Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Water Related Urbanization and Locality Protecting Planning and Designing Urban Water Environments in A Sustainable Way Fang Wang
Water Related Urbanization and Locality Protecting Planning and Designing Urban Water Environments in A Sustainable Way Fang Wang
https://textbookfull.com/product/urbanization-and-locality-
strengthening-identity-and-sustainability-by-site-specific-
planning-and-design-1st-edition-fang-wang/
https://textbookfull.com/product/climate-change-urbanization-and-
water-resources-towards-resilient-urban-water-resource-
management-1st-edition-chang/
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-water-resources-
planning-and-management-under-climate-change-1st-edition-elpida-
kolokytha/
https://textbookfull.com/product/city-water-matters-cultures-
practices-and-entanglements-of-urban-water-sophie-watson/
Sustainable Solutions for Urban Water Security
Innovative Studies Binaya Kumar Mishra
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-solutions-for-urban-
water-security-innovative-studies-binaya-kumar-mishra/
https://textbookfull.com/product/water-resources-and-
hydraulics-1st-edition-xixi-wang/
https://textbookfull.com/product/fresh-water-and-watersheds-2nd-
edition-yeqiao-wang-editor/
https://textbookfull.com/product/smart-water-technologies-and-
techniques-data-capture-and-analysis-for-sustainable-water-
management-1st-edition-david-a-lloyd-owen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/urban-storm-water-management-
second-edition-pazwash/
Fang Wang · Martin Prominski Editors
Water-Related
Urbanization
and Locality
Protecting, Planning and Designing
Urban Water Environments in a
Sustainable Way
Water-Related Urbanization and Locality
Fang Wang Martin Prominski
•
Editors
Water-Related Urbanization
and Locality
Protecting, Planning and Designing Urban
Water Environments in a Sustainable Way
123
Editors
Fang Wang Martin Prominski
Peking University Leibniz University Hannover
Beijing, China Hannover, Germany
Funded by the Sino-German Center (NSFC and DFG, No. GZ1457 and No. GZ1489).
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
v
vi Preface
and distributed rationally in the process of urban development? How can locality be
preserved and created when designing urban aquatic spaces? How can water
resources be used sustainably when constructing urban infrastructure?
As protecting and utilizing water-based environments and planning and
designing water spaces are interdisciplinary and comprehensive scientific issues,
experts in urban planning, landscape architecture, geography, architecture, ecology,
and public management in China and Germany have been invited to contribute to
this book. They focus on the following three themes:
1. New opportunities: Challenges between water environment protection and uti-
lization in the process of urbanization;
2. New strategies: Sustainable development of water resources and water culture in
the process of urbanization;
3. New explorations: Water-related planning and design strategies in the process of
urbanization and local cultural development.
Human settlements and rivers are all in the process of evolution, and river basins are
the areas that are most critically affected by human–land relationships at present.
The first three chapters of this book focus on the town–water relationship against
the background of urbanization. China’s water transport system consists of east–
west natural rivers and north–south man-made canals. The Beijing–Hangzhou
Grand Canal has been one of the most important transportation arteries and lifelines
of China’s national economy throughout history and has had a great influence on
the spatial pattern of towns and cities along the Canal. In Chapter “The Influence of
Water Transportation Evolution on the Economic Development of Cities Along the
Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal Since the Late Qing Dynasty,” Wang et al. use GIS
to analyze the correlations between spatial patterns and traffic networks, and divide
cities and towns into different types. The Grey correlation analysis method is used
to analyze the economic and traffic data of cities and towns. According to the
degree of economic impact, different traffic modes are defined to illustrate corre-
lations between the spatial patterns of cities along the canal and traffic network.
