1

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha§ .=rejrekag we;sjk

úúO .eg¨ yd tA .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr.kakd wdldrh

tï'tA'frdk,a ixÔj (MEd.01202358)

wOHdmk mSGh - Horizon Campus

MED-10104 - wOHdmkfha ufkdaúoHd;aul oDIaÀfldaKh

udfk,a o is,ajd fufkúh

4/30/2024
 2

wka;¾.;h
01' ye`Èkaùu msgq wxl 3 - 4
02' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § .=rejrekag" isiqka" fiiq
.=rejreka" Wmldrl ld¾h uKav,h" fouõmshka iy mßmd,lhska msgq wxl 5 - 6
iu. uqyqK §ug isÿjk úúO wdldrfha .eg¨

2'1 isiqka iu. we;sjk .eg¨ msgq wxl 5

2'2 fiiq .=rejreka iu. we;sjk .eg¨ msgq wxl 5
2'3 Wmldrl ld¾h uKav,h iu. we;sjk .eg¨ msgq wxl 5
2'4 foudmshka iu. we;sjk .eg¨ msgq wxl 6
2'5 mßmd,lhska iu. we;sjk .eg¨ msgq wxl 6

03' .=rejre tjeks .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr.kakd wdldrh

3'1 isiqkaf.a kshe,Sfï W!k;dj ksrdlrKh lr .; yels wdldr msgq wxl 7

3'2 b.ekaùfï ffY,Skays fjkialï we;sùfï .eg¨j ksrdlrKh
lr .; yels wdldr msgq wxl 8
3'3 ikaksfõok ndOl we;sùfï .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr .;
msgq wxl 9
yels wdldr
3'4 foudmshkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh fkdue;slu we;sùfï .eg¨j
ksrdlrKh lr .; yels wdldr msgq wxl 10
3'5 iïm;a iSudjka wduka;%Kh lsÍfï .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr
msgq wxl 11
.; yels wdldr

07' idrdxYh msgq wxl 12

08' .%ka: kdudj,sh msgq wxl 13

 3

ye`Èkaùu
wOHdmkfha .;sl o¾Ykh ;=<" .=rejreka fndfyda úg M,odhs b.ekaùï iy bf.kqï
mßirhka fmdaIKh lsÍug we;s yelshdj flfrys n,mdk wNsfhda. rdYshlg uqyqK § isá;s'
fuu ikao¾Nh ;=<" b.ekaùï Ndú;hg ufkdaúoHd;aul l%u tAldnoaO lsÍu fuu wNsfhda.j,g
uqyqK §u i|yd iy b.ekaùfï Ndú;hkays iuia; ld¾hlaIu;djh by< kexùu i|yd m%n,
rduqjla f,i u;= fõ'

fuu mejrefï wruqK jkafka .=rejrekag fmdÿ wOHdmksl .eg¿ M,odhs f,i wduka;%Kh
lsÍu i|yd wka;ÍlaIKh" m%;HfõlaIKh" m%f;HlaIKh iy ksÍlaIK jeks ufkdaúoHd;aul
l%u Wmfhda.S lr .; yels wdldrh .fõIKh lsÍuhs' b.ekaùfï iy bf.kSfï úúO me;sj,
fuu ufkdaúoHd;aul Ys,amSh l%uj, N+ñldj mÍlaId lsÍfuka" wOHdmk{hskag Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh
mqyqKqj jeäÈhqKq l< yels wdldrh iy YsIH iyNd.S;ajh" wOHhk ch.%yK iy mßmQ¾K
ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh lrk Okd;aul bf.kqï mßirhka ks¾udKh l< yels wdldrh ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yelsh'

fuu mejrefï m<uq fldgi isiqka w;r kshe,Sfï W!k;djh wduka;K

% h lsÍu flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkq we;' wka;ÍlaIKh iy wdj¾ckh ;=<ska .=rejrekag ;u b.ekaùï l%u
úfõpkd;aulj we.hSug ,la l< yels w;r bf.kqï l%shdj,shg YsIH wNsfm%arKh iy
iyNd.s;ajh by< kexùu i|yd Wmdh ud¾. y÷kd .; yelsh' úIh lreKq i|yd Woafhda.h iy
wdYdj úoyd oelaùfuka" .=rejrekag l%shdYS,S iy kshe,S bf.k .kakka ùug isiqka fm,Uúh
yel' ;jo" YsIH yeisÍï iy wka;¾l%shd ksÍËKh u.ska wOHdmkh úikaê ùug odhl jk
idOl ms<sn| jákd wjfndaOhla ,nd fok w;r" .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a wjYH;d jvd fyd¢ka
imqrd,Su i|yd Tjqkaf.a WmfoaYk m%fõYhka ilia lsÍug yels fõ'

