ADAMA SCINECE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Theory of architecture
BOOK REVIEW ON “THE TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE”
BOOK II SECTION

Prepared by

 Eyuel Asrat UGR/23344/13

 Ermias Endeshaw UGR/22573/13
 Biniyam Getenet UGR/23677/13
 Robel wendoweson UGR//13 submitted to Tesfu
 Hallelujah Bekele UGR/22732/13 date 3/23/2024
Table of Contents
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................2
Historical Context......................................................................................................................................2
Structure of the Ten Books.......................................................................................................................2
Chapter I: The Origins of Building Arts.................................................................................................3
Chapter II: Philosophical Theories of Primordial Substance................................................................3
Chapter III: The Composition and Uses of Bricks..................................................................................3
Chapter IV: The Role of Sand in Masonry and Stucco Work...............................................................4
Chapter V: The Importance of Lime in Construction............................................................................4
Chapter VI: The Remarkable Properties of Pozzolana..........................................................................4
Chapter VII: Stone Quarries and the Qualities of Building Stone........................................................5
Chapter VIII: Methods of Building Walls...............................................................................................5
Chapter IX: Timber in Construction.......................................................................................................5
Introduction
"The Ten Books of Architecture" by Vitruvius is a cornerstone of architectural literature,
offering timeless principles and insights into the art and science of building. Vitruvius's
work transcends its ancient origins, remaining relevant and influential in contemporary
architectural discourse. This introduction will provide an overview of Vitruvius's
historical context, the structure of his ten books, and the enduring significance of his
ideas in modern architecture.

Historical Context
Vitruvius wrote during the 1st century BCE, a period of significant architectural
achievement in ancient Rome. The Roman Empire was expanding, leading to
advancements in urban planning, infrastructure, and monumental construction projects.
Vitruvius's work reflects this era of innovation while also drawing upon the architectural
knowledge of earlier civilizations, such as Greece and Egypt.

Structure of the Ten Books

Each book in Vitruvius's work covers a different aspect of architecture, ranging from the
origins of building arts to the principles of design and ornamentation. The structure of the
books reflects Vitruvius's systematic approach to architecture, offering a comprehensive
guide for both aspiring architects and seasoned professionals.
Enduring Significance

Despite being over two millennia old, Vitruvius's ideas continue to shape architectural
theory and practice. His emphasis on harmony, proportion, and functionality remains
central to architectural education and design philosophy. Moreover, Vitruvius's holistic
approach to architecture, considering its social, cultural, and environmental contexts,
resonates with contemporary efforts towards sustainable and human-centered design.
Chapter I: The Origins of Building Arts
In this chapter, Vitruvius explores the early evolution of architecture, tracing its roots to
primitive human settlements and the development of shelter construction techniques. By
examining how early humans utilized natural materials and adapted to their
environments, Vitruvius provides insights into the ingenuity and resourcefulness of
ancient builders. This historical perspective serves as a foundation for understanding the
broader cultural and societal implications of architectural development.

Vitruvius's discussion of building techniques highlights the interconnectedness between

human creativity and environmental conditions. He underscores the role of observation
and experimentation in refining architectural practices over time, laying the groundwork
for future innovations in construction technology. Moreover, Vitruvius's emphasis on the
evolution of building arts as a reflection of societal progress invites reflection on the
contemporary challenges facing architecture, such as urbanization, climate change, and
cultural diversity.

Chapter II: Philosophical Theories of Primordial Substance

In this chapter, Vitruvius delves into the philosophical debates surrounding the
fundamental elements of matter according to ancient physicists. By examining the
theories of thinkers such as Thales, Heraclitus, and Democritus, Vitruvius provides a
philosophical framework for understanding the properties and uses of building materials
in architecture.
Vitruvius's exploration of ancient theories of primordial substance underscores the
interconnectedness between philosophical inquiry and practical craftsmanship. By linking
abstract concepts to tangible materials and construction techniques, Vitruvius bridges the
gap between theory and practice in architecture. Moreover, his discussion of elemental
theories lays the groundwork for subsequent chapters on the properties of building
materials, highlighting the importance of understanding their fundamental properties and
characteristics.

