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APRIL 19, 2021 / #DESIGN PATTERNS

The Model View Controller Pattern – MVC

Architecture and Frameworks Explained
Rafael D. Hernandez
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The MVC
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application development into Learnatomuch more

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manageable process. It allows several developers to

simultaneously work on the application.

When I first learned about MVC patterns, I was intimidated by all

the jargon. And even more so when I started applying these
concepts to an actual application.

By taking a step back to focus on what MVC is and what it can

accomplish, it's much easier to understand and apply the pattern
to any web application.

What is MVC?
MVC stands for model-view-controller. Here's what each of those
components mean:

Model: The backend that contains all the data logic

 View:10,900+
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Controller: The brains of the application — freecontrols
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how data is displayed

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The concept of MVCs was first introduced by—Trygve
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who proposed it as a way to develop desktop application GUIs.

Today the MVC pattern is used for modern web applications

because it allows the application to be scalable, maintainable, and
easy to expand.

Why Should You Use MVC?

Three words: separation of concerns, or SoC for short.

The MVC pattern helps you break up the frontend and backend
code into separate components. This way, it's much easier to
manage and make changes to either side without them
interfering with each other.

But this is easier said than done, especially when several

developers need to update, modify, or debug a full-blown
application simultaneously.
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To better illustrate the MVC pattern, I've included a web
application that shows how these concepts all work.

My Car Clicker application is a variation of a well-known Cat

Clicker app.
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Here are some of the major differences in my app:

1. No cats, only muscle cars images (sorry cat lovers!)

2. Multiple car models are listed

3. There are multiple click counters

4. It only displays the selected car

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Now let's dive into these three components that make up the
MVC architecture pattern.

Model (data)
The model's job is to simply manage the data. Whether the data is
from a database, API, or a JSON object, the model is responsible
for managing it.
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In the Car Clicker application, the model object contains an array
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of car objects with all the information (data) needed for the app.

It also manages the current car being displayed with a variable

that's initially set to null .


const model = {
currentCar: null,
cars: [
{
clickCount: 0,
name: 'Coupe Maserati',
imgSrc: 'img/black-convertible-coupe.jpg',
},
{
clickCount: 0,
name: 'Camaro SS 1LE',
imgSrc: 'img/chevrolet-camaro.jpg',
},
{
clickCount: 0,
name: 'Dodger Charger 1970',
imgSrc: 'img/dodge-charger.jpg',
},
{
clickCount: 0,
name: 'Ford Mustang 1966',
 imgSrc: 'img/ford-mustang.jpg',
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},
{
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clickCount: 0,
name: '190 SL Roadster 1962',
imgSrc: 'img/mercedes-benz.jpg',
},
],
};

Views (UI)
The view's job is to decide what the user will see on their screen,
and how.

The Car Clicker app has two views: carListView and CarView .

Both views have two critical functions that define what each view
wants to initialize and render.

These functions are where the app decides what the user will see
and how.


carListView
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
const carListView = {
init() {
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// store the DOM element for easy access later
this.carListElem = document.getElementById('car-list');

// render this view (update the DOM elements with the right values)
this.render();
},

render() {
let car;
let elem;
let i;
// get the cars to be render from the controller
const cars = controller.getCars(); ADVERTISEMENT

// to make sure the list is empty before rendering

this.carListElem.innerHTML = '';

// loop over the cars array

for(let i = 0; i < cars.length; i++) {
// this is the car we've currently looping over
car = cars[i];

// make a new car list item and set its text

elem = document.createElement('li');
elem.className = 'list-group-item d-flex justify-content-between
elem.style.cursor = 'pointer';
elem.textContent = car.name;
elem.addEventListener(
'click',
(function(carCopy) {
 return function() {
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controller.setCurrentCar(carCopy);
carView.render();
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};
})(car)
);
// finally, add the element to the list
this.carListElem.appendChild(elem);
}
},
};

CarView

const carView = {
init() {
// store pointers to the DOM elements for easy access later
this.carElem = document.getElementById('car');
this.carNameElem = document.getElementById('car-name');
this.carImageElem = document.getElementById('car-img');
this.countElem = document.getElementById('car-count');
this.elCount = document.getElementById('elCount');

// on click, increment the current car's counter

this.carImageElem.addEventListener('click', this.handleClick);

// render this view (update the DOM elements with the right values)
this.render();
 },
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handleClick() {
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return controller.incrementCounter();
},

render() {
// update the DOM elements with values from the current car
const currentCar = controller.getCurrentCar();
this.countElem.textContent = currentCar.clickCount;
this.carNameElem.textContent = currentCar.name;
this.carImageElem.src = currentCar.imgSrc;
this.carImageElem.style.cursor = 'pointer';
},
};

Controller (Brain)
The controller's responsibility is to pull, modify, and provide data
to the user. Essentially, the controller is the link between the view
and model.

Through getter and setter functions, the controller pulls data

from the model and initializes the views.


If there
Searchare any updates
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
const controller = {
init() {
// set the current car to the first one in the list
model.currentCar = model.cars[0];

// tell the views to initialize

carListView.init();
carView.init();
},

getCurrentCar() {
return model.currentCar;
},

getCars() {
return model.cars;
},

// set the currently selected car to the object that's passed in

setCurrentCar(car) {
model.currentCar = car;
},

// increment the counter for the currently-selected car

incrementCounter() {
model.currentCar.clickCount++;
carView.render();
 },
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};

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// Let's goooo!
controller.init();

MVC Frameworks
JavaScript has grown in popularity, and it's taken over the
backend in recent years. More and more full-blown JavaScript
applications have opted for the MVC architecture pattern in one
way or another.

Frameworks come and go, but what has been constant are the ADVERTISEMENT

concepts borrowed from the MVC architecture pattern.

Some of the early frameworks that applied these concepts were

KnockoutJS, Django, and Ruby on Rails.

Conclusion

TheSearch
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attractive concept of the MVC pattern is separation of
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concerns. Learn to code — free 3,000-hour curriculum

Modern web applications are very complex, and making a change

can sometimes be a big headache.

Managing the frontend and backend in smaller, separate

components allows for the application to be scalable,
maintainable, and easy to expand.

**If you want to take a look at the Car Clicker app, the code is
available on GitHub or checkout the live version here.**

🌟 Thank you for reading this far! 🌟

Rafael D. Hernandez
Web Developer | Global Language Translations Lead at @freeCodeCamp
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