fojk fldgi fiiq .=rejreka w;r b.ekaùfï ú,dihkays fjkialï wduka;%Kh lsÍfï
Wmdh ud¾. .fõIKh lrkq we;' iyfhda.S;djfha iy wfkHdakH f.!rjfha ixialD;shla
fmdaIKh lsÍfuka" wOHdmk{hskag ;u jD;a;Sh m%cdj ;=< b.ekaùï ffY,Skays úúO;ajh y÷kd
.ekSug wNHka;r úu¾Ykh W;af;ackh l< yelsh' kuHYS,S nj iy wkqj¾;kh ùfï
yelshdj m%o¾Ykh lsÍu ;=<ska" .=rejrekag b.ekaùug iy bf.kSug M,odhS m%fõYhka
wdo¾Yhg .; yelsh' óg wu;rj" fiiq .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùï ms<sfj;a ksÍlaIKh lsÍu .=re
ld¾h uKav,fha iduQyl
s úfYaI{;dj ;jÿrg;a fmdfydi;a lrñka jD;a;h
S ixj¾Okh i|yd
wjia:d ,nd fohs'
 4

f;jk fldgi mßmd,lhska iy wfkl=;a mdi,a fiajlhska we;=¿ iydhl ld¾h uKav,h
iuÕ ikaksfõok ndOl ch .ekSu i|yd Ys,amSh l%u mÍlaId lrkq we;' wka;ÍlaIKh ;=<ska
.=rejrekag Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõok l=i,;d .ek fufkys l< yels w;r " fiiq .=rejreka iuÕ
Tjqkaf.a wka;¾l%shd jeäÈhqKq l< hq;= lafIa;% y÷kd .; yelsh' il%Shj ijka§u iy meyeÈ,s
nj jeks M,odhS ikaksfõok l%u úoyd oelaùfuka wOHdmk{hskag mdi,a m%cdj ;=< Okd;aul
in|;d iy iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh lr .; yel' tmuKla fkdj" iydhl ld¾h uKav,
wka;¾l%shd ksÍlaIKh lsÍu Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõok ukdmhka iy ffY,Ska ms<sn| jákd
wjfndaOhla ,nd fok w;r" M,odhS ikaksfõokh iy lKavdhï l%shdldrlï i|yd jvd fyd¢ka
myiqlï ie,iSug .=rejrekag Tjqkaf.a m%fõYh wkqj¾;kh lsÍug yels fõ'

isõjk fldgfia§" wOHdmkh i|yd foudmshkaf.a ueÈy;aùu fmdaIKh lsÍfï Wmdh ud¾.
wms .fõIKh lrkafkuq' wka;ÍlaIKh ;=<ska .=rejrekag foudmshkaf.a iïnkaOh ms<sn|
Tjqkaf.a wdl,am iy úYajdihka mÍËd lr foudmshka iuÕ yjq,aldß;ajh Yla;su;a lsÍfï l%u
y÷kd .; yelsh' l%shdYS,S m%h;akhka iy foudmshka flfrys ixfõokh m%o¾Ykh lsÍfuka"
wOHdmk{hskag ;u orejdf.a wOHdmkhg odhl ùug foudmshkag jákdlula iy n,hla we;s
nj yefÕk ms<s.ekSula iys; mdi,a mßirhla ks¾udKh l< yelsh' óg wu;rj" foudmsh-.=re
wka;¾l%shd ksÍlaIKh lsÍu fuu in|;dj, .;sl;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd fok w;r"
foudmshkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh iy iyfhda.S;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd b,lal.; Wmdh ud¾.
oekqï fohs'

