto di consacrar l’intera
serata alla sua ottima amica.
Su in casa lo s’introdusse in un salottino bene riscaldato, bene
illuminato, pieno di ninnoli altrettanto inutili quanto eleganti, e lo si
pregò di attendere. La contessa finiva di vestirsi.
Di lì a pochi minuti ella comparve abbottonandosi i guanti e seguita
dalla cameriera che teneva spiegata una mantellina di stoffa bianca
con guarnizione di cigno.
— Lo sapevo bene che su voi si può fare assegnamento, — ella gli
disse stendendogli la mano. — Avete anticipato.
— Oh.... di qualche minuto.
Ella si affacciò allo specchio. — Ecco, per non lasciarvi solo son
venuta a compier qui la mia toilette.
Si rivolse alla cameriera. — Maria, infilami la mantellina.
La contessa Serlati quella sera era proprio un amore, con le sue
belle braccia nude, con l’abito di raso nero aperto sul davanti, con un
monile di perle intorno al collo di neve, e senz’altro ornamento in
testa che una camelia d’un color roseo pallido che faceva spiccare il
castano scuro de’ suoi capelli.
— Mi par di leggervi in cuore, — ella disse mentre dava un’ultima
occhiata allo specchio. — Queste donne non finiscono mai di
lisciarsi, di contemplarsi.... Tutte un impasto di vanità....
— Oh contessa....
— No, no, in fondo avete ragione.... Ma se siamo fatte così? Se la
cura della nostra persona e del nostro abbigliamento è parte del
nostro decoro, della nostra dignità?
— Ed è naturale, — rispose con galanteria il professore. — Quando
la persona è un’opera d’arte merita bene il conto di occuparsene.
— Sempre gentile, — ella soggiunse avvicinandosi.... — Io però
credo d’esser delle più spiccie a vestirmi.... Me ne appello alla Maria.
La cameriera chinò il capo assentendo.
— La carrozza? — domandò la contessa.
— È pronta.
— Andiamo allora.
Il professore Teofoli era stato più volte in carrozza con la contessa,
ma solo con lei, di sera, in un legno chiuso, non c’era stato mai. Si
sentiva al tempo stesso orgoglioso e turbato di quella vicinanza, di
quel tepore, di quel profumo che l’avvolgeva. Dai lampioni della
strada entravano ogni tanto dei fasci di luce nel landau, ed egli
vedeva quella testina adorabile voltata dalla sua parte, quei grandi
occhi scintillanti, quelle labbra rosee fatte per sorridere e per
baciare.... Oh com’egli capiva che per un bacio di quelle labbra
rosee si desse la vita!... Se avesse osato?... Ma l’età dell’audacia
era passata da un pezzo.... E poi egli non era stato giovine
nemmeno a trenta, nemmeno a venti anni.... come poteva esser tale
a cinquanta?
— Non avete niente da raccontarmi? — disse a un certo punto la
Serlati. — A che pensate stasera?
— Penso, — replicò il professore, — al dottor Fausto che dopo esser
invecchiato sui libri assimilandosi quasi tutto lo scibile umano,
vendette l’anima al diavolo per tornar giovine e farsi amare da
Margherita.
— E che c’entrano Fausto e Margherita in questo momento?
— Oh più di quello che non creda, contessa.
— Lasciamo stare Margherita. Sareste voi Fausto?
— Sono di quella famiglia.... Meno sapiente, s’intende.
— Meno vecchio piuttosto.
— Uno è vecchio appena ha cessato d’esser giovine.
— E vendereste l’anima al diavolo?
— Forse sarebbe inutile offrirgliela. Il diavolo è diventato più positivo
e s’è accorto che le anime non valgono quello che costano.
— Però voi non credete al diavolo, — soggiunse maliziosamente la
contessa.
— Credevo di non credervi.
— E avete mutato opinione?
— Sono problemi gravi.
— Ah Teofoli, — disse la Serlati con uno di quei bruschi passaggi di
cui le donne hanno il segreto, — che ce n’è delle nostre conferenze
di filosofia, del nostro Spinoza, del nostro Darwin, del nostro
Spencer?
— Cara contessa, — ribattè il professore, — sa bene che dal canto
mio....
— Lo so, lo so, non è colpa vostra.... Ma vedete voi pure se ho un
momento di quiete.... V’avevo anche promesso di venir a vedere le
fotografie di quegli omenoni nel vostro studio.
— Magari venisse! — proruppe Teofoli. — Non ardisco sperarlo.
— Avete torto.... Forse sarei venuta se non temessi di esser
morsicata dal vostro Cerbero.
— Che Cerbero?
— La vostra governante, la vostra cuoca, quello che è insomma.
— La Pasqua?