Chapter III: The Composition and Uses of Bricks

In this chapter, Vitruvius focuses on one of the most common building materials in
ancient architecture: bricks. Through a detailed examination of their composition,
manufacturing process, and various types, Vitruvius provides valuable insights into the
practical considerations of brickwork in construction.
Vitruvius's discussion of bricks highlights the importance of material selection and
craftsmanship in architectural practice. By emphasizing the qualities of different types of
clay and the timing of brickmaking, Vitruvius underscores the importance of quality
control and attention to detail in construction. Moreover, his exploration of regional
variations in brick production illustrates the diversity of architectural traditions and
techniques across different cultures.

Chapter IV: The Role of Sand in Masonry and Stucco Work

This chapter focuses on the significance of sand as a crucial component in masonry and
stucco work. Vitruvius's detailed examination of different types of sand and their
suitability for various construction purposes highlights the importance of material
selection and compatibility in architectural practice.
Vitruvius's discussion of sand underscores its role as a foundational element in
construction, facilitating the bonding of materials and providing structural stability. By
examining the properties of different types of sand and their implications for construction
techniques, Vitruvius provides practical guidance for builders and architects. Moreover,
his emphasis on cleanliness and freshness in sand selection reflects broader principles of
hygiene and quality control in construction practices.

Chapter V: The Importance of Lime in Construction

In this chapter, Vitruvius explores the critical role of lime in construction, focusing on its
properties, preparation, and uses. Vitruvius's detailed examination of lime production and
its chemical properties underscores its importance as a versatile building material.
Vitruvius's discussion of lime highlights its role as a binding agent in construction,
facilitating the cohesion of building materials and providing structural stability. By
examining the process of lime production and its various applications in construction,
Vitruvius offers practical insights into the complexities of architectural craftsmanship.
Moreover, his emphasis on the importance of lime quality and preparation reflects
broader principles of material science and engineering in architectural practice.

Chapter VI: The Remarkable Properties of Pozzolana

This chapter introduces the unique substance known as pozzolana and its significance in
ancient construction practices. Vitruvius's detailed examination of pozzolana's geological
origins and practical applications highlights its importance as a versatile building
material.
Vitruvius's discussion of pozzolana underscores its role as a key ingredient in concrete
production, facilitating the rapid setting and hardening of structures. By examining the
geological processes that give rise to pozzolana and its unique properties, Vitruvius
provides valuable insights into the interplay between natural forces and human ingenuity
in architectural practice. Moreover, his emphasis on pozzolana's ability to resist water
damage and support underwater construction reflects broader principles of durability and
resilience in architectural design.

Chapter VII: Stone Quarries and the Qualities of Building Stone

In this chapter, Vitruvius explores the significance of stone quarries and the qualities of
different types of building stone. Vitruvius's detailed examination of stone properties and
quarrying techniques highlights the importance of material selection and craftsmanship in
architectural practice.
Vitruvius's discussion of stone quarries underscores their role as a primary source of
building materials, providing insights into the challenges and opportunities of quarrying
operations. By examining the qualities of different types of building stone and their
implications for construction techniques, Vitruvius offers practical guidance for builders
and architects. Moreover, his emphasis on the durability and weathering resistance of
certain types of stone reflects broader principles of longevity and sustainability in
architectural design.

Chapter VIII: Methods of Building Walls

This chapter focuses on the various methods of building walls, including the materials
used, construction techniques, and considerations for durability. Vitruvius's detailed
examination of wall construction methods highlights the importance of structural
integrity and craftsmanship in architectural practice.
Vitruvius's discussion of wall construction methods underscores the

Chapter IX: Timber in Construction

Chapter IX of "The Ten Books of Architecture" by Vitruvius provides invaluable insights
into timber, focusing on optimal practices for harvesting trees and understanding the
characteristics of different wood types for construction. Vitruvius advises felling trees
between early autumn and the beginning of spring to ensure high-quality timber,
emphasizing the importance of allowing sap to drain fully before cutting to prevent
decay. He discusses various wood types such as oak, fir, cypress, elm, and poplar, each
possessing distinct qualities suited for different building needs. For example, while fir is
ideal for framework due to its light composition and stiffness, it is prone to decay due to
its high heat content. Conversely, oak is durable when used underground but may warp
when exposed to moisture due to its dense texture. Vitruvius also highlights unique
properties of certain woods, like larch's resistance to decay and fire, and cedar's
production of cedar oil, which protects it from worms and decay. He concludes by
discussing the discovery of larch wood during Caesar's campaign near the Alps and its
significance in fire prevention. Overall, Chapter IX provides practical advice for builders
and architects, guiding them in timber selection and usage for enduring construction
projects.