wjidk jYfhka" miajk fldgi wOHdmk l%uh ;=< we;s iïm;a iSudjka wduka;%Kh lsÍfï
m%fõYhka idlÉPd lrkq we;' wka;ÍlaIKh ;=<ska" .=rejrekag ;u b.ekaùï ms<sfj;a iy YsIH
m%;sM, u; iSñ; iïm;aj, n,mEu ;lafiare l< yels w;r" mßmd,lhskaf.ka wu;r iydh iy
iïm;a i|yd fmkS isáhs' iïm;aodhl;ajh iy Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj m%o¾Ykh lsÍfuka"
wOHdmk{hskag úYajdih we;s lsÍug" moaO;suh wNsfhda.j,g úi÷ï fiùug iy ish¨u
isiqkag .=Kd;aul wOHdmkh i|yd idOdrK m%fõYh m%j¾Okh lsÍug iduQysl l%shdud¾.
n,uq¿ .ekaùug yelsh' tmuKla fkdj" iïm;a ndOdjkaf.a n,mEu ksÍlaIKh lsÍu" WmfoaYk
m%h;akhkag iydh ùug iy wdh;ksl uÜgñka ;SrK .ekSu oekqï §ug jákd idlaIs imhhs'

wjidk jYfhka" fuu mejreu uÕska b.ekaùfï Ndú;hka jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iy fmdÿ
wOHdmksl wNsfhda. ch .ekSu i|yd ufkdaúoHd;aul l%uj, mßj¾;kSh úNjhka .fõIKh
lsÍug W;aidy lrhs' wka;ÍlaIKh" m%;HfõlaIKh" m%f;HlaIKh iy ksÍËKh Wmfhda.S lr
.ekSfuka" .=rejrekag wLKav jeäÈhqKq lsÍï iy kfjda;amdok ixialD;shla j¾Okh lr .;
yelsh'

2
 5

02' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § .=rejrekag" isiqka" fiiq .=rejreka" Wmldrl

ld¾h uKav,h" fouõmshka iy mßmd,lhska iu. uqyqK §ug isÿjk úúO
wdldrfha .eg¨

2'1 isiqka iu`. we;sjk .eg¨(

• kshe,Sfï W!k;djh

iuyr isiqka bf.kSfï l%shdj,sfha Wkkaÿjla fyda wvqjla fmkaúh yel' th .=rejrekag
M,odhS f,i f;dr;=re m%ldY lsÍug wNsfhda. lrhs' ksoiqkla jYfhka" mka;sfha
ñ;=rkaf.a wjOdkh fjk;lg fhduq lrk fyda mka;s idlÉPdj,g iyNd.S ùu
m%;slafIam lrk YsIHfhl= wdl¾YkSh bf.kqï mßirhla mj;ajd .ekSug .=rejrhdf.a
yelshdjg wNsfhda.hla fõ'

2'2 fiiq .=rejreka iu`. we;sjk .eg¨(

• b.ekaùfï ffY,Skays fjkialï

mdi,la ;=< .=rejrekag úúO b.ekaùï ffY,Ska fyda o¾Yk ;sìh yels w;r" mdvï
ie,iqï fyda m%fõYhka iïnkaëlrKh lsÍfï§ .egqï fyda wNsfhda. we;s úh yel'
ksoiqkla jYfhka" tla .=rejrfhl= oeä foaYk mokï lr.;a m%fõYhlg leu;s kï"
;j;a .=rejrfhl= jvd;a m%dfhda.sl" w;aoelSï iys; l%uhlg leu;s kï" ifudaOdksl
úIhud,d fnod yeÍu i|yd Tjqkaf.a Wmdh ud¾. fm<.eiaùu ÿIalr úh yelsh'

2'3 Wmldrl ld¾h uKav,h iu`. we;sjk .eg¨(

• ikaksfõok ndOl
M,odhS f,i ikaksfõokh lsÍfï§ .=re iydhlhska fyda úfYaI wOHdmk iydhlhska
jeks Wmldrl ld¾h uKav,h iuÕ .=rejrekag wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' fuh
isiqkaf.a bf.kqï wjYH;d i|yd iyh oelaùfï§ jrojd jgyd.ekSï fyda
wld¾hlaIu;djhka we;s lsÍug fya;= úh yel' ksoiqkla jYfhka " .=rejre iy
.=rejreka w;r fukau .=rejre yd isiqka w;r we;sjk NdId ndOl" úúO ikaksfõok
ú,dihka fyda N+ñldjka iy j.lSïj, meyeÈ,slu fkdue;slu we;sjk wjia:d .;
yelsh'
 6

