PHYS110

Biological Physics PYP

Chapter 12
Fluid flow
Prof Alaa S Abdul Hamid
Deanship of Educational services
Qassim University
PowerPoint
Presentations for
Physics for the
Life Sciences

Adapted for the

Third Edition by
Philip Backman
University of New
Brunswick

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Fluid Flow

Chapter 12

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 Fluid Flow

12.2.2 Equation of Continuity

12.2.3 Bernoulli’s Law
12-3-2 Viscosity
12-4-1 Poiseuille’s Law
 Fluid Flow
Introduction

Continuity
equation

Viscosity
 Fluid Dynamics
• Incompressible fluid: the fluid that has constant density
throughout (liquid)
• Compressible fluid: the fluid that has density changed as
function of pressure (gas).
• Viscosity: the resistance of fluid to flow
• Non-viscous flow – no internal friction (water OK, honey
not)
• Laminar (steady) flow is where each particle in the fluid
moves along a smooth path, and the paths do not cross.
• Turbulent flow above a critical speed, the paths become
irregular and complex, with mixing and eddies. Chaotic
and not considered here.
12.2.2 Equation of Continuity
 Equation of Continuity
A fluid flows from left to right through a tube of
varying cross-sectional area (see next slide). We
know that fluid is neither created nor lost along
the tube: m=V
m1 m2
=
t t
∆𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
We find = , or
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
∆𝑉
=𝑣×𝐴 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
∆𝑡
V
= Av = constant A1v1 = A2v2
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Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Eqn.

“The water all has to go

somewhere”

The continuity equation is

The rate a fluid enters a pipe must equal the rate the
fluid leaves the pipe. i.e.
This is also defined as the conservation of mass
 Volume flow rate
• Volume= area × length = 𝐴 × 𝑙
• Speed = length / time = l/t
∆𝑉
𝑄=( )
∆𝑡

∆𝑉 𝐴 × 𝑙 𝑙
= =𝐴× =𝐴×𝑣
∆𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

∆𝑉
𝑄= =𝑨×𝒗
∆𝑡
Continuity equation is written as
∆𝑽 ∆𝑽
( )𝟏 = ( ) 𝟐
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕

∆𝑽
=𝑨×𝒗 𝑨𝟏 × 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 × 𝒗𝟐
∆𝒕
KEY POINT
The equation of continuity is an expression of
the conservation of mass or the conservation
of volume of an incompressible fluid.

It states that
- the volume flow rate is constant along a
tube.
- The fluid flows faster when it passes
through a section of the tube with a smaller
cross-section. 12-13
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Example 12.1

The diameter of the aorta is 2.2 cm

Answer
Radius = 2.2/2 = 1.1 cm=( 1.1 x 10−2 𝑚 )
A = 3.14 × (1.1 × 10−2 )2
𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐

𝑉
a) Volume flow rate is = 5.0 × 10−3 /60= 8.3x 10−5
𝑡

𝑉/𝑡 8.3×10−6
Speed of the blood 𝑣= 𝐴
= 3.8×10−4

= 0.22 𝑚/𝑠
12-14
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Concept Question

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example

A tube widens from radius r1 to radius r2 = 4 r1.

As a result, the speed of an ideal dynamic fluid in
the tube changes from v1 to
(a) v2 = v1
(b) v2 = v1 /4
(c) v2 = 4v1
(d) v2 = v1/16 *
(e) v2 = 16v1

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 𝐴𝑙 𝑣𝑙 = 2 × 𝐴𝑠 𝑣𝑠
𝜋𝑟𝑙 2 𝑣𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑠 2 𝑣𝑠
𝝅𝒓𝒍 𝟐 𝑣𝑙 = 2𝝅(𝒓𝒍 𝟐 /16)𝑣𝑠
1
𝑣𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = ( )𝑣𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
8
𝑣𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 8 𝑣𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
12.2.3 Bernoulli’s Law
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KEY POINT

Bernoulli's law is an expression of the

conservation of energy.

It states that an increase in the speed of an

ideal dynamic fluid is accompanied by a drop
in its pressure.

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Conservation of Energy: Bernoulli’s Eqn.
1
• 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑣2
2
• 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑍 × 𝑚 × 𝑣 , Z is the height
• 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑃 × 𝑉
1
• Total energy = 𝑃 × 𝑉 + 𝑚 𝑣2 + 𝑧 × 𝑚 × 𝑣
2

Divide this equation by V we get

1
• Total energy = 𝑃 +  𝑣2 + 𝑧  𝑣
2
Bernoulli’s law can accommodate changes in fluid
height by amount z:

1 2
p + v + gz = constant
2
g: 9.8 m/s2

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 Bernoulli’s Law

If the height is constant along the tube then

Bernoulli’s law can be written as :

1 2
p + v = constant
2
p: pressure
ρ: density
v: velocity
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𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

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 Bernoulli’s Effect and Lift

Newton’s 3rd law

𝑃 + 12𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (air pushed downwards)

Lift on a wing is often explained in textbooks by Bernoulli’s Principle: the air over the
top of the wing moves faster than air over the bottom of the wing because it has further
to move (?) so the pressure upwards on the bottom of the wing is smaller than the
downwards pressure on the top of the wing.