— Si chiama Pasqua? Un nome stagionato, da persona matura....
Ebbene, scommetterei che quella donna lì non mi può soffrire....
— Che idee!
— Ma sì; è naturale.... dev’essere uno spirito metodico la vostra
signora Pasqua. Deve averla con me per la rivoluzione che ho
portato nelle vostre abitudini.
Il professore seguitava a negare, ma in cuor suo riconosceva che la
contessa Giorgina aveva colto nel segno. Che donna perspicace!
— In ogni modo, — egli insinuò timidamente, — dal tocco alle tre la
Pasqua non c’è mai.
— Davvero?
— Sono le sue ore di libertà.... Non ci rinunzierebbe a nessun patto.
— Eh, allora.... chi sa che un bel giorno quando meno ve
l’aspettate....
— Contessa, cara contessa, — esclamò Teofoli ingalluzzito. — Parla
sul serio?
— Sicuro.
— E quando verrà?
— Oh questo poi.... Non ha da essere una sorpresa?
— No.... riflettendoci bene.... potrei aver gente.... potrei esser fuori.
— È giusto.... Allora vi avvertirò un giorno prima.... È inutile far
chiacchiere intanto....
— Si figuri....
E il professore strinse con entusiasmo la mano che la Giorgina gli
porse quasi a conferma della sua promessa.
La carrozza si fermò sotto la loggia coperta del teatro.
Teofoli aiutò la sua dama a scendere, e dandole il braccio attraversò
pomposamente il vestibolo. Camminava con la testa alta, con passo
leggero ed elastico; gli pareva di aver vent’anni.
Ma l’apparizione del giovine marchese di Montalto sul primo
pianerottolo dello scalone gli fece l’effetto d’una doccia fredda. Il
marchese si mise subito al fianco della contessa, ed entrò in palco
con lei e col professore. Egli rivolse alla Giorgina mille complimenti
sulla sua bellezza, sul buon gusto della sua toilette, e passando in
rassegna col cannocchiale le varie signore che c’erano in teatro
sentenziò che nessuna, proprio nessuna, poteva reggere al
confronto di lei. Nella quale opinione Teofoli consentiva interamente;
gli seccava però che la cosa fosse detta da Montalto, e più ancora
che la Serlati mostrasse di gradirla tanto e scherzasse con quella
testa di legno e gli concedesse una strana familiarità.
A poco a poco sopraggiunsero i soliti visitatori, i soliti cicisbei
sguaiati, svenevoli con cui la Giorgina aveva il torto di ridere e di
divertirsi.
— Ormai, — ella disse a Teofoli, — sono ben custodita, e non voglio
tenervi prigioniero. Grazie della vostra cortesia.
Fatto si è che nel palco non ci si stava più e che il professore non
poteva insistere per rimanere.
Al garbato congedo della contessa egli rispose:
— Scendo in platea.... Ripasserò sul tardi per sentire se le occorre
nulla.
— Ma no, non vi disturbate, — ella insistè con un principio
d’impazienza. — Che cosa deve occorrermi?
— Però.... se non venisse suo marito.... per riaccompagnarla in
carrozza....
— Mio marito verrà certamente.
— In ogni caso ci siamo noi, — gridarono all’unissono i presenti.
— Vedete che i cavalieri non mi mancano, — soggiunse la Giorgina.
— Buona notte, Teofoli, e grazie di nuovo.
E nel palco fu un coro di — Buona notte, professore, buona notte, —
con certe inflessioni di voce che davano alla frase innocente il
significato di: — Se ne vada, si spicci, non secchi più.
— Già, i cavalieri non le mancano, — borbottava l’ottimo professore
scendendo le scale. — Voglio sperare ch’ella li stimi per quello che
valgono. Con l’ingegno che ha non dovrebbe prender lucciole per
lanterne.... Quel marito però è un gran minchione.
Giunto nell’atrio, Teofoli non seppe resistere alla tentazione di
fermarsi alquanto in platea, ove, non avendo sedia chiusa, stette ritto
in mezzo alla folla con gli occhi fissi al palco 24 di prima fila ch’era
quello della Serlati.
Era un gran cicaleccio in quel palco, e di tratto in tratto dal basso
salivano dei tss, tss prolungati all’indirizzo dei disturbatori. Due vicini
del professore si sfogavano a sparlare di quelle dame in generale e
della Serlati in particolare che soggiornava da pochissimo tempo a X
e quantunque fosse sposa da soli due anni faceva già discorrer sul
conto suo come le veterane. Il nostro amico sudava freddo a sentir
questi orrori, e avrebbe voluto ricacciar lo parole in gola a quei
bifolchi. Ma come promuovere uno scandalo alla sua età, nella sua
posizione sociale?... E poi non era peggio anche per la contessa
Giorgina? Non era un dare il nome di lei in pascolo al pettegolezzo
cittadino? No, no, era più savio consiglio l’andarsene.