2'4 foudmshka iu. we;sjk .eg¨(

• foudmsh ueÈy;a ùula fkdue;slu

iuyr foudmshka ;u orejdf.a wOHdmkhg fkd.e,fmk fyda iïnkaO fkdù isáh
yel" th iyfhda.S bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍug .=rejrhd ork W;aidyhg
ndOdjla úh yel' ksoiqkla jYfhka" foudmsh-.=re iïuka;%Kj,g iyNd.S ùug fyda
mdif,ka ikaksfõokhg m%;spdr oelaùug foudmsfhl= wfmdfydi;a jkafka kï"
YsIHhdf.a wOHhk fyda p¾hd;aul .eg¿ M,odhS f,i úi£ug .=rejrhdg wNsfhda. l<
yelsh'

2'5 mßmd,lhska iu. we;sjk .eg¨(

• iïm;a iSudjka isiqka i|yd m%Yia; bf.kqï w;aoelSï ,nd §ug .=rejrhdg wNsfhda.hls'
fï ioyd mßmd,lhka .=rejreka iu. hym;a iïnkaO;djhka f.dvk.df.k ;sìh
hq;=h' tfia fkdjk wjia:dj<§ mßmd,lhka iu. .eg¨ we;súh yel' ksoiqkla
jYfhka" mdi,lg w;HjYH mka;sldur øjH fyda ;dË‚l jeäÈhqKq lsÍï i|yd
wruqo,a fkdue;s kï" .=rejrekag kjH b.ekaùï l%u l%shd;aul lsÍug fyda úúO
bf.kqï wjYH;d M,odhS f,i imqrd,Sug wr., lsÍug isÿfjhs'
 7

03' .=rejre tjeks .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr.kakd wdldrh

3'1 isiqkaf.a kshe,Sfï W!k;dj ksrdlrKh lr .; yels wdldr (

.=rejrekag ;u b.ekaùfï l%u ;lafiare lsÍug iy jeäÈhqKq l< hq;= lafIa;% y÷kd
.ekSug iajhx úu¾Ykh iy m%;HfõlaIKh m%n, fuj,ï fõ' w;S; mdvï iy YsIH
wka;¾l%shd wdj¾ckh lsÍfuka .=rejrekag YsIH fiajfhka bj;a ùug odhl jk idOl ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yel (Brookfield, 2017) fuu iajhx oekqj;aNdjh .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a
wjYH;d jvd fyd¢ka imqrd,Su i|yd Tjqkaf.a b.ekaùfï Wmdh ud¾. ilia lsÍug yelshdj
,nd fohs'

YsIH wNsfm%arKh iy Wkkaÿj flfrys Okd;aul n,mEula we;s l< yels" úIh lreKq
we;=<;a wdlD;s ks¾udK i|yd Wofhda.h iy wdYdj ksrEmKh lsÍu we;=<;a fõ (Marzano, 2005)
.=rejrekag b.ekaùfï wka;¾.;h ienE f,dal WodyrK fyda j¾;udk isÿùï iuÕ iïnkaO
lsÍfuka" bf.kSu jvd;a w¾:j;a iy isiqka i|yd wdl¾YkSh njg m;a lsÍfuka tys wod<;ajh
fmkakqï l< yelsh'

ksÍËKh u.ska .=rejrekag YsIH yeisÍï iy kshe,Sfï rgd ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug
bv i,ihs' mka;s l%shdldrlï fyda idlÉPd w;r;=r isiqka ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka .=rejrekag
wjOdkh fjk;lg fhduq lsÍu fyda wjfndaOh fkdue;slu jeks úikaê ùug odhl jk
úfYaIs; idOl y÷kd .; yelsh (Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H., 2004) fuu
f;dr;=re b.ekaùfï Wmdh ud¾. ilia lsÍug iy jvd;a wka;¾l%shdldÍ yd w¾:j;a bf.kqï
w;aoelSï ks¾udKh lsÍug Ndú;d l< yel'
 8