Is that convincing? So why can a plane fly upside down?

 Definitions

1. Viscosity: it is a resistance of fluid to flow

2. Viscosity: A measure of the internal friction of a fluid
3. Viscous fluid : It is a fluid where we can’t ignore the effect of
its internal friction .

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 12-3-2 Viscosity


v ŋ: viscosity coefficient
Fext = A
y

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 air ŋ: viscosity coefficient
Layer 1 (liquid –gas)
Layer 2 (liquid -liquid)
Layer 3 (liquid -Solid)

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 Viscosity
• It is the resistance of fluids to flow
• The quantity that measures this effect on flow
rate is called the viscosity of the fluid.
(𝑭/𝑨) 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
• Viscosity = =
(∆𝒗/∆𝒚) (𝒎𝒔−𝟏 )/𝒎
=(N𝒎−𝟐 s) = 𝑷𝒂. 𝒔
• SI unit for viscosity is = 𝑷𝒂. 𝒔
• A common unit is the poise P
• where 1 Pa.s = 10 Poise
Example 12.3

A 1.0-mm-thick coating of glycerin is place between two

microscope sides of width 2.0 cm and length 7.0 cm each.
Find the force required to move the microscope sides at a
constant speed of 0.1 m/s relative to each other.
(Viscosity  = 1.5 N𝒎−𝟐 s).

v
Fext = A
. y
1.5 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 1.4 × 10−3 𝑚2 0.10 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹=
1.0 × 10−3 𝑚

𝐹 = 0.21 𝑁
12-4-1 Poiseuille’s Law
Consider

From
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
1
𝑣 α 2
𝑟
2. 𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖
∆𝑝
𝑣α
𝑙
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
∆𝑉
α A𝑣
∆𝑡
∆𝑉 ∆𝑝
α 𝜋𝑟 4
∆𝑡 𝑙
 ∆𝑉
Factors that affect fluid flow rate
∆𝑡
• Pressure gradient: How hard the fluid is pushed
forward.
• P/l= (P2-P1)/l
• Radius r of the tube: It is more difficult to push fluid
through a tube of tiny radius.
• 𝒓𝟒
• Fluid type: Some property of a fluid that
characterizes its "thickness" or "stickiness" should
affect the flow.
• 
Factors that affect fluid flow rate
1. Poiseulle’s law: the volume flow rate of a viscose fluid along the
pipe is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and the pipe
radius to the power 4, and it is inversely proportional to the
viscosity.

V  4 p
= rtube
t 8  l
 V  4 p
Poiseuille's law = rtube
t 8  l

∆𝑃 8 1 ∆𝑉
= × 4×
pressure gradient 𝑙 𝜋 𝑟 ∆𝑡

The pressure difference is related

• to the resistance of the fluid
• to the flow and to the net push on the
∆𝑉
• to the fluid related to the flow rate
∆𝑡
 Poiseuille’s Law
V  4 p
= rtube
t 8  l
Poiseuille’s law states that the volume flow rate
of a Newtonian fluid through a cylindrical tube is
proportional to the fourth power of the radius of
the tube.
 : viscosity coefficien t
p
: pressure gradient
l
Pressure gradient:
The pressure drop per unit length (Pa/m)
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Example

Consider the flow of a viscous fluid through a

cylindrical tube: the variables that may affect the
volume flow rate V/t have been identified as
the pressure gradient p/l, the viscosity , and
the inner radius r of the tube.

Units Poiseuille’s law.

pressure gradient p/l = Pa/m
volume flow rate V/t= m^3 / s
viscosity = Pa s = N s/m^2 = poise
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Example 12.5
p
: pressure gradient
l
∆𝑃
What is the Pressure gradient
𝑙
Radius = 𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎
the coefficient of viscosity = 2.5 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠
Volume flow rate is =8.3 × 10−5 𝑚3 𝑠

∆𝑃 8 × (2.5 × 10−3 ) −5 )
= × (8.3 × 10
𝑙 3.14 (𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 )4
=36 Pa/m 12-44
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Example 12.5
∆𝑉
What is the Volume flow rate
∆𝑡

Radius = 𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎
the coefficient of viscosity = 2.5 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠
Pressure gradient =36 Pa/m

V  4 p
= rtube
t 8  l

∆𝑉 3.14 (𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 )4

= −3
× 36
∆𝑡 8 × (2.5 × 10 )
= 8.3 × 10−5 𝑚3 𝑠
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Thank you