Relations reveal that transportation is an important but not decisive factor for the
development of canal-side cities. In Chapter “Water-Based Communication and Its
Impacts: A New Perspective on the Grand Unification of Imperial China,” Wu et al.
expound on the historical context of the development of China’s ancient water
transport system and on the cultural differences and exchanges between the north
and the south along the canal according to documentation recorded in travel
journals. The course of migration of the Chinese population along water transport
routes as well as the river basin management of the Great River Basin and the
centralized investment of state powers illustrate the important role of water trans-
portation as the lifeblood of economic development and provide clues regarding
cultural communication in Chinese history. They reveal the significance of the
ancient water transportation system in the formation of a national identity.
Preface vii
trials. At the macro-level, the overall layout of “water and green space” is structured
by coordinating urban water demand with regard to time and space. At the
meso-level, the composite corridor of urban waterfronts is formed by optimizing
land-use patterns along waterways, thus enhancing connections between the water
system, the urban landscape, spatial organization, and residential and recreational
services. At the micro-level, ecological engineering technology is employed to
ensure construction activities and the proper functioning of urban water systems.
Urban expansion has caused water environmental pollution and ecosystem
damage, and the limited carrying capacity of the environment restricts the devel-
opment of the city and brings about ecological risks for the water environment. In
recent years, Dongfang City, in Hainan Province, China, has witnessed rapid urban
construction and the rapid development of tropical high-efficiency agriculture,
while disorderly expansion and exploitation have seriously undermined the natural
vegetation and aquatic ecosystem on the banks of the river system, resulting in
many potential environmental hazards and ecological threats. In Chapter “Coastal
Tourism City Development Planning Led by Water System Construction,” Liu et al.
put forward suggestions, taking the construction of an urban water system as the
leading concept for urban development and “building a park city” as the goal for
multi-level collaborative planning. This involves comprehensive river regulation,
river basin ecological protection and restoration, an urban water system ecological
corridor, and tourism and agriculture to build an urban green infrastructure based on
the underlying water system. In Chapter “Water Environment Protection for
Reservoirs in Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Longjing Lake in Chongqing,”
He et al. introduce projects that have been applied to Longjing Lake, a represen-
tative urban water body in a mountainous Chinese city. This technical demon-
stration lake protects the water environment against non-point source pollution and
point source pollution. As a result, the pollution load has been significantly reduced,
and the water quality has improved to surface water standard IV.
Finally, on the topic of water space, the authors have continued to explore the
significance of locality. The concept of locality and site specificity is currently
being examined in greater depth in the context of town planning and is gaining
significance. But what does the term “locality” mean exactly in terms of town
planning and the planning of open spaces? How can references to a locality in
planning be clearly recognized, and what options are there for integrating them into
designs regarding the planning of urban and open spaces? To answer these ques-
tions, Herwarth von Bittenfeld and Rosenberger examine the various dimensions of
locality in Chapter “Locality in Water-Related Urban Design: Dimensions and
Examples.” One thus recognizes that locality is always produced in the field of
tension between temporal, spatio-physical, and socio-cultural dimensions. These
dimensions can be weighted differently, depending upon the circumstances and
planning task. In addition, student projects show how references to locality can be
integrated concretely into a design process. One of the most important determinants
of a landscape’s character is its uniqueness, understood here as the specificity of a
particular landscape. In Chapter “Assessing the Uniqueness of River Landscapes:
The Lahn Case Study,” Albert et al. introduce a method for assessing and
Preface xi
evaluating the landscape uniqueness of riverside areas. They propose a method for
assessing landscape uniqueness and apply it to the Lahn River landscape, com-
paring the results with existing assessments of landscape uniqueness in Germany in
general. As important social sites, the spatial distribution of water god temples can
reflect the locality of the areas along a river. In Chapter “Bottom-Up or Top-Down?