3'2 fiiq .=rejreka iu`. b.ekaùfï ffY,Skays fjkialï we;sùfï .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr .;
yels wdldr (

fiiq .=rejreka w;r b.ekaùï ffY,Skaf.a úúO;ajh y÷kd .ekSug iy w.h lsÍug
.=rejreka fmd<Ujkafka wNHka;r úu¾Ykhhs' Tjqkaf.au b.ekaùfï l%u iy w;aoelSï
wdj¾ckh lsÍfuka" wOHdmk{hskag úúO m%fõYhkaf.a Yla;Ska w.h l< yelsh (Guskey, 1995)
fuu iajhx oekqj;aNdjh .=rejrekag újD; ukilska iy wka whf.ka bf.k .ekSug we;s
leue;af;ka iyfhda.S;djhg m%fõY ùug bv i,ihs'

b.ekaùï ffY,Ska wdo¾Ykh lSrSu ;=< kuHYS,S nj iy wkqj¾;kh ùfï yelshdj we;=<;a
fõ' .=rejrekag kj m%fõYhka w;ayod ne,Sug fyda fiiq .=rejreka m%;sfmdaIK Tjqkaf.a b.ekaùï
Ndú;hg we;=<;a lsÍug we;s leue;a; m%o¾Ykh l< yelsh' Okd;aul wdo¾Yhla ;eîfuka
.=rejrekag újD; ikaksfõokh iy iyfhda.S;djh Èßu;a l< yelsh'

fiiq .=rejreka b.ekaùï ms<sfj;a ksÍlaIKh lsÍu bf.kSug iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh i|yd
wjia:d imhhs' iuld,Sk .=rejreka úiska Ndú;d lrkq ,nk id¾:l b.ekaùï l%u ksÍlaIKh
lsÍfuka .=rejrekag Tjqkaf.a WmfoaYk l%uj, m%idrKh iy mka;s ldurh ;=< Tjqkaf.a
ld¾hlaIu;djh jeä ÈhqKq l< yelsh' óg wu;rj" ksÍlaIK u.ska .=rejreka w;r wLKav
jeäÈhqKq lsÍï iy iyfhda.S;dj m%j¾Okh lsÍu" ks¾udKd;aul m%;sfmdaIK iy ixjdohg
myiqlï ie,ish yel'
 9

3'3 ikaksfõok ndOl we;sùfï .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr .; yels wdldr (

wka;ÍlaIKh .=rejreka Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõok l=i,;d .ek fufkys lsÍug Èßu;a lrk
w;r iydh ld¾h uKav,h iu. jvd fyd¢ka iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍug Tjqka jeäÈhqKq l<
yels wdldrh i,ld n,hs' w;S; wka;¾l%shd wdj¾ckh lsÍfuka" wOHdmk{hskag ikaksfõok
ì|jeàï we;s úh yels m%foaY y÷kd .; yels w;r fuu ndOl ch .ekSu i|yd Wmdh ud¾.
ilia l< yelsh fuu iajhx oekqj;aNdjh .=rejrekag Wmldrl ld¾h uKav,fha wjYH;d jvd
fyd¢ka imqrd,Sug iy Okd;aul in|;d j¾Okh lsÍug Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõok ú,dih
wkqj¾;kh lsÍug yelshdj ,nd fohs'

iydh ld¾h uKav,h iu. wka;¾l%shd lsÍfï§ M,odhs ikaksfõok l=i,;d wdlD;s.; lsÍu
jeo.;a fjhs' .=rejrekag Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõokfha § l%shdYS,S ijka§u" ixfõokh iy meyeÈ,s
nj m%o¾Ykh lsÍug iydhl iy f.!rjkSh fiajd mßirhla ks¾udKh lrhs (Adair, 2003)
Okd;aul wdo¾Yhla §fuka .=rejrekag újD; ikaksfõokh iy Wmldrl l¾Hh uKav,h w;r
iyfhda.S;djh Èßu;a l< yelsh'

iydhl ld¾h uKav, wka;¾l%shd ksÍlaIKh lsÍu Tjqkaf.a ikaksfõok ukdmhka iy

ffY,Ska ms<sn| wjfndaOhla imhhs' Wmldrl ld¾h uKav,h tlsfkld yd .=rejreka iuÕ
ikaksfõokh lrk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka" wOHdmk{hskag Tjqkaf.a woaú;Sh ikaksfõok
wjYH;d ms<sn| jvd fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels w;r tA wkqj Tjqkaf.a m%fõYh ilia lr
.; yelsh (Rosenberg, 2002)' fuu ksÍlaIK o;a; u.ska iyfhda.S;djh iy lKavdhï jev jeä
ÈhqKq lrk b,lal.; ikaksfõok Wmdh ud¾. oekqï Èh yel'
 10