Mentre Teofoli agitava in mente questi pensieri, al parapetto del
palco N. 24 di prima fila s’affacciava il conte Serlati e con la sua
presenza rimoveva gli ultimi scrupoli dall’animo del professore.
Ormai c’era il marito, e di lui non si aveva più bisogno.
Egli uscì dunque dal teatro. Ne uscì con la testa confusa, col cuore
in tumulto, con quello strano miscuglio d’impressioni e di sensazioni
contrarie ch’egli provava sempre dopo esser stato con la Giorgina.
Mai, mai una volta da poter dire senz’ambagi: — Oggi sono
contento. — Ma fors’è così nella vita; ove c’è intensità di gioia c’è
intensità di dolore.
Però, nel rifare la strada di casa e di mano in mano che l’aria fresca
metteva un po’ d’ordine nelle sue idee, Teofoli diceva a sè stesso
che quella sera egli aveva un gran torto di pensare ad altro che alla
promessa dolcissima fattagli ripetutamente dall’amabile contessa;
quella di venirlo a visitare nel suo studio. È vero che di
quest’argomento s’era già discorso in passato, ma se n’era discorso
per incidenza, nè egli stesso vi si era trattenuto più che tanto, nè vi
aveva attribuito un grande significato. Adesso era tutt’altro, adesso
la Giorgina s’era impegnata in modo solenne, e con una cert’aria di
mistero che aggiungeva importanza alla cosa. Non c’è dubbio, la
Serlati non veniva da lui come ci sarebbe venuta, per esempio, la
Ermansi.... Ma come, come ci veniva? Con quali idee, con quali
aspettazioni? Qui la mente del povero professore si smarriva in un
pelago di congetture, ed egli sentiva alternarsi nell’anima audacie di
leone e pusillanimità di coniglio, e avrebbe dati volentieri dieci degli
anni che gli restavano a vivere per aver chiara e limpida davanti a sè
la via da seguire. Ah, in fin dei conti, un po’ di pratica non è mai una
disgrazia.
Insomma non è punto da far le maraviglie se dopo una serata così
ricca di commozioni, il professore Clemente Teofoli non potè chiuder
occhio per tutta la notte.

VII.

È una caratteristica delle civette quella di dare agli atti, alle parole
più semplici un’apparenza che ne accresce la portata agli occhi degli
ingenui. Ogni donna dice buona sera, buon giorno, arrivederci, ogni
donna, se è stanca, accetta il braccio d’un cavaliere; se ha sete, lo
prega di procurarle un bicchiere d’acqua; se le casca un guanto,
lascia ch’egli lo raccolga; ma la civetta farà tutto ciò in un suo modo
particolare. Nel buon giorno, nella buona sera ci sarà un languore
sentimentale; nell’arrivederci ci sarà una promessa; nell’appoggiarsi
ci sarà un molle abbandono; nel ringraziare d’un bicchier d’acqua
portato, d’un guanto raccolto, ci sarà un’espressione tenera di
riconoscenza piena di sottintesi.
Così, in via ordinaria, non v’è motivo di scandalo e di meraviglia nel
fatto che una signora (e sia pur giovine e bella) vada una o più volte
nello studio d’uno scienziato d’età matura e di reputazione illibata. E,
in vero, abbiamo già detto che sulle prime il professore Teofoli non
aveva messo malizia alcuna nella visita sperata della contessa
Giorgina. Sarebbe stato certo un gran piacere per lui, ma la sua
innocente galanteria non mirava più in là. Era stata la contessa con
lo sue reticenze, col suo ordine di non dir nulla a nessuno che gli
aveva messo il sangue in fermento. E come non aveva dormito la
notte, così non seppe mettersi a lavorar di lena nei dì successivi.
Dopo la sua lezione all’Università non riusciva a far altro. Nel suo
insegnamento non si poteva scoprire il minimo sintomo di
decadenza; la sua memoria, la sua dialettica erano sempre
ammirabili, la sua parola era sempre limpida e colorita; anzi c’erano
momenti ch’essa aveva un fascino maggiore dell’usato come di
strumento a cui si sia aggiunta una nuova corda. Ma se il professore
si manteneva all’altezza d’un tempo per ciò che riguardava le sue
lezioni, lo scienziato non era più quello per l’assiduità nelle ricerche,
per l’instancabile operosità del pensiero. E non era nemmeno più
quello per la sollecitudine verso gli scolari dei quali una volta egli
amava attorniarsi e che ora egli teneva sempre a una certa distanza.