The Water God Faith in Human–Water Relationships: A Case Study of the Beijing-
Hangzhou Grand Canal in the Qing Dynasty,” Wang et al. take the water god faith
along the Grand Canal as a research object. They investigate the distribution of the
temples and make a correlation analysis on the local natural disaster data, popu-
lation data, and economic data. Through this work, the interaction between the
water god faith and the Grand Canal is demonstrated. In Chapter “The Functions
and Aesthetic Meaning of Water Scenes in Chinese Temple Gardens,” Wu et al.
look at the systematic history of temple waterscapes and discuss the aesthetic
meaning of such waterscapes, pointing out that the most important aesthetic concept
is “mutualism of blankness and fullness.” This concept explains Buddhist and
Taoist ideas by analyzing the form, sound, and color of the temple water, while, in
turn, the connotations of Buddhism and Taoism also guide landscape construction.
In architecture as well as landscape architecture, this observation has triggered a
discussion on how to define the “locality” of urban areas and whether and how
locality can be implemented in planning and design processes. In ecology and
environmental science, there is no such discussion on the locality of urban spaces or
related concepts. As an ecologist and naturalist, Prasse tries to state, in Chapter
“Statement on Flora and Fauna as Integral Components of Locality in Urban Areas,”
what features of an area or region the term locality could point to and why. He also
intends to explain how integrating flora and fauna into the locality approach can be
useful for the design process.
To sum up, water-related issues in the process of urbanization–especially those
closely attached to locality—are discussed from different angles. Because of the
great variations in locality and to the profound historical and cultural differences in
China, Chinese scholars have provided diverse research cases and accumulated
insights into water management. In addition, German scholars have introduced
innovative design strategies and technical methods as well as the experience of
open space design practice. Scholars combine the latest progress in science and
technology with water resource management to meet the demands of rapid
urbanization. They propose multi-scale ecological planning approaches and gov-
ernance strategies to coordinate socio-economic development and resource con-
straints. They also learn from traditional methods and local experience to face the
issue of the lack of locality and of attaching contemporary values to the water
environment. We hope this book provides inspiration for international researchers
in relevant fields and presents a critical and creative study of water issues in the
context of “Urbanization and Locality.”
Many thanks for the great support from the Sino-German Center, jointly established
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the German
Science Foundation (DFG), Grant Nos. GZ1457 and GZ1489.
We also thank Ms. Chenge Gao (Ph.D. candidate at the College of Urban and
Environmental Sciences, Peking University), Ms. Haochun Li (master’s student at
the College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Peking University),
Ms. Shunyi Wang (master’s student at the College of Architecture and Landscape
Architecture, Peking University), Mr. Chaoyue Tian (master’s student at the College
of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Peking University), Ms. Dejie He
(undergraduate student at the College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking
University), Mr. Jintong Tang (undergraduate student at the College of Urban and
Environmental Sciences, Peking University), and Ms. Yuanhui Qiu (Ph.D. candidate
at the Institute of Open Space Planning and Design, Leibniz University Hannover) for
their excellent support in the production of this book.
xiii
Contents
xv
xvi Contents
xix
12 M. Prominski and K. Busche
Fig. 4 Exploring the granularity and shapes of the Gartenfeld (Source © Elisa Emrath)
and site-specific remains and integrated into the town planning structure (see orange
line in Fig. 7).
The six Gartenfeld zones are oriented towards the typology of the existing struc-
tures and determine the structure and granularity of the new neighborhoods. The
respective characteristics of each Gartenfeld zone were recorded in a design matrix
(Fig. 8). Moreover, for each zone, localities were adopted from the direct surround-
ings (the other canal banks) as well as from the further environs (adjacent neighbor-
hoods and Landwehr Canal). These were projected on the zones and allow a spatial
image to emerge for each Gartenfeld zone. As hybrid spatial images, they mediate
between past and future as well as between the interior and the exterior of Garten-
feld: existing, spatio-structural characteristics are taken up, developed and serve in
the future as the framework for a newly developing cultural locality.