3'4 iydh l¾huKav,h iu. foudmshkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh fkdue;slu we;sùfï

.eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr .; yels wdldr (

wOHdmkh i|yd foudmshkaf.a ueÈy;aùu ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a wdl,am iy úYajdihka mÍlaId

lsÍug .=rejreka fmd<Ujhs' w;S; w;aoelSï iy foudmshka iu. wka;¾l%shd wdj¾ckh lsÍfuka"
.=rejrekag foudmsh-.=re in|;d i|yd Tjqkaf.a m%fõYhg n,mEï l< yels ´kEu mlaI.%dyS
fyda Wml,amk y÷kd .; yelsh (Epstein, 2001) fuu iajhx oekqj;aNdjh .=rejrekag
foudmshkaf.a ueÈy;aùu flfrys jvd;a ms<s.ekSfï wdl,amhla wkq.ukh lsÍug yelshdj ,nd
fohs'

foudmshka ;u orejdf.a wOHdmkhg iïnkaO lr .ekSu i|yd l%shdYS,S jHdhdu m%h;akhka

wdo¾Ykh lsÍu we;=<;a fõ' .=rejrekag foudmshka flfrys ixfõokh iy wjfndaOh m%o¾Ykh
l< yels w;r" újD; ikaksfõokh iy iyfhda.S;djh Èßu;a lrk wdOdrl mßirhla
ks¾udKh l< yel' óg wu;rj" .=rejrekag fjk;a fouõmshkaf.ka id¾:l l:d fyda idlaIs
fnod.ekSfuka foudmshkaf.a ueÈy;aùfï jákdlu fmkakqï l< yelsh" th YsIH ch.%yK
flfrys we;s Okd;aul n,mEu biau;= lrhs'

foudmsh-.=re wka;¾l%shd ksÍlaIKh lsÍu fuu in|;dj, .;sl;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla

imhhs' foudmshka .=rejreka iuÕ ikaksfõokh lrk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka"
wOHdmk{hskag foudmshkaf.a ueÈy;aùu flfrys n,mdk idOl ms<sn| jvd fyd| wjfndaOhla
,nd .; yelsh' fuu ksÍlaIK o;a; u.ska foudmshkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iy
ksji iy mdi, w;r Okd;aul yjq,aldß;ajhka j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd b,lal.; Wmdh ud¾.
oekqï Èh yel'
 11

3'5 mßmd,lhska iu`. we;sjk iïm;a iSudjka ms<sn`o .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr .;

yels wdldr (

;u b.ekaùï ms<sfj;a iy YsIH m%;sM, flfrys iïm;a ndOdjkaf.a n,mEu ;lafiare

lsÍug .=rejreka fmd<Ujkafka wka;ÍlaIKhhss' iïm;a iSudjkag wod< w;S; w;aoelSï iy
wNsfhda. wdj¾ckh lsÍfuka .=rejrekag mj;sk iïm;a Wmßu lsÍu i|yd kjH úi÷ï iy
úl,am m%fõYhka y÷kd .; yelsh' (Cohen-Vogel, 2016) fuu mrdj¾;l l%shdj,sh .=rejrekag
;u isiqkaf.a úúO wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd mßmd,lhskaf.ka wu;r iydh iy iïm;a
fjkqfjka fmkS isàug n,h ,nd fohs'

Okd;aul wOHdmksl m%;sM, idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a iïm;a j, jeo.;alu

M,odhS f,i ikaksfõokh lrñka .=rejrekag ks¾udKd;aul .eg¨ úi£fï l=i,;d iy YsIH
id¾:l;ajh i|yd lemùula m%o¾Ykh l< yelsh' tmuKla fkdj" .=rejrekag o;a; mokï jQ
;lafiare lsÍï iy idlaIs mokï lr.;a Ndú;hka yryd isiqkaf.a bf.kSu flfrys iïm;a
ndOdjkaf.a n,mEu fmkakqï l< yelsh'