Peggio poi da quando aspettava la visita della Serlati. Bisognava
assolutamente sviar quei ragazzi dal venirlo a cercare a casa. E se
uno di loro gli diceva che sarebbe passato a disturbarlo per avere un
libro in prestito, o per manifestargli alcuni suoi dubbi su qualche
questiono un po’ controversa, egli aveva una sequela di ma, di se, di
forse che scoraggiavano il sollecitatore. Ecco, in quanto al libro,
gliene indicasse pure il titolo; glielo avrebbe fatto avere per mezzo
del bidello. E circa ai dubbi che lo studente desiderava esporgli,
s’eran tali da potersi risolvere lì per lì, valeva meglio spicciarsi
subito; se no il giovine li mettesse in carta, ed egli avrebbe risposto
nello stesso modo. Coi colleghi teneva un sistema analogo.
S’isolava quanto più era possibile, insisteva sul suo gran da fare;
suggeriva loro, se avevano da parlargli e non si sgomentavano
dell’idea di aver fatto la strada inutilmente, di venir di sera, dalle
sette allo otto.... Per solito, a quell’ora era in casa.
— Par d’essere nel deserto — borbottava la signora Pasqua. Ed ella
che aveva in altri tempi molto brontolato pel continuo viavai della
ragazzaglia, adesso brontolava perchè, a eccezione del postino, non
c’era quasi nessuno che suonasse il campanello. E poi tutto andava
alla peggio. Talvolta a metà della giornata, il professore annunziava
che sarebbe stato a pranzo fuori, talvolta non si curava nemmeno di
annunziar nulla, e all’ora del desinare non si faceva vedere. E non
tollerava mica osservazioni. Oh sì. Era diventato un basilisco. — Se
non v’accomoda, quella è la porta — ecco il suo ritornello.
Ah se la signora Pasqua non gli fosse stata affezionata, se non
avesse trovato il suo tornaconto a stare al servizio d’un uomo solo!
Non le restava altro conforto che quello di sfogarsi con le vicine e coi
professori Frusti e Della Volpe, quando, venuti a cercar l’amico e non
trovatolo avevano anch’essi la loro dose di fiele da versar nell’animo
di qualcheduno. Già la signora Pasqua si conciliava subito la loro
benevolenza col dir male delle donne. — Avevano ragione, avevano
ragione da vendere. Le donne erano sempre la prima causa di tutti i
mali. Non poteva rimaner dov’era, quel serpente, quella contessa
che aveva reso irriconoscibile un uomo come il professore Teofoli?
Diceva ciò quasi a dipingerlo come la vittima di un incanto, di una
malìa. Però i suoi interlocutori non ammettevano circostanze
attenuanti. Se avesse avuto vent’anni, trent’anni, passi. Ma alla sua
età? Non si è vittime quando non si vuol esser tali. Si fosse provata
a civettar con loro, la signora contessa! Gli è che Teofoli aveva avuto
sempre le sue debolezze per il bel sesso. Non aveva badato a chi gli
presagiva che il salotto Ermansi sarebbe stato la sua rovina, aveva
voluto girare intorno al fuoco e s’era bruciato le ali. Tanto peggio per
lui!
Il più arrabbiato era il Della Volpe che non perdonava al collega di
avergli fatto mangiare di magro a casa un venerdì inviandogli
all’ultimo momento un biglietto per contrammandare il solito invito
settimanale. Un’azionaccia, una vera azionaccia che lo aveva
esposto ai sarcasmi della moglie e l’aveva costretto il giorno dopo a
prendere il bicarbonato di soda per accomodarsi lo stomaco!
Del rimanente, anche quando i tre amici desinavano insieme, i loro
ritrovi non avevano niente a che fare con quelli d’una volta. Le
querimonie di Della Volpe contro la consorte viva e quelle di Frusti
contro la defunta non sollevavano nessuna ilarità; alle galanterie di
Teofoli non era lecito di fare il minimo accenno; i fatti della 19ª
dinastia tebana e la rivalità di Carlo V e di Francesco I non
riuscivano ad animare la conversazione; le virtù culinarie della
signora Pasqua, per quanto apprezzate dai commensali, non
ricevevano il debito tributo di lodi in causa dell’inappetenza
dell’anfitrione. La signora Pasqua avvilita dal veder che il professore
toccava appena le vivande, gettava sdegnosamente gli avanzi al
gatto Tocci, dicendo che per poco che durasse così ell’avrebbe fatto
la cucina soltanto per lui. — Ma già — ella proseguiva con aria
sprezzante — tu non sei migliore del tuo padrone. Se ti salta qualche
grillo, se la micia soriana dei nostri vicini ti fa qualche smorfia, pianti
il cibo e la casa e corri dietro a quella poco di buono pegli orti e pei