(4) Six Gartenfeld Zones Create Adaptation Spaces
The town planning design is to counteract the previous separation of work and living
by combining the focus of usage in each zone with residential use. In this way a
good mix is obtained to develop the entire island as a lively new urban neighborhood
with new spatial reference to its site next to the canal. The typologies of the open
spaces at the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal are based on the Locality Pattern System
(Fig. 9, Nos. 2, 4 and 6). The character of the Gartenfeld zones is arranged crucially
by selecting different green and building structures in the existing fabric. In this way
crack gardens develop between the paving slabs as do roof gardens, alley gardens,
open-field gardens, water and courtyard gardens as well as woody and wilderness
Locality Pattern Systems as Design Tools … 13
Fig. 5 The “Gartenfeld” concept has conceived six different typologies, developed from the spatial
impressions of what still exists there (Source © J. Böse, E. Emrath, H. Klinger, C. Paulsen)
gardens (Fig. 10). They fulfill various functions for the different participants. So they
can serve as a habitat for humans and animals, they can help to retain rainwater or
be used for the production of fruit and vegetables.
The way the Gartenfeld zones have been devised addresses the development of
localities in the most diverse ways. The variety of yardsticks used to conceive them,
ranging from plant species through descriptions of the materials, appropriation strate-
gies and town planning composition, demonstrates the high degree of local knowl-
edge. Paired with the knowledge about current tendencies and the challenges for
contemporary town development, the design develops sound, but at the same time
dynamic, spatial images.
The discussion on reference areas along the Landwehr Canal using the Local-
ity Pattern System helped the students to arrange the design of the canal banks in
Gartenfeld (Fig. 9, Nos. 3, 5 and 8). Here, too, one sees that these exciting canal bank
sequences fall back, on the one hand, on well-known typologies of banks in Berlin,
but are always related to the spatial status quo along the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal.
The revival of the old railway tracks in the shape of a garden railway also illustrates
the quality of this design. The historical infrastructure is reinterpreted and developed
as a “garden track”. Leading through various sub-spaces, the railway track is given
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
s’alimentait. Il entendait, lointaine, égale, la voix de l’homme
immoral :
— Le poète est comme la guerre. Il est le plus utile à l’homme,
mais son utilité n’apparaît pas. Quand les métaphysiciens se
trouvent acculés aux derniers repaires de l’idée, quand ils ont délogé
Dieu, tout ce que fait cet être inconcevable, l’homme, qui doit mourir
et qui le sait et qui agit pourtant comme s’il ne devait pas mourir ou
s’attendait à revivre, tout ce que fait l’homme est un jeu. L’art est un
jeu, aussi la science, aussi la guerre. Et la vie, après tout. Mais ont-
ils vu qu’une seule chose est utile : le jeu ? N’est-ce donc rien que
d’accroître notre puissance par l’exercice de nos dons ? N’est-ce pas
tout ? Êtes-vous jamais monté à bord d’un sous-marin, monsieur ?
Un jour, j’ai circulé dans cette forêt sans clairières de barres et de
roues de fer, d’anneaux et de tubes de cuivre, de manettes, de fils,
de câbles, d’écrous, de claviers et de pistons. J’étais avec un
homme vertueux que ce spectacle désolait. — Tout cela, disait-il,
pour tuer ! Tant d’invention, tant d’ingéniosité, tant d’énergie
perdues ! — Ce jour-là, monsieur le soldat, à cette minute, en
entendant pleurer ce juste, j’ai compris. J’ai compris, et une ivresse
singulière m’a saisi. L’homme est un poète, d’abord. Et après ? Un
poète. Ce qu’il y a d’admirable en lui, c’est qu’il aime à tel point le
jeu, qu’il va, au lieu d’y renoncer, à mesure que la vie se
perfectionne et se complique, jusqu’à perfectionner et compliquer les
moyens de perdre la vie. Mourir, plutôt que de ne pas jouer. On me
dit que la guerre tuera la guerre parce qu’elle n’amuse plus. Je
réponds qu’il y a des ressources : l’air, l’océan, et qu’on y songe. On
me dit que, privé de foi, l’homme ne voudra plus mourir. Je réponds,
moi, qu’il n’atteindra toute sa taille que quand il mourra, incrédule,
pour s’amuser.
— Tu ne tueras point, dit le soldat.
I