YsIH bf.kSu flfrys iïm;a ndOdjkaf.a n,mEu ksÍlaIKh lsÍu WmfoaYk W;aidyhka
i|yd jákd wjfndaOhla imhhs' iSñ; iïm;a mka;sldur .;sl;ajhg iy WmfoaYk .=Kd;aul
Ndjhg n,mdk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka" .=rejrekag mßmd,lhskaf.ka wu;r iydh i|yd
Tjqkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g iyh oelaùug n,.;= idlaIs /ialr.; yel (Fullan, 2014) fuu ksÍlaIK
o;a; u.ska .=rejrekaf.a WmfoaYk m%h;ak Yla;su;a l< yels w;r iïm;a ndOdjka wduka;%Kh
lsÍug iy wOHdmkhg idOdrK m%fõYh m%j¾Okh lsÍug mßmd,lhska iuÕ iyfhda.S;d
yjq,aldß;ajhka j¾Okh l< yelsh'
 12

idrdxYh
wjidk jYfhka" wOHdmksl miqìu ;=< .=rejreka uqyqK fok nyqúO wNsfhda.j,g
ufkdaúoHd;aul l%uj,ska uq,a nei.;a iQlaIau m%fõYhla wjYH fõ' wka;ÍlaIKh"
m%;HfõlaIKh" m%f;HlaIKh iy ksÍËKh ;=<ska wOHdmk{hskag fuu wNsfhda.j,g läirj
iy M,odhS f,i úi`ÿï ,nd Èh yelsh'

.=rejrekag Tjqkaf.au Ndú;hka" úYajdihka iy wdl,am úfõpkd;aulj we.hSug uQ,sl

mokulaa f,i wka;ÍlaIKh l%shd lrhs' iajhx m%;HfõlaIKh ksr; ùfuka" wOHdmk{hska
Tjqkaf.a mka;s ldurj, .;sl;ajh iy isiqka" fiiq .=rejreka iy foudmshka iuÕ we;s in|;d
ms<sn| jákd wjfndaOhla ,nd .kS' fuu iajhx oekqj;aNdjh Tjqkag j¾Okh i|yd lafIa;%
y÷kd .ekSug iy Tjqkaf.a bf.k .kakkaf.a úúO wjYH;d jvd fyd¢ka imqrd,Su i|yd
Tjqkaf.a m%fõYhka wkq.; lsÍug bv i,ihs'

m%;HfõlaIKh " wLKav l%shdj,shla f,i" w;S; w;aoelSï iy YsIH m%;sM, u; mokïj
Tjqkaf.a WmfoaYk Wmdh ud¾. fYdaOkh lsÍug .=rejrekag yelshdj ,efí' úúO b.ekaùï l%u
iy ueÈy;aùï j, iM,;djh úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka" wOHdmk{hskag Tjqkaf.a mqyqKqj wLKavj
jeäÈhqKq l< yels w;r YsIH iyNd.S;ajh iy ch.%yK m%Yia; l< yel'

YsIHhka iy fiiq .=rejreka hk fowxYfhkau wfmalaIs; yeisÍï iy wdl,am wdlD;s.;

lsÍfï§ m%;HfõlaIKh m%Odk N+ñldjla bgq lrhs' Woafhda.h" kuHYS,SNdjh iy M,odhS
ikaksfõok l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lsÍfuka .=rejreka iyfhda.S;djhg wkqn, fok w;r Tjqkaf.a
mdi,a m%cdj ;=< bf.kSfï iy iyfhda.fha ixialD;shla fmdaIKh lrhs'

ksÍËKh .=rejrekag YsIH yeisÍï" WmfoaYk M,odhs;dj iy wka;¾ mqoa., .;sl;ajh

ms<sn| jákd o;a; iy ;SlaIK nqoaêh imhhs' YsIH wka;¾l%shd" mka;l
s dur .;sl;ajh iy fiiq
.=rejrekaf.a Ndú;hka m%fõYfuka ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka" wOHdmk{hskag oekqj;a ;SrK .ekSug
iy ;u isiqkag jvd fyd¢ka fiajh lsÍug iy Tjqkaf.a fiiq .=rejrekag iydh ùug Tjqkaf.a
m%fõYhka wkq.; l< yelsh'
 13

.%ka:dj,sh

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