Chapter 14

1- Wave equation 2- Periodic time

v=λxf T = 1/f
v = speed of wave T = periodic time
λ = wave length f = frequency
f = frequency 3- Frequency

f = 1/T
T = periodic time
f = frequency
 Chapter 15
1- speed of sound in fluids 2- Speed of sound in solids

B = bulk modulus Y = young modulus

ρ = density ρ = density
3- Density on temperature 4- Volume on temperature

ρ = density V = volume
α = 1/273 = 0.00366 α = 1/273 = 0.00366
T = temperature 5- Speed on temperature T = temperature

v = speed
α = 1/273 = 0.00366
T = temperature
5- Sound intensity

I = intensity
E = energy
P = energy / time
t = time
A = area
6- Sound intensity (when no area is given)

I = intensity
P = power
π = 3.14
r = distance from the sound source
7- Comparing two sources

1st I = first intensity

2nd I = second intensity
1st r = first distance
2nd r = second distance
8- Intensity and pressure

I = intensity
P = pressure
ρ = descity
 10- To convert from W/m² to IL(dB)
9- To convert from IL(dB) to W/m²

I = intensity
I = intensity
I₀ = 1 x 10⁻¹² I₀ = 1 x 10⁻¹²

11- To convert from SPL to pa

P= pressure
P₀ = 2 x 10⁻⁵
 Chapter 21
1- Law of refraction (Snell’s law) 2- Speed of light in two media

n₁ = refractive index of the first medium n₁ = refractive index of the first medium
n₂ = refractive index of the second medium n₂ = refractive index of the second medium
α₁ = angle of incidence v₁ = speed of light in the first medium
α₂ = angle of refraction v₂ = speed of light in the second medium
3- Critical angle formula 4- Thin-Lens Formula

θ = critical angle
f = focal
n = refractive index of the denser medium
p = object
5- Magnification q = image

M= magnification
hᵢ= image height
ho = object height
6- Power of a Refracting Surface 7- Power of a Lens

R = power of refracting surface R = power of refracting surface

n₂ = refractive index of the second medium f = focal length
n₁ = refractive index of the the first medium

8- Power of the eye

 Chapter 23
1- Acoustic impedance 2- The relation between the transmitted and
incoming speed of the wave

Z = acoustic impedance
ρ = density
c = speed of sound
vi = speed of gas in incident wave
vt = speed of gas in transmitted wave
c = speed of sound
ρ = density
3- Intensity transmission 4- Intensity reflction

4- reflection coefficient
 Chapter 24
1- reflection coefficient

Ef = The final energy of the scattered photon

Ei = The initial energy of the incident photon
me = The rest mass of the electron
c = The speed of light in a vacuum (3x10^8)
θ = The scattering angle